The document provides information on Chinese business etiquette and cultural customs, including the importance of concepts like "saving face", following hierarchical order, properly exchanging business cards, the preference for building consensus over quick decisions, and correct etiquette for dining meetings such as elaborate seating arrangements and not beginning the meal before the host. Proper respect for rank, seniority, and avoiding loss of face are paramount in Chinese culture.
This document discusses poverty and related economic issues in India. It provides statistics on poverty lines and rates of poverty in rural and urban areas. Key points include:
- India has a large poor population, with over 20% of the world's poorest people despite having 17.5% of the global population.
- Poverty is most prevalent in certain states like Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
- Both relative and absolute measures are used to define and measure poverty.
This document compares cultural differences between China and the UK that are important for building business relationships. In China, relationships and hierarchy are crucial due to influences of Confucianism. Giving gifts, respecting elders, and developing personal connections ("guanxi") are important. China scores high in long-term orientation and power distance. In the UK, privacy, humor, and fairness are important values. Individualism and indulgence are high while power distance and uncertainty avoidance are low. Understanding these cultural differences can help people work with customers, travel to these countries, and conduct business internationally.
Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner identified seven cultural dimensions along which cultures can be classified based on their research on business executives. These seven dimensions are universalism versus particularism, communitarianism versus individualism, neutral versus emotional, diffuse versus specific cultures, achievement versus ascription, human-time relationship, and human-nature relationship. Their 1997 book "Riding The Waves of Culture" explores these seven value orientations between cultures.
The reason for this move was simple: India’s Ministry of Finance claimed that 500 and 1,000 rupee notes are being used to finance terrorism, fund illegal drug sales, fuel the black
market, drive counterfeiting, and pay bribes. This so-called “black money” had reputedly built up to such epic proportions that Prime Minister Modi declared that enough was enough,
that he would take it upon himself to wash his country’s currency supply in one fell swoop. Demonetization can be said as a „Surgical Strike‟ on Black Money, Terrorism, Fake
Currency, Unorganized trading, Real Estate, Share market etc. on the other hand if we talk about the Indian industry on a broader way it can be categories in three parts Manufacturing
sector, Service sector and Agriculture sector. After demonetization only Agriculture sector shows some positive improvement while if we talk about the manufacturing and service sector both were crashed down and these will affect the whole Indian market in 2017 also. As of December 28, official sources said that the Income Tax department detected over 4,172 crore of un-disclosed income and seized new notes worth 105 crore as part of its country-wide operations. The department carried out a total of 983 search, survey and enquiry operations
under the provisions of the Income Tax Act and has issued 5,027 notices to various entities on charges of tax evasion and hawala-like dealings. The department also seized cash and
jewellery worth over 549 crore out of which the new currency seized (majority of them 2000 notes) is valued at about 105 crore. The department also referred a total of 477 cases to
other agencies like the CBI and the Enforcement Directorate (ED) to probe other financial crimes like money laundering, disproportionate assets and corruption.
Cross culture adaptation refers to the process of people moving from one culture to another and learning the new culture's rules, customs, social norms, and language. This involves acculturation to the new culture as well as potential cultural shock from leaving one's familiar home culture. Successful adaptation requires understanding differences in gestures, eye contact, and other aspects of communication across cultures. The adaptation process can be difficult but also provides an opportunity for personal growth as outlined in Young Yun Kim's stress-adaptation-growth model of cross-cultural adaptation.
1. The document discusses global cities, which are urban centers that serve as hubs in the global economic system.
2. Global cities have characteristics like international financial services, multinational corporations, and influence decisions on a global level.
3. The increase in global cities is linked to the globalization of economies and the centralization of mass production within urban centers.
The document discusses production possibility frontiers (PPF), which graphically illustrate the various combinations of two goods an economy can produce given limited resources. A PPF shows attainable combinations on or inside the curve, with unattainable points outside the curve. The slope of the PPF represents the opportunity cost of producing one good in terms of forgone production of the other good. A steeper slope indicates a higher opportunity cost.
The document provides information on Chinese business etiquette and cultural customs, including the importance of concepts like "saving face", following hierarchical order, properly exchanging business cards, the preference for building consensus over quick decisions, and correct etiquette for dining meetings such as elaborate seating arrangements and not beginning the meal before the host. Proper respect for rank, seniority, and avoiding loss of face are paramount in Chinese culture.
This document discusses poverty and related economic issues in India. It provides statistics on poverty lines and rates of poverty in rural and urban areas. Key points include:
- India has a large poor population, with over 20% of the world's poorest people despite having 17.5% of the global population.
- Poverty is most prevalent in certain states like Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
- Both relative and absolute measures are used to define and measure poverty.
This document compares cultural differences between China and the UK that are important for building business relationships. In China, relationships and hierarchy are crucial due to influences of Confucianism. Giving gifts, respecting elders, and developing personal connections ("guanxi") are important. China scores high in long-term orientation and power distance. In the UK, privacy, humor, and fairness are important values. Individualism and indulgence are high while power distance and uncertainty avoidance are low. Understanding these cultural differences can help people work with customers, travel to these countries, and conduct business internationally.
Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner identified seven cultural dimensions along which cultures can be classified based on their research on business executives. These seven dimensions are universalism versus particularism, communitarianism versus individualism, neutral versus emotional, diffuse versus specific cultures, achievement versus ascription, human-time relationship, and human-nature relationship. Their 1997 book "Riding The Waves of Culture" explores these seven value orientations between cultures.
The reason for this move was simple: India’s Ministry of Finance claimed that 500 and 1,000 rupee notes are being used to finance terrorism, fund illegal drug sales, fuel the black
market, drive counterfeiting, and pay bribes. This so-called “black money” had reputedly built up to such epic proportions that Prime Minister Modi declared that enough was enough,
that he would take it upon himself to wash his country’s currency supply in one fell swoop. Demonetization can be said as a „Surgical Strike‟ on Black Money, Terrorism, Fake
Currency, Unorganized trading, Real Estate, Share market etc. on the other hand if we talk about the Indian industry on a broader way it can be categories in three parts Manufacturing
sector, Service sector and Agriculture sector. After demonetization only Agriculture sector shows some positive improvement while if we talk about the manufacturing and service sector both were crashed down and these will affect the whole Indian market in 2017 also. As of December 28, official sources said that the Income Tax department detected over 4,172 crore of un-disclosed income and seized new notes worth 105 crore as part of its country-wide operations. The department carried out a total of 983 search, survey and enquiry operations
under the provisions of the Income Tax Act and has issued 5,027 notices to various entities on charges of tax evasion and hawala-like dealings. The department also seized cash and
jewellery worth over 549 crore out of which the new currency seized (majority of them 2000 notes) is valued at about 105 crore. The department also referred a total of 477 cases to
other agencies like the CBI and the Enforcement Directorate (ED) to probe other financial crimes like money laundering, disproportionate assets and corruption.
Cross culture adaptation refers to the process of people moving from one culture to another and learning the new culture's rules, customs, social norms, and language. This involves acculturation to the new culture as well as potential cultural shock from leaving one's familiar home culture. Successful adaptation requires understanding differences in gestures, eye contact, and other aspects of communication across cultures. The adaptation process can be difficult but also provides an opportunity for personal growth as outlined in Young Yun Kim's stress-adaptation-growth model of cross-cultural adaptation.
1. The document discusses global cities, which are urban centers that serve as hubs in the global economic system.
2. Global cities have characteristics like international financial services, multinational corporations, and influence decisions on a global level.
3. The increase in global cities is linked to the globalization of economies and the centralization of mass production within urban centers.
The document discusses production possibility frontiers (PPF), which graphically illustrate the various combinations of two goods an economy can produce given limited resources. A PPF shows attainable combinations on or inside the curve, with unattainable points outside the curve. The slope of the PPF represents the opportunity cost of producing one good in terms of forgone production of the other good. A steeper slope indicates a higher opportunity cost.
This document discusses measuring poverty and inequality. It outlines four criteria for measuring inequality: anonymity, population, relative income, and Dalton principles. It also describes the Lorenz curve and five measures of inequality: range, Kuznets ratio, mean absolute deviation, coefficient of variation, and Gini coefficient. For poverty measurement, it defines the poverty line and discusses headcount ratio, poverty gap ratio, income gap ratio, and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke class measures.
,geert hofstead ,dimensions of natural culture ,un certainity avoidance index ,long term and short term orientation ,indulgence vs restraint ,power distance index ,masculinity vs femininity
Presentation on Demonetization in India Priyanshu7078
this file is uploaded by Pramod Kumar from MIMT
this file is made on the situations of the demonetization. in this file describing in details of related to the demonetization
Demonetization aims to curb corruption and black money by removing high denomination banknotes from circulation. It will impact the economy in both positive and negative ways in the short term. Positively, it could reduce inflation, increase deposits in banks for lending, and promote cashless transactions. Negatively, it could severely inconvenience the public, cost the RBI to print new currency, and hit sectors that rely on cash like services. In the long run, demonetization aims to promote transparency, attract investors, and strengthen the financial system by tracking money flows, though big tax evaders may still find ways to hide black money.
Inequality, Economic Growth and Developmenttutor2u
The document discusses inequality, economic growth, and development. It covers several topics: Kuznets and income inequality; real income growth in the USA and top income shares; a global perspective on inequality between 1988-2008 showing rising incomes for the middle class in China and India. It also discusses the root causes of inequality like less progressive tax systems and market failures in education and housing. Strategies to reduce inequality include investing in education, pursuing inclusive pro-poor growth policies, and microfinance. Overall, the document examines inequality from various economic perspectives and proposes approaches to promote shared prosperity across populations.
The document discusses the effects of recession on various Indian business sectors. It first defines recession and explains how the National Bureau of Economic Research officially declares recessions in the US. It then discusses some major Indian sectors affected by recession, including textiles, banking, aviation, the stock market, and automobiles. The textile industry saw job losses of 800,000 people. Banks suffered losses from exposure to failed US financial firms. Aviation faced high fuel costs, debt, and job cuts. The stock market witnessed its worst falls in history. Automakers like Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki, and Mahindra saw uncertain demand.
Technological advancements are a major driver of globalization. Technology allows companies to compete globally with less capital investment and travel through knowledge sharing and internet connectivity. There are two modes of advancing technology - innovation of new technologies and adoption of technologies from elsewhere. While adoption enhances living standards, innovation is important for long term growth. Technological changes reduce communication and transportation costs, facilitating global trade networks. Information technology in particular has reduced barriers through tools like the World Wide Web. 80% of globalization is estimated to be technology driven, impacting areas like outsourcing and cultural spread through inventions. Technology transfer aims to increase productivity, encourage foreign investment, and support economic development. However, introducing new technologies takes time and late adoption can limit
Poverty is defined as the inability to meet basic needs for food, shelter, and clothing. In developing countries like India, poverty is measured based on absolute poverty, which refers to having an income less than what is required to meet basic necessities. Poverty is identified using poverty lines that divide the population into poor and non-poor based on income levels. Poverty persists in India through vicious cycles where low productivity and income lead to underdevelopment, low capital investment, and further impoverishment. The key causes of poverty in India include rapid population growth among the poor, low economic development rates, unemployment, agricultural backwardness, and lack of adequate anti-poverty measures. The government aims to reduce poverty through
The document discusses the seven dimensions of culture according to Trompenaars:
1. Universalism vs Particularism - whether rules or relationships take precedence. Universalistic cultures follow rules equally while particularistic cultures consider relationships and situations.
2. Individualism vs Communitarianism - whether people focus on themselves or the group. Individualistic cultures prioritize individual goals and communitarian cultures prioritize group goals.
3. Specific vs Diffuse - how separate work and personal lives are. Specific cultures keep them separate while diffuse cultures integrate them.
4. Affective vs Neutral - whether emotions are openly displayed. Affective cultures openly share feelings and neutral cultures keep feelings private.
The document discusses concepts related to the current global economic order and institutions like the World Bank and IMF. It provides an overview of how these institutions work, their goals and activities, as well as concepts like poverty, inequality, and voting power within the IMF. Some key points include:
- The current economic order is centered around rules established by Bretton Woods institutions and aims to maintain Western power through the dominance of the US dollar.
- The World Bank aims to promote development through projects, loans, and partnerships. It works to reduce poverty defined as living on less than $1.25 or $2 per day.
- The IMF aims to foster macroeconomic stability and provides loans to countries experiencing economic cri
The document discusses various definitions and conceptualizations of poverty. It contrasts narrow definitions focused on subsistence needs with broader definitions incorporating lack of participation, dignity, and power. It also compares definitions based on income and resources versus actual living standards and activities. Finally, it examines the differences between absolute poverty focused on basic physical needs and relative poverty linked to a society's overall living standards.
The document discusses differences between Eastern and Western business cultures. It notes that while cultures share some aspects, they differ significantly in important ways like communication style, decision making, and views on individualism vs collectivism. Specifically, it outlines differences between Asian cultures like respect for hierarchy and saving face in China and formality in interactions and punctuality in Japan. It emphasizes the importance of understanding these cultural nuances to build effective cross-cultural relationships and bridge gaps between East and West.
This study examined the determinants of investment and behavior of investors in Gwalior, India. It found that liquidity, capital, past price fluctuations, expert advice, and risk involvement were the top five factors considered when making investment decisions. Gender and age were found to influence attitudes towards liquidity, risk tolerance, and time horizon of investments. Specifically, females were more impacted by liquidity and past price fluctuations, while younger investors aged 18-25 were more willing to take risks and invest long-term compared to older age groups. The top priority for most investors was liquidity of investments over potential higher returns from high-risk options.
Brain drain refers to the large-scale emigration of skilled professionals and knowledge workers from their home countries, often due to low salaries, lack of opportunities, employment, equipment, and political instability. While emigration provides opportunities to fulfill dreams and develop talents, it also results in a loss of skilled human capital and widens the gap between rich and poor countries. However, India has experienced a reversal in brain drain in recent decades due to strong economic growth, competitive salaries by Indian companies, and more promising career opportunities, leading more graduates to remain in India rather than emigrate.
Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general price level in an economy over time. It can be caused by demand-pull factors, like too much money chasing too few goods, or cost-push factors like increases in production costs. Inflation is measured by changes in a consumer price index and can vary in its rate from creeping to hyperinflation. Governments use monetary and fiscal policies like controlling the money supply and public spending to combat inflation.
Brain drain refers to the emigration of skilled workers from developing countries to developed countries. By 2000, there were 180 million migrants worldwide, with skilled migrants coming primarily from Asia, Africa, and Latin America to OECD countries. Causes of brain drain include increased educational attainment creating more opportunities abroad, selective immigration policies in developed countries, and lack of opportunities in source countries. While brain drain provides some benefits like remittances, it also results in negative impacts such as reduced growth and human capital in source countries. Policies aimed at balancing flows include increasing retention through education and economic development investments in source countries.
This document discusses poverty in India. It defines poverty and provides statistics on poverty rates. Some key facts presented include that as of 2005, 85.7% of the population lives on less than $2.50 per day and 27.5% were below the poverty line in 2004-2005. Rural poverty rates in some states are higher than in some of the world's poorest countries. The document also examines various causes of poverty in India such as British colonial policies, unemployment, population growth, and the caste system. It concludes by noting that poverty alleviation is expected to improve over the next 50 years as the middle class grows.
Corruption is an ancient problem that has always been with us. It has had variegated incidence in different times at different places, with varying degrees of damaging consequences. In common usage corruption is used to mean different things in different context. Sometimes people invoke legality and almost interchangeably use the word corrupt and illicit in describing a transaction. But clearly not all illegal transaction are corrupt nor all instances of corruption or bribery are illegal. Similarly one should keep a distinction between immoral and corrupt transactions. Having different meanings of corruption, this paper mostly confine to the use of public office for private gain or the agency problem.
This document discusses poverty, including its causes, effects, and statistics. It defines poverty as being deprived of basic needs like food, water, shelter, and clothes. Major causes of poverty include lack of education, natural disasters, lack of money, lack of opportunities, overpopulation, and spending money on addictions. Effects include high mortality rates, increased health risks, hampering children's development, inhibiting education, and increased armed conflict. Statistics provided indicate that billions of people live on less than $1.25 per day and millions die annually due to poverty-related issues like lack of food, water, and healthcare. Poverty is particularly prevalent in developing countries and specific nations in Asia and Africa.
There are several reasons for uneven development between countries including physical, economic, political, social, and historical factors. Physically, the uneven distribution of natural resources and differences in climate and exposure to natural hazards can influence development. Politically, factors like poor leadership, inefficient governance, and political conflicts can negatively impact development. Historically, colonialism extracted resources from colonies to enrich colonial powers. Economically, the process of cumulative causation can reinforce development in core areas while draining resources from the periphery.
The Index of Multiple Deprivation measures poverty and deprivation across seven domains: income, employment, education, health, crime, barriers to housing and services, and living environment. It ranks small areas in England from most to least deprived based on indicators in each domain. Local authorities use the index to identify areas with high levels of deprivation and prioritize allocation of resources and services to disadvantaged neighborhoods and populations.
Some communities are much better equipped than others to shape the area they live in and to use the new opportunities that the Localism agenda affords to co-design and deliver public services. Whether in terms of human and financial capital or levels of volunteering and prevalence of voluntary organisations, it is the more affluent neighbourhoods and communities that have a head start. If we disregard this fact, the whole localist agenda could inadvertently exacerbate existing inequalities rather than closing the gap.
This document discusses measuring poverty and inequality. It outlines four criteria for measuring inequality: anonymity, population, relative income, and Dalton principles. It also describes the Lorenz curve and five measures of inequality: range, Kuznets ratio, mean absolute deviation, coefficient of variation, and Gini coefficient. For poverty measurement, it defines the poverty line and discusses headcount ratio, poverty gap ratio, income gap ratio, and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke class measures.
,geert hofstead ,dimensions of natural culture ,un certainity avoidance index ,long term and short term orientation ,indulgence vs restraint ,power distance index ,masculinity vs femininity
Presentation on Demonetization in India Priyanshu7078
this file is uploaded by Pramod Kumar from MIMT
this file is made on the situations of the demonetization. in this file describing in details of related to the demonetization
Demonetization aims to curb corruption and black money by removing high denomination banknotes from circulation. It will impact the economy in both positive and negative ways in the short term. Positively, it could reduce inflation, increase deposits in banks for lending, and promote cashless transactions. Negatively, it could severely inconvenience the public, cost the RBI to print new currency, and hit sectors that rely on cash like services. In the long run, demonetization aims to promote transparency, attract investors, and strengthen the financial system by tracking money flows, though big tax evaders may still find ways to hide black money.
Inequality, Economic Growth and Developmenttutor2u
The document discusses inequality, economic growth, and development. It covers several topics: Kuznets and income inequality; real income growth in the USA and top income shares; a global perspective on inequality between 1988-2008 showing rising incomes for the middle class in China and India. It also discusses the root causes of inequality like less progressive tax systems and market failures in education and housing. Strategies to reduce inequality include investing in education, pursuing inclusive pro-poor growth policies, and microfinance. Overall, the document examines inequality from various economic perspectives and proposes approaches to promote shared prosperity across populations.
The document discusses the effects of recession on various Indian business sectors. It first defines recession and explains how the National Bureau of Economic Research officially declares recessions in the US. It then discusses some major Indian sectors affected by recession, including textiles, banking, aviation, the stock market, and automobiles. The textile industry saw job losses of 800,000 people. Banks suffered losses from exposure to failed US financial firms. Aviation faced high fuel costs, debt, and job cuts. The stock market witnessed its worst falls in history. Automakers like Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki, and Mahindra saw uncertain demand.
Technological advancements are a major driver of globalization. Technology allows companies to compete globally with less capital investment and travel through knowledge sharing and internet connectivity. There are two modes of advancing technology - innovation of new technologies and adoption of technologies from elsewhere. While adoption enhances living standards, innovation is important for long term growth. Technological changes reduce communication and transportation costs, facilitating global trade networks. Information technology in particular has reduced barriers through tools like the World Wide Web. 80% of globalization is estimated to be technology driven, impacting areas like outsourcing and cultural spread through inventions. Technology transfer aims to increase productivity, encourage foreign investment, and support economic development. However, introducing new technologies takes time and late adoption can limit
Poverty is defined as the inability to meet basic needs for food, shelter, and clothing. In developing countries like India, poverty is measured based on absolute poverty, which refers to having an income less than what is required to meet basic necessities. Poverty is identified using poverty lines that divide the population into poor and non-poor based on income levels. Poverty persists in India through vicious cycles where low productivity and income lead to underdevelopment, low capital investment, and further impoverishment. The key causes of poverty in India include rapid population growth among the poor, low economic development rates, unemployment, agricultural backwardness, and lack of adequate anti-poverty measures. The government aims to reduce poverty through
The document discusses the seven dimensions of culture according to Trompenaars:
1. Universalism vs Particularism - whether rules or relationships take precedence. Universalistic cultures follow rules equally while particularistic cultures consider relationships and situations.
2. Individualism vs Communitarianism - whether people focus on themselves or the group. Individualistic cultures prioritize individual goals and communitarian cultures prioritize group goals.
3. Specific vs Diffuse - how separate work and personal lives are. Specific cultures keep them separate while diffuse cultures integrate them.
4. Affective vs Neutral - whether emotions are openly displayed. Affective cultures openly share feelings and neutral cultures keep feelings private.
The document discusses concepts related to the current global economic order and institutions like the World Bank and IMF. It provides an overview of how these institutions work, their goals and activities, as well as concepts like poverty, inequality, and voting power within the IMF. Some key points include:
- The current economic order is centered around rules established by Bretton Woods institutions and aims to maintain Western power through the dominance of the US dollar.
- The World Bank aims to promote development through projects, loans, and partnerships. It works to reduce poverty defined as living on less than $1.25 or $2 per day.
- The IMF aims to foster macroeconomic stability and provides loans to countries experiencing economic cri
The document discusses various definitions and conceptualizations of poverty. It contrasts narrow definitions focused on subsistence needs with broader definitions incorporating lack of participation, dignity, and power. It also compares definitions based on income and resources versus actual living standards and activities. Finally, it examines the differences between absolute poverty focused on basic physical needs and relative poverty linked to a society's overall living standards.
The document discusses differences between Eastern and Western business cultures. It notes that while cultures share some aspects, they differ significantly in important ways like communication style, decision making, and views on individualism vs collectivism. Specifically, it outlines differences between Asian cultures like respect for hierarchy and saving face in China and formality in interactions and punctuality in Japan. It emphasizes the importance of understanding these cultural nuances to build effective cross-cultural relationships and bridge gaps between East and West.
This study examined the determinants of investment and behavior of investors in Gwalior, India. It found that liquidity, capital, past price fluctuations, expert advice, and risk involvement were the top five factors considered when making investment decisions. Gender and age were found to influence attitudes towards liquidity, risk tolerance, and time horizon of investments. Specifically, females were more impacted by liquidity and past price fluctuations, while younger investors aged 18-25 were more willing to take risks and invest long-term compared to older age groups. The top priority for most investors was liquidity of investments over potential higher returns from high-risk options.
Brain drain refers to the large-scale emigration of skilled professionals and knowledge workers from their home countries, often due to low salaries, lack of opportunities, employment, equipment, and political instability. While emigration provides opportunities to fulfill dreams and develop talents, it also results in a loss of skilled human capital and widens the gap between rich and poor countries. However, India has experienced a reversal in brain drain in recent decades due to strong economic growth, competitive salaries by Indian companies, and more promising career opportunities, leading more graduates to remain in India rather than emigrate.
Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general price level in an economy over time. It can be caused by demand-pull factors, like too much money chasing too few goods, or cost-push factors like increases in production costs. Inflation is measured by changes in a consumer price index and can vary in its rate from creeping to hyperinflation. Governments use monetary and fiscal policies like controlling the money supply and public spending to combat inflation.
Brain drain refers to the emigration of skilled workers from developing countries to developed countries. By 2000, there were 180 million migrants worldwide, with skilled migrants coming primarily from Asia, Africa, and Latin America to OECD countries. Causes of brain drain include increased educational attainment creating more opportunities abroad, selective immigration policies in developed countries, and lack of opportunities in source countries. While brain drain provides some benefits like remittances, it also results in negative impacts such as reduced growth and human capital in source countries. Policies aimed at balancing flows include increasing retention through education and economic development investments in source countries.
This document discusses poverty in India. It defines poverty and provides statistics on poverty rates. Some key facts presented include that as of 2005, 85.7% of the population lives on less than $2.50 per day and 27.5% were below the poverty line in 2004-2005. Rural poverty rates in some states are higher than in some of the world's poorest countries. The document also examines various causes of poverty in India such as British colonial policies, unemployment, population growth, and the caste system. It concludes by noting that poverty alleviation is expected to improve over the next 50 years as the middle class grows.
Corruption is an ancient problem that has always been with us. It has had variegated incidence in different times at different places, with varying degrees of damaging consequences. In common usage corruption is used to mean different things in different context. Sometimes people invoke legality and almost interchangeably use the word corrupt and illicit in describing a transaction. But clearly not all illegal transaction are corrupt nor all instances of corruption or bribery are illegal. Similarly one should keep a distinction between immoral and corrupt transactions. Having different meanings of corruption, this paper mostly confine to the use of public office for private gain or the agency problem.
This document discusses poverty, including its causes, effects, and statistics. It defines poverty as being deprived of basic needs like food, water, shelter, and clothes. Major causes of poverty include lack of education, natural disasters, lack of money, lack of opportunities, overpopulation, and spending money on addictions. Effects include high mortality rates, increased health risks, hampering children's development, inhibiting education, and increased armed conflict. Statistics provided indicate that billions of people live on less than $1.25 per day and millions die annually due to poverty-related issues like lack of food, water, and healthcare. Poverty is particularly prevalent in developing countries and specific nations in Asia and Africa.
There are several reasons for uneven development between countries including physical, economic, political, social, and historical factors. Physically, the uneven distribution of natural resources and differences in climate and exposure to natural hazards can influence development. Politically, factors like poor leadership, inefficient governance, and political conflicts can negatively impact development. Historically, colonialism extracted resources from colonies to enrich colonial powers. Economically, the process of cumulative causation can reinforce development in core areas while draining resources from the periphery.
The Index of Multiple Deprivation measures poverty and deprivation across seven domains: income, employment, education, health, crime, barriers to housing and services, and living environment. It ranks small areas in England from most to least deprived based on indicators in each domain. Local authorities use the index to identify areas with high levels of deprivation and prioritize allocation of resources and services to disadvantaged neighborhoods and populations.
Some communities are much better equipped than others to shape the area they live in and to use the new opportunities that the Localism agenda affords to co-design and deliver public services. Whether in terms of human and financial capital or levels of volunteering and prevalence of voluntary organisations, it is the more affluent neighbourhoods and communities that have a head start. If we disregard this fact, the whole localist agenda could inadvertently exacerbate existing inequalities rather than closing the gap.
The document discusses modernizing disability employment policies in line with an "Employment First" approach. Key points include:
1) Historically, people with disabilities were often assumed to be unable to work, but research now shows that with the right supports, many can hold competitive jobs and be financially self-sufficient.
2) Several states have adopted "Employment First" policies to make integrated and competitive employment the priority outcome for working-age people with disabilities.
3) Federal guidance in 2011 supported states using Medicaid funds for employment services and outcomes rather than just facility-based programs.
4) National advocacy groups are working to pass legislation eliminating barriers to work for people with disabilities while preserving necessary long
You cannot address health inequalities without looking at the social determinants such as education and employment skills. This applies at the individual as well as the neighbourhood level.
The document summarizes health inequalities in Brighton and Hove based on a landmark report. It finds that life expectancy and quality of life vary significantly based on location, with those in deprived areas having lower life expectancies and more years living with disability. Social indicators like child development, employment, benefits receipt, and deprivation levels are predictors of these health outcomes and inequalities. Addressing social determinants of health from early childhood on is necessary to reduce inequalities according to the report.
The document discusses the seven domains that make up the Indices of Multiple Deprivation: Income, Employment, Health and disability, Education skills and training, Barriers to Housing and Services, Living environment, and Crime. Each domain measures a different type of deprivation experienced by people in an area, such as income deprivation, employment deprivation, barriers to health services, education levels, housing affordability, living conditions, and crime rates. There are 32,482 local super output areas ranked from most to least deprived based on their composite score from the seven domains.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses arguments around funding and privatization of the UK National Health Service (NHS). It notes that the NHS was created after WWII when the national debt was over double current levels. It questions why the NHS can't be afforded now despite the UK being wealthy. Critics argue funding cuts may be to pave the way for privatization. While the US spends more on healthcare, the UK NHS was ranked the best system by the Commonwealth Fund in 2014 despite lower spending per capita. However, UK health spending as a percentage of GDP is falling. Many NHS trusts are in deficit and some see underfunding as a path to more private involvement in the NHS against public wishes.
Small local businesses struggle to compete against large chains, but can operate as a supportive network through community currencies like the Lewes Pound, which aims to keep jobs, money and wealth circulating within the local Lewes economy rather than leaking out to national suppliers, head offices, nonlocal landlords and shareholders. A workshop hosted by the New Economics Foundation and Community Currencies in Action will discuss ensuring the Lewes Pound is clear in its purpose to support the needs of local Lewes businesses.
The document discusses the local money multiplier effect and how money circulating within a local economy strengthens that economy through jobs, wealth, and well-being. It provides examples comparing the economic impact of hotels versus bed and breakfasts in Tayside, showing that while hotels bring in more initial income, bed and breakfasts recirculate a greater percentage of money within the local economy through local staff, suppliers, and owner spending. Similarly, independent local retailers recirculate a higher percentage of their turnover within the local economy compared to supermarkets, whose profits and supply chains extend beyond the local community. Keeping money circulating within a local area rather than leaving it provides greater economic benefits.
This document provides labor market data for East Sussex, the South East region of England, and Great Britain:
1) The population of East Sussex in 2010 was 515,500 people, with 247,000 males and 268,500 females.
2) Median earnings for full-time male and female workers in East Sussex were lower than the South East and Great Britain averages in 2011.
3) In 2008, the largest employment sectors in East Sussex were distribution, hotels, and restaurants (27%), and public administration, education, and health (24%).
East Sussex Health & Social InequalitiesGavin Barker
The document summarizes health inequalities in East Sussex based on a landmark report by Professor Marmot. It finds significant variations in life expectancy, disability-free life expectancy, and social indicators based on area of deprivation. People in the most deprived areas have lower life expectancies, spend more years with disabilities, and face higher rates of unemployment, lower education achievement, and greater receipt of means-tested benefits. The report argues inequalities in income and wealth translate to inequalities in health outcomes, and that doing nothing to address social determinants of health will increase economic and healthcare costs.
This document summarizes CO2 emissions data for Lewes, UK between 2005 and 2009. It shows that:
- 37% of Lewes' emissions came from industry and commercial sectors, 36% from domestic uses, and 27% from road transport.
- Lewes' per capita emissions were higher than the national and regional averages, at around 2.5 tonnes per person per year.
- Emissions from domestic uses decreased over time, in line with national trends of reduced gas consumption. Emissions from industry/commercial and road transport remained relatively stable.
The document presents data on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Eastbourne, UK from 2005 to 2009. It shows that:
1) CO2 emissions in Eastbourne decreased from 505 kilotonnes in 2005 to 458 kilotonnes in 2009.
2) Road transport accounted for the largest share of CO2 emissions in Eastbourne (42% in 2009), followed by domestic emissions (37%) and emissions from industry and commercial sectors (21%).
3) Per capita CO2 emissions in Eastbourne were higher than the national and regional averages for road transport and domestic emissions but lower for industry and commercial emissions.
A presentation which draws on the evidence of the ground breaking report 'The Spirit Level, to show that levels of high inequality are detrimental to the wellbeing of developed societies across a whole range of indicators, from crime and mental health, to obesity and even teenage pregnancy.
The document summarizes CO2 emissions data for Brighton & Hove from 2005 to 2009. It reports that:
1) The target amount of CO2 emissions per person to stabilize climate change is 1 tonne per year. Brighton & Hove residents emitted 4.8 tonnes per person in 2009.
2) Road transport accounted for 27% of end-user CO2 emissions in Brighton & Hove in 2009, while industry and commercial sectors accounted for 43% and the domestic sector accounted for 30%.
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- There are currently around 215 million international migrants worldwide, comprising 3% of the global population. In 2008, there was a net migration of 163,000 people to the UK.
- Migrants make significant contributions to the UK economy and public services. They account for 38% of UK doctors, 16% of UK nurses, and 40% of new UK dentists. However, concerns are often raised around their impacts on jobs, housing, and public services.
- Studies show migrants do not have significant negative impacts on these areas. They tend to demand less housing than UK-born residents. Their young age means they place relatively low demands on health services. And available evidence suggests they do not
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
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Frameworks/Models included:
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Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
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Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
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indices of Deprivation
1. How to use this map
And what the seven
domains mean
2. The Index of Multiple Deprivation is a UK
government statistical study of deprived areas in
UK local authorities.
• It measures poverty and deprivation
The Seven Domains of Deprivation
across seven different dimensions or
‘domains’
Income
• Poverty can be defined as a lack of
financial resources to obtain the types
of diet, participate in the activities and Education
Employment
have the living conditions and and Skills
amenities which are customary, or at
least widely encouraged or approved in Housing &
the society to which we belong Health and
Barriers to
• Deprivation can be defined as a lack of Disability
Services
resources of all kinds, not just financial.
It can encompass a wide range of an
individual’s living conditions, not just Living
Crime
lack of money Environment
The index of Multiple Deprivation is considered to be one of the most significant pieces
of research into poverty and deprivation currently available. It is widely used by local
authorities to prioritise and allocate resources and services in your area.
3. Low income is a central component of
the definition of multiple deprivation
• While people experiencing some These domains are combined, with
forms of deprivation may not all have appropriate weighting, into a single
low income, people experiencing measure of multiple deprivation
multiple or very severe forms of Living
deprivation are likely to have very Environment
Deprivation
little income and few other resources 9%
• Because income is so important Crime
Income
23%
(along with employment), it is 9%
‘weighted’ when calculating the
index of multiple deprivation
Education, S
kills and Employment
Training 23%
Deprivation
14% Health
Barriers to
Deprivation
Housing &
& Disability
Services
13%
9%
4. Inequalities in income and wealth
translate into residential segregation
Differences in house prices, rents and
tenure along with the labour market
act as a sifting process:
while the relatively affluent can choose
to live in certain kinds of
neighbourhoods, the less affluent cannot
The rationed nature of social housing
exacerbates this trend with the
most needy and vulnerable who
qualify for housing
The result is that the most
vulnerable and those with the least
choices are concentrated together in
‘undesirable’ areas
5. The radial graph covers the seven dimensions or
‘domains’ of deprivation
Income
Employment
Crime
Education and
Living
Skills
Environment
Barriers to Housing Health and
and Services Disability
6. Each domain of deprivation is ranked by ‘decile’ numbering 1
to 10: the higher the decile, the greater the deprivation
Income
Employment
Crime
Decile 1 means Decile 10 means
that the area falls that the area falls
into the 10% least into the 10% most
deprived areas in deprived areas in
England England
Education and
Living
Skills
Environment
Barriers to Housing Health and
and Services Disability
7. Click on a heading to get more information
Income
Crime
Employment
This domain measures the proportion of
the population in an area that live in
income deprived families.
Living It uses a range of indicators such as the
Environment number of Adults and children in Income Education
Deprivation Support Families and Adults and children in and Skills
income-based Jobseeker’s Allowance families.
Barriers to Housing Health and
and Services Disability
8. Click on a heading to get more information
Income
Crime
Employment
Employment deprivation is measured by looking at the
proportion of the working age population per LSOA
that is ‘work deprived’. It looks at a range of indicators
such as claimants of Jobseeker’s Allowance , Incapacity
Living Benefit and Severe Disablement Allowance.
Environment Education
Deprivation It also looks at numbers of participants in New Deal
and Skills
for 18-24s who are not claiming Jobseeker’s Allowance
as well as the New Deal for lone parents.
Barriers to Housing Health and
and Services Disability
9. Click on a heading to get more information
Income
Crime
Employment
This domain aims to measure the extent of
deprivation in education, skills and training in a
local area. There are two sub domains: ‘Children
& Young People’ which measures educational
attainment plus participation in Further Education
Living and Higher Education; and ‘Skills’ which measures
Environment skills in the adult population. They are meant to Education
Deprivation represent the ‘flow’ and the ‘stock’ of educational and Skills
disadvantage.
Barriers to Housing Health and
and Services Disability
10. Click on a heading to get more information
Income
Crime
Employment
The domain measures premature death and the
impairment of quality of life by poor health. It considers
both physical and mental health. The domain measures
morbidity ( defined as a diseased state, disability, or poor
health due to any cause), disability and premature
Living mortality.
Environment This domain aims to capture unexpected deaths or levels Education
Deprivation of ill health by using age and sex standardised data. This and Skills
means that the expected levels of health in a small
area, given their age and sex composition are
compared, rather than the absolute levels of health
Barriers to Housing Health and
and Services Disability
11. Click on a heading to get more information
Income
Crime
Employment
This domain measures barriers to housing and key local
services. The domain is split into two sub-domains:
‘wider barriers’ and ‘geographical barriers’.
The ‘wider barriers’ sub-domain looks at overcrowding
Living and homelessness as well as housing affordability. The
Environment ‘geographical barriers ‘ looks at road distance to a GP
surgery, a school or the local post office. Education
Deprivation and Skills
Barriers to Housing Health and
and Services Disability
12. Click on a heading to get more information
Income
Crime
Employment
This domain measures poor quality living
environment. It is split into two sub-domains.
The indoors living environment looks at the
proportion of social and private homes that fail
Living to meet the decent homes standard.
Environment the outdoors living environment looks at road Education
Deprivation safety and air quality. and Skills
Barriers to Housing Health and
and Services Disability
13. Click on a heading to get more information
Income
Crime
Employment
Crime is an important feature of
deprivation that has major effects on
individuals and communities.
This domain measures the rate of
Living recorded crime for four major crime types
Environment – violence, burglary, theft and criminal
Education
Deprivation damage – representing the risk of personal
and Skills
and material victimisation at a small area
level.
Barriers to Housing Health and
and Services Disability
Editor's Notes
“while people experiencing some forms of deprivation may not all have low income, people experiencing multiple or single but very severe forms of deprivation are in almost every instance likely to have very little income and little or no other resources” (Townsend 1987, p.131)
inequalities in income and wealth translate into residential segregation through differences in house prices, rents and tenure. The most vulnerable and those with the least choices are concentrated together in ‘undesirable’ areas while those with more resources tend to move out of the area. The rationed nature of social housing exacerbates this trend- but so can training and employment provision that enhance the economic capacity of individuals, including their mobility. If the newly employed see no positive reason to stay in an area, they will move out, only to be replaced by the most needy and those with the fewest choices and least resources. The result can be neighbourhoods that remain stubbornly impervious to improvement in time of economic boom.