This document is the presentation slides for a student named Sudhi Soman on the Indus Valley civilization for the year 2013-2014. It provides information on the excavation and major sites of the Indus civilization, including Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Details are given on the advanced drainage systems in cities, artifacts found with unknown symbols, and explanations for the collapse of the Harappan civilization.

1. SEMESTER II
EDU.10-B.Ed SOCIAL SCIENCE
Prepared and Presented by:
Name : SUDHI SOMAN
Candidate Code : 13381031
SOBHA COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
MARARIKULAM
2013 - 2014

2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this preparation and uploading of
PowerPoint Slides is a bonafide work of independent work done
by Sudhi Soman, optional subject Social Science, candidate code
13381031 for the year 2013-2014.
Assistant Professor
Countersigned by
External Examiner Principal
Place : Mararikulam

3. The Indus valley civilization
(IVC) was a bronze age civilization
located in the western region of
south Asia. The civilization was
spread over some 1,260,000 km,
making it the largest ancient
civilization.
The Indus valley is one of the
worlds earliest urban civilizations,
at its peak, the Indus civilization
may have had a population of well
over five million.

4.  Excavation of Harappan sites
has been ongoing since 1920,
with important break through
occurring as recently as 1999.
 The Harappan civilization is
sometimes called the Mature
Harappan culture to
distinguish it from these
cultures.
 Up to 1999, about 1,056
cities and settlements have
been found, of which 96 sites
have been excavated mainly
in the general region of the
Indus river.

5. Archaeological records provide no
immediate answers for a centre of power
or for depictions of people in power in
Harappan society. But, there are
indications of complex decisions being
taken and implemented.
 The Harappans were agriculturists.
 Their economy was entirely
dominated by horticulture.
 There were massive granaries in
each city.
 The Harappans also had a wide
variety of domesticated animals.

6. Between 400 and as many as 600
distinct Indus symbols have been
found on seals, small tablets, ceramic
pots and more than a dozen other
materials, including a "signboard"
that apparently once hung over the
gate of the inner citadel of the Indus
city of Dholavira.

7. The Pashupati Seal is the name of
a steatite seal (dating from 2600–
1900 BCE) discovered at Mohenjo-daro.
The seal depicts a seated,
possibly ithyphallic and tricephalic,
figure with a horned headdress,
surrounded by animals.

8. The Great Bath
 The Great Bath of Mohenjodaro is
called the "earliest public water tank
of the ancient world“.
 The Great Bath measures 11.88
metres x 7.01 metres, and has a
maximum depth of 2.43 metres. Two
wide staircases, one from the north
and one from the south, served as
the entry to the structure.
 A hole was also found at one end of
the Bath which might have been used
to drain the water into it.

9. The drainage system of Mohenjo-Daro
is so elaborate that “the like of which
has not yet been found anywhere in the
world in any other city of the same
antiquity.”
The drainage system and drains were
covered with bricks or stones and were
provided with inspection traps and main
holes at regular intervals for inspection.

10.  The Town Planning System of Indus
Valley Civilization (Harappan
Civilization) was city based.
 The excellent drainage and
sanitation systems are remarkable.
The Indus civilization flourished
around cities.
 The ruins of the cities so far
unearthed show remarkable town
planning system and excellent
system of drainage and sanitation
of the Indus Valley Civilization.
 The city was the heart of the

11.  Archaeologists have offered four explanations
for the collapse of the Harappan “Civilization”.
 Three are based on ecological factors: intense
flooding, decrease in precipitation, and the
dessication of the Sarasvati River.
 The fourth hypothesis is that of the Aryan
Invasion, proposed by Sir R. E. Mortimer
Wheeler and Stuart Piggott.
 Fourth largely abandoned in the 1940s in favor
of a combination of factors from ecological
disasters.