Indefinite articles
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This document discusses the use of indefinite articles "a" and "an" in English. It explains that "a" is used before consonant sounds while "an" is used before vowel sounds, due to pronunciation. Some exceptions are noted, such as using "an" before words beginning with a vowel sound like "hour" and "a" before acronyms beginning with a consonant sound. Examples are provided to illustrate the proper usage of "a" versus "an" depending on the following word's starting sound.
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This document provides an overview of articles (a/an and the) in English and the rules for using them correctly based on the type of noun. The main points are:
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3. Count nouns can be counted, noncount nouns cannot be. Common noncount nouns include abstract concepts, substances, activities.
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What are articles?
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Difference between A and An.
Be Careful.
Countable Noun.
Uncountable Noun.
ANY QUESTION??
THANK YOU
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Review Slide
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Defenite and Indefinite Articles.
Uses of Article in English Grammar.
Rules for using Article.
Difference between A and An.
Be Careful.
Countable Noun.
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Definitions and examples of basic sentence elements
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
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Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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Indefinite articles
- 1. ACADEMIC AREA : BACHELOR IN ENGLISH TOPIC: INDEFINITE ARTICLES A AND AN SUBJECT : ENGLISH 1 BY PROF. GUSTAVO CASTILLO
- 2. INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A AND AN • Indefinite articles are used when we are referring to an unspecified thing or quantity. We use them when we don’t know (or don’t care) which thing we’re talking about.
- 3. HOW TO USE THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES A VS. AN • The two indefinite articles in English are a and an. The indefinite article an is used to make pronunciation easier when reading a text aloud. The general rule is to use a when the indefinite article precedes a word beginning with a consonant sound and an when it precedes a word starting with a vowel sound.
- 4. USE A WHEN THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE COMES BEFORE A WORD BEGINNING WITH A CONSONANT SOUND. • Example: • a laptop a sticky notes a calculator
- 5. USE AN WHEN THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE COMES BEFORE A WORD BEGINNING WITH A VOWEL SOUND: • EXAMPLE : an eraser an index cards an umbrella
- 6. EXCEPTIONS • It’s important to note that not all nouns that begin with a consonant begin with the consonant sound. Always trust the sound, not the letter when applying the a vs. an rule. Remember, it’s about pronunciation. Consider the examples below: • Incorrect: a hourglass. • Correct: an hourglass.
- 7. EXCEPTIONS • Likewise, there are some nouns beginning with a vowel that make a consonant sound. In these cases, the indefinite article a should be used. Consider the examples below: • Incorrect: an university . • Correct: a university .
- 8. USING A VS. AN WITH ACRONYMS These same rules apply to acronyms: • Correct: A Society of Writers member was quoted in the article. • Incorrect: A S.O.W. member was quoted in the article. • Correct: An S.O.W. member was quoted in the article. Because S sounds like it begins with a vowel (ess), an should be used in front of it.