Some communities are much better equipped than others to shape the area they live in and to use the new opportunities that the Localism agenda affords to co-design and deliver public services. Whether in terms of human and financial capital or levels of volunteering and prevalence of voluntary organisations, it is the more affluent neighbourhoods and communities that have a head start. If we disregard this fact, the whole localist agenda could inadvertently exacerbate existing inequalities rather than closing the gap.

1. Mapping deprivation
Co-production models that ignore
material inequalities risk failure
Slideshow by Gavin Barker
Compass Training
Updated May
2013

2. What this slideshow cover
1. Mapping Deprivation
2. The index of Multiple
Deprivation
3. The Income Deprivation
domain
4. Why are some areas more
deprived than others?
5. Social networks and the
‘Civic core’ – what this
means in relation to areas of
deprivation

3. 1. Mapping deprivation
Heat maps as part of a co-design
toolkit

4. This map looks at income deprivation
across England
Use it along with other data to share back to the
public as the first step in co-designing services
• Mapping deprivation is a must if
the co-design and delivery of
services is to take account of the
imbalance in community
resources between areas of
affluence and areas of
deprivation
• Without doing so, the localist
agenda risks exacerbating
inequalities rather than closing
the gap
• There are various different
dimensions or ‘domains’ that can
be mapped - but income is a big
one
Click on the image to access the map,
You may have to wait a few seconds for the map to
load. Drag the map or use the zoom to zoom in and
out to assist loading of information
Then click on an area to get more information

5. Use it as part of your toolkit for whatever
project or activity you are undertaking
Areas of high deprivation can then
be overlayed with additional data
• Add in layers to show the
location of community centres,
resident associations, libraries
or wifi locations
• Use it as a partnership project
management tool - the value
of information multiplies when
shared
• It also leads to better
targetting of scarce resources
example on Southampton
Placebook
Click the image to see a separate map on
health deprivation for Southampton

6. 2. THE INDEX OF MULTIPLE
DEPRIVATION

7. The Index of Multiple Deprivation is a UK
government statistical study of deprived areas in
UK local authorities.
Income
Employment
Housing &
Barriers to
Services
Living
Environment
Crime
Health and
Disability
Education
and Skills
The Seven Domains of Deprivation• The index of Multiple
Deprivation is considered to be
one of the most significant
pieces of research into poverty
and deprivation currently
available.
• It is widely used by local
authorities to prioritise and
allocate resources and services
in your area.
• It measures poverty and
deprivation across seven
different dimensions or
‘domains’

8. The Index of Multiple Deprivation is a UK
government statistical study of deprived areas in
UK local authorities.
• Poverty can be defined as a
lack of financial resources to
obtain the types of diet,
participate in the activities and
have the living conditions and
amenities which are customary,
or at least widely encouraged
or approved in the society to
which we belong
Income
Employment
Housing &
Barriers to
Services
Living
Environment
Crime
Health and
Disability
Education
and Skills
The Seven Domains of Deprivation

9. The Index of Multiple Deprivation is a UK
government statistical study of deprived areas in
UK local authorities.
• Deprivation can be defined as
a lack of resources of all kinds,
not just financial. It can
encompass a wide range of an
individual’s living conditions,
not just lack of money
Income
Employment
Housing &
Barriers to
Services
Living
Environment
Crime
Health and
Disability
Education
and Skills
The Seven Domains of Deprivation

10. Low income is a central component of
the definition of multiple deprivation
• While people experiencing some
forms of deprivation may not all
have low income, people
experiencing multiple or very
severe forms of deprivation are
likely to have very little income
and few other resources
• Because income is so important
(along with employment), it is
‘weighted’ when calculating the
index of multiple deprivation
• The index of multiple deprivation
combines all the dimensions of
deprivation into a single
measurement
Income
23%
Employment
23%
Health
Deprivation &
Disability
13%
Education,
Skills and
Training
Deprivation
14%
Barriers to
Housing &
Services
9%
Crime
9%
Living
Environment
Deprivation
9%

11. Low income is a central component of
the definition of multiple deprivation
• These domains are combined, with
appropriate weighting, into a single
measure of multiple deprivation
• However each domain of deprivation
can also be measured and mapped
separately
Income
23%
Employment
23%
Health
Deprivation &
Disability
13%
Education,
Skills and
Training
Deprivation
14%
Barriers to
Housing &
Services
9%
Crime
9%
Living
Environment
Deprivation
9%

12. The index of multiple deprivation ranks and scores
tiny geographical areas called Lower Super Output
Areas or LSOA’s
• Lower Super Output areas contain
approximate populations of 1,000 to
1,500 people
• There are 32,482 Lower Super Output
Areas or LSOA's in England.
• An area is characterised as deprived
relative to other areas on the basis of
the proportion of people in the area
experiencing the type of deprivation in
question – in other words it is given a
‘rank’
• Each LSOA area is ranked where 1 is
the most deprived and 32,482 is the
least deprived.

13. 3. Income Deprivation Domain
• This domain measures the
proportion of the population
in an area that live in income
deprived families.
• The definition of income
deprivation adopted by the
government includes both
families that are out-of-work
and families that are in work
but who have low earnings.
• Both have to satisfy the
respective means tests to
obtain welfare support.

14. The Income Domain is calculated using the
following indicators
Adults and children in Income Support Families (The word family is
used to designate a ‘benefit unit’, that is the claimant, any partner
and any dependent children i.e. those for whom Child Benefit is
received).
Adults and children in income-based Jobseeker’s Allowance families
Adults and children in Pension Credit (Guarantee) families
Adults and children in Child Tax Credit families (who are not claiming
Income Support, income-based Jobseeker’s Allowance or Pension
Credit) whose equivalised income (excluding housing benefits) is
below 60% of the median before housing costs
Asylum seekers in England in receipt of subsistence support,
accommodation support, or both.

15. 4. Why are some areas more
deprived than others?
There are a multiplicity of factors but
two stand out as important:
‘residential sorting effects’ and
‘community outlook’
Why Big Society is Key to re-balancing the local economy
For more on both these themes, see the report by IPPR

16. Inequalities in income and wealth
translate into residential segregation
 Differences in house prices, rents and
tenure along with the labour market
act as a sifting process:
while the relatively affluent can choose to
live in certain kinds of neighbourhoods,
the less affluent cannot
 The rationed nature of social housing
exacerbates this trend with the
most needy and vulnerable who
qualify for housing
 The result is that the most
vulnerable and those with the least
choices are concentrated together in
‘undesirable’ areas

17. The ‘community outlook’ of an area can also
impact on a neighbourhood’s chances of
social and economic wellbeing
• ‘Community outlook’ can be
defined as the attitudes, values
and aspirations of local
neighbourhoods
• This is shaped by the internal and
external relationships that
intertwine within a community
• Community attitudes can affect
whether or not employment and
educational opportunities are
taken up

18. The result can be neighbourhoods that remain
stubbornly impervious to improvement over
time
Southampton 2007 (prior to recession) Southampton 2010
Income Deprivation compared to other areas of England

19. 5. Social networks and the Civic Core
A social network map from RSA report
Connected Communities, page 53

20. The Civic core form 31% of the
population. They account for :
31%
The population of
the civic core
87% of voluntary hours
79% of charitable giving
72% of civic participation
Characteristics of Civic Core.
likely to be:
• Middle aged
• Have higher education
qualifications
• Owner occupiers
• Actively practice their religion
• Have lived in the same
neighbourhood for at least 10
years
• Over 60% of middle aged
females would be counted as
part of the civic core
Source:
Third Sector
Research Centre
Working paper 62

21. Inner core forms 7.6% of the population
and accounts for :
49% of voluntary hours
40% of charitable giving
22% of civic participation
Characteristics of Civic Core
(which includes inner core)
• Middle aged
• Have higher education
qualifications
• Owner occupiers
• Actively practice their religion
• Have lived in the same
neighbourhood for at least 10
years
• Over 60% of middle aged
females would be counted as
part of the civic core
7.6%
Source:
Third Sector
Research Centre
Working paper 62

22. The civic core – distribution of core and
non core groups by IMD
‘Not engaged’ only
form a tiny
proportion of the
population :
7-8%.
However, this graph
shows that just under
16% of the Not
Engaged group are
found in decile 10,
the most deprived
areas of the country.
Just under 8% of this
group are found
under decile 1, the
least deprived areas
of the country1 10
Source: pg 10 Working
Paper 62, TSRC

23. Community development shouldn’t just be
about deprived communities
Research shows that while socially
excluded communities have high
levels of bonding capital in the form
of support networks , they have low
levels of bridging social capital or
‘weak links’ . It is the weak links that
connect different networks are a
valuable conduit through which new
ideas, information, behaviours and
job opportunities travel .
The RSA report suggests that
tackling social exclusion includes the
need to ‘reconnect the poor with
the rich’ and that frontline staff can
play a key role as ‘network weavers’.
Don’t just focus exclusively on
poor neighbourhoods
weak or
bridging links
Find ways to connect poorer
neighbourhoods with more
affluent areas in order to
promote the flow of ideas,
values and behaviours,
including volunteering
Find ways to weave networks between different
neighbourhood areas

24. Sources
• Indices of Deprivation, Department of Communities and Local
Government
• Why Big Society is Key to re-balancing the local economy report by IPPR
• Third Sector Research Centre Working paper 62 ‘Mapping the Big
Society’
• Third Sector Research Centre Working paper 65 ‘Voluntary sector
organisations working at the neighbourhood level in England: patterns by
local area deprivation
• Connected Communities report by RSA