Rice Value Chain Analysis: Rice Seed Production as a Profitable Agribusiness ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study explored the rice value chain (RVC) in Nueva Ecija, value additions, found restrictions, and offered to upgrade solutions to improve the competitiveness of the rice industry and specific segments in the RVC using the value chain analysis (VCA) methodology. Farmers, paddy dealers, millers, wholesalers, wholesaler-retailers, and retailers in Nueva Ecija provided primary data. Workshops with stakeholders were also held to validate preliminary findings and identify upgrading strategies. The RVC begins with the provision of inputs for paddy production and concludes with the consumption of milled rice. The RVC is dominated by a traditional multi-layered supply chain with interconnected chain actors consisting of competing farmers, paddy traders, millers, and rice traders in each segment and, frequently, with the involvement of brokers in both paddy aggregation and rice distribution, thereby increasing marketing cost. The major constraints identified in the RVC included high production and marketing costs of paddy and rice due to low yield, high labor and material inputs, and a lack of critical infrastructure and market facilities (e.g., modern mills, dryers, cheap transport, and energy), resulting in high domestic paddy and rice prices and low competitiveness of the entire rice VC. To improve competitiveness, the rice industry should focus on developing and promoting yield-increasing, postharvest loss-reducing, and cost-cutting technologies, as well as those that improve overall RVC efficiency, such as investments in enabling infrastructure and facilities for transport, handling, storage, drying, and milling.
Rice Value Chain Analysis: Rice Seed Production as a Profitable Agribusiness ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study explored the rice value chain (RVC) in Nueva Ecija, value additions, found restrictions, and offered to upgrade solutions to improve the competitiveness of the rice industry and specific segments in the RVC using the value chain analysis (VCA) methodology. Farmers, paddy dealers, millers, wholesalers, wholesaler-retailers, and retailers in Nueva Ecija provided primary data. Workshops with stakeholders were also held to validate preliminary findings and identify upgrading strategies. The RVC begins with the provision of inputs for paddy production and concludes with the consumption of milled rice. The RVC is dominated by a traditional multi-layered supply chain with interconnected chain actors consisting of competing farmers, paddy traders, millers, and rice traders in each segment and, frequently, with the involvement of brokers in both paddy aggregation and rice distribution, thereby increasing marketing cost. The major constraints identified in the RVC included high production and marketing costs of paddy and rice due to low yield, high labor and material inputs, and a lack of critical infrastructure and market facilities (e.g., modern mills, dryers, cheap transport, and energy), resulting in high domestic paddy and rice prices and low competitiveness of the entire rice VC. To improve competitiveness, the rice industry should focus on developing and promoting yield-increasing, postharvest loss-reducing, and cost-cutting technologies, as well as those that improve overall RVC efficiency, such as investments in enabling infrastructure and facilities for transport, handling, storage, drying, and milling.
The agriculture sector employs nearly half of the workforce in the country. However, it contributes to 17.5% of the GDP (at current prices in 2015-16).Agriculture sector’s contribution has decreased from more than 50% of GDP in the 1950s to 15.4% in 2015-16 (at constant prices). This slides discuss about Indian agriculture status and problems and solutions.
Emerging opportunities in Indian Dairy Industry : outlook for futureVipin Kumar
The roles played by different sectors in emergence of dairy industry in India. The key drivers and trends of Indian dairy industry. The different emerging opportunities in coming future.
Present Status of food processing in India: special emphasis on vegetables an...VIVEK CHAUHAN
Various economic figures relating to the food processing setup in India, Initiatives by the government, relevance to the state of Uttarakhand and its impact on the Indian economy.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
The agriculture sector employs nearly half of the workforce in the country. However, it contributes to 17.5% of the GDP (at current prices in 2015-16).Agriculture sector’s contribution has decreased from more than 50% of GDP in the 1950s to 15.4% in 2015-16 (at constant prices). This slides discuss about Indian agriculture status and problems and solutions.
Emerging opportunities in Indian Dairy Industry : outlook for futureVipin Kumar
The roles played by different sectors in emergence of dairy industry in India. The key drivers and trends of Indian dairy industry. The different emerging opportunities in coming future.
Present Status of food processing in India: special emphasis on vegetables an...VIVEK CHAUHAN
Various economic figures relating to the food processing setup in India, Initiatives by the government, relevance to the state of Uttarakhand and its impact on the Indian economy.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Introduction to seed industry
• Diverse agro-climatic zones in India represent one of the key factors positively
influencing the market.
• The commercialization of agriculture and the active collaboration of private and
public sectors are propelling the growth of the seed industry in the country.
• Introducing advanced digital technologies to help farmers overcome the negative
impacts of pests, climate, and other environmental factors.
• The integration of data science, artificial intelligence (AI) tools, advanced
phenomics, and genomics in the agricultural sector is offering a favorable market
outlook.
• Government of India encouraged farmers and breeders are creating a positive
outlook for the market.
• Govt. launched various programs, such as Integrated Scheme for Oilseeds, Pulses,
Oil Palm, and Maize (ISOPOM), and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, which, in turn, is
providing continuous support and offering lucrative growth opportunities to
farmers and seed breeders.
• Increasing investments by research institutes in research and development (R&D)
activities to enhance crop production, supply chain management, and quality
assurance is expected to drive the seed industry in India.
3. • Seed is the basic and most critical input for sustainable agriculture.
• The response of all other inputs depends on quality of seeds to a large extent.
• It is estimated that the direct contribution of quality seed alone to the total production is about 15 –
20% depending upon the crop and it can be further raised up to 45% with efficient management of
other inputs.
• A major re-structuring of the seed industry by Government of India through the National Seed Project
Phase-I (1977-78), Phase-II (1978-79) and Phase-III (1990-1991), was carried out, which strengthened
the seed infrastructure that was most needed and relevant around those times.
• This could be termed as a first turning point in shaping of an organized seed industry. Introduction of
New Seed Development Policy (1988 – 1989) was yet another significant mile stone in the Indian Seed
Industry, which transformed the very character of the seed industry.
• The policy gave access to Indian farmers of the best of seed and planting material available anywhere on
the world.
• The policy stimulated appreciable investments by private individuals, Indian Corporate and MNCs in the
Indian seed sector with strong R&D base for product development in each of the seed companies with
more emphasis on high value hybrids of cereals and vegetables and hi-tech products such as Bt. Cotton.
• As a result, farmer has a wide product choice and seed industry today is set to work with a ‘farmer
centric’ approach and is market driven.
• However, there is an urgent need for the State Seed Corporations also to transform themselves in tune
with the industry in terms of infrastructure, technologies, approach and the management culture to be
able to survive in the competitive market and to enhance their contribution in the national endeavour of
increasing food production to attain food & nutritional security.
•
4. • Seed industry means doing business in connection
with breeding, propagation, production, processing,
assignment, leasing, export, import, or display of
the seeds;
• What is the function of seed industry?
• Indian seed industry plays a critical role in the
growth of agriculture like access to the best of seed
and planting material to Indian farmers, providing a
strong R&D base for seed development, production
of high-value hybrids of cereals and vegetables and
widening farmers' product choice.
5. • Importance of seed
• Seed is the basic and most critical input for sustainable
agriculture. Therefore our major oncern and focus is to
produce quality seed to take more and more from less
and less.
• For sustainable agriculture, a good quality seed is the
most basic and essential input. The Indian seed
industry has played a very critical role in the growth of
Indianagricultural.
• Indian seed industry is the fifth largest seed market in
the world and
• Indian seed industry is accounting for 4.4 % of global
seed market after the U.S. (27%), China (20%), France
(8%) and Brazil (6%).
6. • The “Green Revolution” ushered during the late 60s
and 70s is recognized to be a turning point in our
Indian Agriculture
• Dramatic shift from “food scarce” to “food secure”
status in the country
• Increasing population, likely to be 1.7 billion by
2050, we need to double our food production
(Paroda, 2013)
• Mission on Seed Production is urgently needed
7. • 1916 Supply of quality vegetable seeds was introduced by M/s. Sutton and
Sons at Kolkata, India
• 1925 -28The Royal Commission on Agriculture analyzed (for the first time)
Indian seed production system and its problems and encouraged supply of
quality seeds to the farmers and the private sectors.
• 1939 -1945In India ,temperate vegetable seeds were imported
• 1942Seed production of temperate vegetable varieties was started at
Quetta (Pakistan), as the seed supplies were cut-off due to World War-II.
• 1942-1943Seed production programme started at Katrain (Himachal
pradesh) and Kashmir Valley and the Vegetable seed industry made a rapid
progress.
• 1946All India Vegetable Seed Growers, Merchants and Nurserymen’s
Association was established.1947Supplies of vegetable seeds were cut off
from Quetta (Pakistan) after partition of the country.
1949Seed production programme was started at Central Vegetable
Breeding Station, Katrain, Kullu Valley by Govt. of India.
Central Potato Research Institute was established at Shimla to develop
varieties and production technology.
• In India, a systematic programme for maize research was started in 1957,
with commencement of All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on
Maize resulting four maize hybrids Deccan,Renjit, Ganga1, Ganga 101
8. • The National Seeds Corporation (NSC) were established
in 1963 undertakes production, processing and
marketing of agricultural seeds
• The Seeds Act, 1966 provides for the legislative
framework for regulation of quality control of seeds
sold in the country
• The seeds should be tagged either by compulsory
labelling or voluntary certification. Seed testing
laboratories (STLs) are now 161 (till mid of 2022) . six
Central Seed Testing Laboratories are functioning in the
Country.
• The National Seed Project (NSP) which was
implemented in three phases viz., Phase I (1977-78),
Phase II (1978-79) and Phase III (1990-91).
• Under these projects initially nine State Seed
Corporations (15 at present), State Seed Certification
Agencies (22 at present )
9. • New Seeds Policy of 1988 made a revolution in Indian
seed industry by liberalizing the seed trade and made
Indianfarmers to access best quality seed or planting
material from abroad the world.
• Seed Bank Scheme (2000) also set up seed banks in
non-traditional areas to meet the demand for seeds
• PPV & FRA (Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers
Rights Act) in 2001 provides farmers the right to save,
use exchange, share and sell farm produce of protected
variety except sale of branded seed
• The National Seeds Policy of 2002, stresses the
importance of providing farmers enough superior
quality seed on time to meet the country’s food
security needs
10. • The government has also launched a Central Sector
Scheme namely, “Development and Strengthening
of Infrastructure Facilities for Production and
Distribution of Quality Seeds” from the year 2005-
06.
• Establishment of public sector organizations, such
as the NSC, TDC, SFCI and SSCs during the Green
Revolution period.
• Release of Bt cotton in India in 2002. The rapid
expansion of Bt cotton production area
• In this case, the private sector took the lead in
accessing the technology from the MNCs. All these
factors led to higher growth of Indian seed industry
11. • it is presumed that private sector is currently spending
on R&D about 10-15% of the total turnover. The top 5
MNCs account for ~44% of the total R&D investments,
whereas the remaining 56% is contributed by nearly 30
Indian companies
• The major share of investments in agriculture by the
private sector pertains to Seed and Biotechnology
Research, which is about 33%
• The Indian seed programme largely adheres to the
limited manner.
• Seed quality is maintained through seed certification
• Need to enhance SRR around 30% in self pollinated
species, 50% in often cross pollinated speciesand 100%
in hybrids
12. • Even if the SRR is increased to 50%, thedomestic
seed market will exceed to US$ 5000 million thus
• bringing India’s position to 3rd rank
• Need to innovation-- development of superior
hybrids, transgenic and advanced seed treatments
especially in crops like rice, maize, sorghum (rabi),
pigeon pea, rapeseed mustard, castor, vegetables
etc.
• Need to develop better climate resilient hybrids as
well as varieties both by public and private sector.
13. Industry is highly vibrant and energetic and is well
• The seed business function or value chain can
be divided into value creation, value addition and
value realization
• Recognized in the international seed arena.The
seed industry in India size reached US$ 6.3 Billion
in 2022. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects
the market to reach US$ 12.7 Billion by 2028,
exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 12.43% during
2023-2028.
14. •The share of the public sector in seed production in the country reduced from
42.72 per cent in 2017-18 to 35.54 per cent in 2020-21,
• while the share of the private sector grew from 57.28 per cent to 64.46 per
cent during the same period, highlighting the rising role of private companies in
India’s seed sector.
• 540 private seed companies, including those of Indian origin and multinationals,
operate in the country. Of this, about 80 companies have their own research and
development programmes.
The NARS under the aegis of ICAR has developed more than 5,700 varieties of different
field and horticultural crops since 1969.
Currently, seed export by India is less than Rs 1,000 crore per annum and the annual
global seed trade is $14 billion (Rs 10,460 crore). Therefore, India has the potential to
capture a 10 per cent share, which is $1.4 billion or Rs 747 crore by 2028, as per the
FSII data.
