The Indian Removal Act of 1830, signed by President Andrew Jackson, authorized the relocation of Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. This was driven by the desire of European Americans to acquire Native American lands and states' efforts to extend jurisdiction over tribal lands within their borders. While the Supreme Court ruled in Worcester v. Georgia that states had no authority over tribal lands, the Indian Removal Act led to the forced relocation of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, and other tribes, resulting in thousands of deaths along routes like the Trail of Tears.