Infection is one of the leading causes of preventable death in hospitals every year. The centre of Disease Control and Prevention estimated that there are approximately 2 million preventable infections in hospital every year, leading to 90,0000 unnecessary death.Primary Infection Secondary Infection Local Infection Systemic Infection Acute Infection Chronic Infection Iatrogenic InfectionPrimary Infection- Initial infection with an organism to host constitutes primary infection. Secondary Infection- When in a host whose resistance is lowered by pre-existing infection , a new organism may set up a new infection. Local Infection- Infection that is limited to a defined area or single organ with symptoms that resemble inflammation (redness, tenderness and swelling) Systemic Infection- Infection that spreads to whole body resulting in a septicemia. Acute Infection- It appears suddenly or lasts for a short time. For eg,.- URChronic Infection- May occur slowly over a long period and may last months to years. Latrogenic Infection- Infection resulting due to therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. Chronic Infection- May occur slowly over a long period and may last months to years. Latrogenic Infection- Infection resulting due to therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. Measures practiced by health care personnel to prevent spread, transmission acquisition of infection between clients, from health care providers to clients & from clients to health care provider. Infection control in a health care facility is the prevention of the spread of microorganisms from- Patient to patients Patients to staff members Staff member to patient Staff member to staff member.

1. By-
Mrs. Swastika Singh Chandel
(Assistant Professor)
[Department of Medical Laboratory Technology
Rama University, Kanpur]

2. Content
• Introduction
• Definition of infection
• Types of infection
• Chain of Infection
• Infection Control
• Why infection control is important?
• Standard Precautions steps.

3. Introduction
• Infection is one of the leading causes of
preventable death in hospitals every year.
• The centre of Disease Control and Prevention
estimated that there are approximately 2
million preventable infections in hospital every
year, leading to 90,0000 unnecessary death.

4. Definition of Infection
• The invasion and multiplication of
microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and
parasites that are proliferate, resulting in tissue
injury that can progress to disease.

5. Types of Infection-
1) Primary Infection
2) Secondary Infection
3) Local Infection
4) Systemic Infection
5) Acute Infection
6) Chronic Infection
7) Iatrogenic Infection

6. 1. Primary Infection- Initial infection with an organism to
host constitutes primary infection.
2. Secondary Infection- When in a host whose
resistance is lowered by pre-existing infection , a
new organism may set up a new infection.
3. Local Infection- Infection that is limited to a defined
area or single organ with symptoms that resemble
inflammation (redness, tenderness and swelling)
4. Systemic Infection- Infection that spreads to whole body
resulting in a septicemia.
5. Acute Infection- It appears suddenly or lasts for a short
time.
For eg,.- URI

7. • Chronic Infection- May occur slowly over a long period
and may last months to years.
• Latrogenic Infection- Infection resulting due to
therapeutic and diagnostic procedures.

8. Chain of Infection
• The presence of a pathogen does not mean that an infection
will begin.
• In order for infectious disease to spread, several necessary
steps must occur.
• These steps are known as “Chain of infection”.
• An infection will develop only if chain remains intact.

9. Causative
agent
Reservoir
Portal of
Exit
Modes of
transmissi
on
Susceptibl
e Host
Portal of
Entry
Chain of
Infection

10. Infection Control
• Measures practiced by health care personnel to prevent spread,
transmission acquisition of infection between clients, from
health care providers to clients & from clients to health care
provider.

11. • Infection control in a health care facility is the prevention of
the spread of microorganisms from-
 Patient to patients
 Patients to staff members
 Staff member to patient
 Staff member to staff member

12. • Why is Infection Control important in health care
facilities?

13. Infection control is-
Standard
Precaution
Based on
Additional
Precaution

14. • In most healthcare facilities many sick people are
treated or cared for in confined spaces.
• This means there are many microorganisms present.

15. Standard Precaution
Set of infection control practices used to prevent transmission
of disease that can be acquired by contact with blood, body
fluids, non-intact skin & mucus membrane.

17. Standard Precaution Steps
1. Hand Washing
2. Personal Protective Equipment
3. Sterilization , Decontamination, Cleaning
4. Waste Disposal

18. 1. Hand Washing
• Hand washing also known as hand hygiene, is the act of
cleaning hands for the purpose of removing soil, dirt and
microorganisms.

20. 2. Personal Protective Equipment
• Specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for
protection against infectious materials.
1. Gloves
2. Gown
3. Mask
4. Protective eye wear
5. Face shield
6. Apron

22. 3. Sterilization
• It is the process to kill all microorganisms and is the highest
level of microbial kill that is possible.
• There are four main ways in which such items can be
sterilized:-
1. Autoclave (by using high –pressure steam)
2. Dry Heat (in an oven)
3. Chemical sterilants such as glutaraldehydes or formaldehyde
solutions
4. Radiation(with the help of physical agents)

23. 4. Decontamination
• It is the reduction in the
number of microorganisms
on an object or surface but
not the complete
destruction of all
microorganisms or spores.
• Disinfection is less
effective then sterilization
because it does not kill
bacterial endo spores.

24. • It uses liquid chemicals on surfaces and at room temperature to
kill disease causing microorganisms.
• Ultraviolet light has also been used to disinfect the rooms of
patients after discharge.

25. 5. Cleaning
• The hospital’s
housekeeping department
is responsible for the
regular and routine
cleaning of all surfaces and
maintaining high level of
hygiene in the facility in
collaboration with the
infection control
committee.

26. 6. Waste Management
LET THE
WASTE OF THE
“SICK” NOT
CONTAMINATE

27. • It is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing
& monitoring of waste material.
• Basically the waste produced in the course of health care
activities during the
• Purposes of Waste disposal-
1. To reduce hazardous nature of waste.
2. To reduce volume of waste.
3. To prevent misuse or abuse of waste.
4. To ensure occupational safety and health.

28. Additional Precautions
• They are taken while ensuring standard precautions are maintained.
• They mainly included-
1. Airborne Precautions
2. Droplet Precautions
3. Contact Precautions