The document discusses the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), a significant Bronze Age civilization known for its advanced urban planning, trade, and technology between 3300-1300 BCE. It highlights key cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, the sophisticated culture, and various theories regarding the civilization's decline, including drought, trade disruptions, and potential epidemics. Additionally, it touches on perspectives regarding the decline from an Islamic viewpoint, noting that historical investigations may still be insufficient to fully understand the reasons behind IVC's collapse.

1. Submitted by
Qudratullah
Roll: 01
Bs criminology
4th semester
Bahauddin Zakariyan University Multan

3.  Indus valley civilization (IVC) was a bronze age civilization (3300-1300 BCE)
 In the same time there are three civilizations in the world ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia
(Iraq) and IVC (south Asia)
 The IVC was one of the most develop civilization in that time (whole the world)
 The term Indus valley civilization fist used by sir John Marshall (a officer of
Royal East Indian Railway Company)

4.  Manly located in the northwestern regions of south
Asia. Today is northwestern Afghanistan to Pakistan
and northwest India .

5. There are three main cities of (IVC) which was
 Harappa (located in sahiwal, Punjab) on the bank
of river Ravi
 Mohenjodaro (located in Sind province) on the
bank of river Indus
 Lothal (located in Gujrat,india) on the bank of
river Ghaggar-hakra
 the total inhabitant of (IVC) was about 50 million
peoples
 Total area of (IVC) was 1.2 million square km

6. Mohenjo-daro
Harappa Lothal

7.  The Harappan site was
discovered by sir John
Herbert Marshall in 1921
during lying railway track
(Lahore to Karachi).
 The Mohenjo-daro was
discovered in 1922-25 by
R.D. Banerji (an Indian
archaeological officer)

8.  One of the most Well develop culture in that time
 Women used makeup for beauty
 Jewelry were use (today jewelry design mostly
same with IVC)
 They used bronze and other metals
 They live in double stories houses, 1st portion used
for animals and 2nd for home
 They used well for water and used attach
washroom facilities
 The sanitary condition was very good
 Children's played with toys

9. Jewellery
Sanitary system
Makeup
Toys

10.  Theocracy (a system of government in which
priests rule in the name of god)
 Worshiped idols of god and goddess
 Prayed for good harvest and safety from floods
 They worshiped Shiva a goddess, they believed
that she was a mother goddess
 Use of baths and water in religious practice
 They worshiped some animals like the very revered
BULL
 Their religion was a polytheism, worshipped many
gods and some animals

12.  The language of (IVC) is not identified till today
 Linguistic signs are found on seals but these signs
are not easily understandable
 Between 400 and as many as 600 distinct Indus
symbols have been found on seals
 If this Enigmas is solve than there shall be a great
contribution in histroy of (IVC)
 and those person shall be entitled “NOBEL prize”

14.  Agriculture and Trade were two main source of income of
(IVC)
Agriculture
 They used bulls for plow in Agri fields
 They had well develop canal system
 Had warehouses for store crops
 They cultivated wheet, cotton, pea and date palm
Trade
 They made trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia
 Used often sea roots for trade
 They had banking system for trade
 They had seals as a bank check

15. Trade roots of (IVC)

16. warehouses
Seals and coins

17.  The people of the Indus Civilisation achieved great
accuracy in measuring length, mass, and time.
They were among the first to develop a system of
uniform weights and measures
 Harappans evolved some new techniques
in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze, lead,
and tin. The engineering skill of the Harappans
was remarkable, especially in building docks.
 They first used numbering system, 0123456789……
 Invent carts, metal instruments and wheel

19.  The Indus valley people did not like to engage in war
 Instead of fighting they would rather talk it out and
make peace
 Archeologists not found any signs of army

20.  Around 1800 BCE signs of a gradual decline began
to emerge, and by around 1700 BCE most of the
cities had been abandoned
 Some questions arises in mind that how it was
possible
 The (IVC) was most develop civilization in that
time
 Different theories decline about Indus valley
civilization

21.  In 1953 Sir Mortimer Wheeler proposed that the invasion
of an Indo-European tribe from Central Asia, the
"Aryans", caused the decline of the Indus Civilisation.
 As evidence, he cited a group of 37 skeletons found in
various parts of Mohenjo-Daro, and passages in the
Vedas referring to battles and forts.
 The theory rejected by Kenneth Kennedy in 1994 showed
that the marks on the skulls were caused by erosion, and
not by violence

22.  . As of 2016 many scholars believe that drought and a
decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia caused the
collapse of the Indus Civilisation
 The Ghaggar-Hakra system was rain-fed, and water-supply
depended on the monsoons
 The Indus valley climate grew significantly cooler and drier
from about 1800 BCE, linked to a general weakening of
the monsoon at that time
 . The residents then migrated towards the Ganges basin in
the east, where they established smaller villages and
isolated farms

23.  This theory is a product of my own imagination and
should not be taken too seriously
 It postulates that the population may have drastically
fallen due to an epidemic which may have affected the
Harappan population

24.  This theory has been presented by Shereen Ratnagar
(1981) who argues that the Lapis Lazuli trade was of
great importance to the sustenance of the IVC. Hence
the decline of the trade caused the decline of the
Civilization as well

25.  A geological survey conduct in twenty century
that explain the reasons of decline
 Our earth is consists of round about 16 Tectonics
plates which often changes their location
 The Indus valley civilization is on Indian
Tectonic plate , which change their location than
a huge gap appear and the (IVC) was subsidence
under earth for a long period or not and than
appear like a huge land mass

27.  Being a Muslim I can explain the Islamic view about decline of (IVC).
Many non Muslim archeologists or scholars explain decline according
to their views that are not able to explain complete reasons
 In the history of Islam round about 124000 prophets are come here to
preach GOD. But in the HOLY QURAN there are some prophets are
namely mentioned and others are not
 In the HOLY QURAN some nations are namely discuss, which were not
accept the true religion of the GOD, than they destroyed with different
Torments given by HOLY ALLAH . nations were namely like (LOOT,
AAD and SAMOOD)
 The Indus valley was a part of them

28.  This theory is the product of my own imagination.
The evidence which I can use to support it is the
fact that not much investigation has been done in
this way to come up with a positive or negative
reply to the question
GOOD LUCK