This document discusses issues related to inclusion and exclusion in education. It notes that inclusion requires more than just access and must empower individuals. Global trends like economic uncertainty, migration, and new technologies are changing societies and education systems. True inclusion transforms systems to value all learners and challenges existing power structures. It requires commitment, resources, and redefining norms. With inclusion as a starting point, education can help build a more just and sustainable world for all.

1. D4L
Aalborg, Denmark, 19 November 2015

2.  Crisis, change and context
 Looking at Exclusion
 Inclusion: concept or empowerment?
 Policy to best practice – Global Citizenship

3.  How wrong can you get? Fukuyama and the
End of History (1992)
 Sociologies of dislocation
 The end of certainty: change or chaos?
 Narratives of insecurity and change
 Motivation: departing/arriving/learning
 European dimensions, global issues

4.  Globalization – accelerating and pervasive
 Crisis, meltdown and re-structuring post 2008
 Devaluation of the public sphere
 Stratification and inequity
 Labor market transformation
 Rights and inclusion – token or real?
 Access, quality and innovation in education

5.  Patterns of constant change
 Permanent migration and mobility
 Outsourcing
 Flexible structures and modalities
 Knowledge economy
 Scarcity of traditional jobs
 Ecological pressures
 End of certainty

6.  End of stable socio-political norms
 Uncertainty, fluid identity and unease
 A world turned upside down
 The poetry of quest – fromYeats to Kavafy
 A deep shiver of guilt – what have we done?
 What have we become?
 The ghosts that will not rest
 End of assumptions about European identity

7. The old world is dying.
The new world struggles to be born.
Now is the time of monsters. Antonio Gramsci

8.  Persistence and increase in inequality
 Permanent hopelessness of excluded
 Invisibility and ethnic difference
 Seeking scapegoats and creating victims
 Access means many things….

9.  Decreasing workers’ share in national income
in all countries
 Labor productivity (up 85% since 1980) not
reflected in wages (up 35%)
 Declining social mobility
 Rising income inequality reflected in
declining equality of opportunity
GlobalWage Report 2012/13, ILO
Prof. Miles Corak, Journal of Economic Perspectives 2013

10.  Mutual interaction or structured exclusion?
 Community values or communal rituals?
 Linkage to realities or past models?
 Shared memories or shared hatreds?

11.  End of expected certainties
 No return to ‘normal’
 Polymorphic media
 Planet of Slums (Mike Davis): hypercities of the future
 Informal economies
 The normalization of brutality

12.  Mythology of the ‘normal’
 Defining the mainstream: what have we become?
 Robust probing of social structure required as
preliminary to defining mainstream
 Masking power, relationships and inequity
 Need to avoid cliché and assumptions
 Learners are immersed in and emerging into this
changed constellation – of which the gatekeepers
know little

13.  Exclusion is much easier to define
 Tangible evidence of legacy of discrimination
 Pattern of low expectations or invisibility
 Economic, social, cultural dimensions – as
well as educational
 Denial of access to resources
 Unacceptable but often tacit acceptance in
divided or unequal societies

14.  Barriers (intentional or otherwise)
 Attitudes
 Prejudices
 Stereotypes
 Rejection
 Hostility
 Rigid systems

15.  Centuries of exclusion in learning systems
 Outright ban – girls, women and disabled
 Exclusion as the norm
 Separate systems: gender, language, religion,
class, ethnic group
 Unequal resources and outcomes
 Fragmentation and disenfranchisement

16.  Established for the blind and deaf
 3 schools each
 Operated only at primary level
 Hidden and bleak

17. Into the nothingness of scorn and noise, Into the
living sea of waking dreams, Where there is
neither sense of life nor joys, But the vast
shipwreck of my life's esteems; And e'en the
dearest--that I loved the best-- Are strange--nay,
rather stranger than the rest.
John Clare (1793 – 1864)

24.  Disruptive classroom behaviors
 Absenteeism
 Early school-leaving
 Teacher burnout
 Migration, integration and sustainability
 Literacy, numeracy, basic skills
 Languages
 Quality and governance
DG EAC (2008) European Education andTraining Systems in the Second Decennium of the Lisbon
Strategy, NESSE and ENEE.

25.  Struggle for recognition
 Gender equality and reproductive
rights
 Religious minorities
 Sexual orientation
 Disability
 Reaction and control – ‘standards’
 Legacies of exclusion are deep and
may re-surface

26. Five key issues:
1. Measures to reduce early school leaving
2. Priority education measures in relation to
disadvantaged pupils and groups
3. Inclusive education measures in relation to pupils
with special needs
4. Safe education measures in relation on the
reduction of bullying and harassment
5.Teacher support measures.

27. ‘I refuse to join any club that would have me as a member.’

28. Social inclusion can be defined as a number
of affirmative actions undertaken in order
to reverse the social exclusion of individuals
or groups in our society
INCLUSO (EU 7th Framework, 2009)

29. A multidimensional process of progressive social
rupture, detaching groups and individuals from
social relations and institutions and preventing
them from full participation in the normal,
normatively prescribed activities of the society in
which they live.
H. Silver, Social Exclusion: Comparative Analysis of Europe and Middle East Youth,
Dec. 2007. (Wolfensohn Center for Development, Dubai)

30.  Not necessarily benign
 Not necessarily desired
 Not necessarily valued
 Inclusion or conformity?
 Exclusion often seen minimally as lack of
access
 Exclusion is a systematic policy of inequality
and denial of rights
 Hugely different implications

31.  If learning, working and production are controlled
inclusion is at best token, at worst sinister
 At the core of inclusion must be ability to assess
critically and express freely
 Fundamental to inclusion is ability to ask questions
that challenge existing relations
 Inclusion re-examines existing reality while posing
viable alternatives

32.  Youth and mass unemployment
 Demographics: ageing and life expectancy
 Women and labor market participation
 Immigration, cultural and religious difference
 Disability
 Conflict, stress, anomie
 Urbanization, dissent and democratic deficits

33.  Positive and proactive decision – policy and
practice
 It is achievable
 Risks: stigmatization and discrimination
 Requires whole-school and community
commitment and support
 Demands resources (personnel and training)
 Demands facilities to UD level throughout
 Designing for diversity
 Support, review, standards

34.  Inclusion changes both sides – the act of
mainstreaming is to change the mainstream
not the ‘excluded’
 From objects to subjects
 Narratives of adaptation and discovery
 From target group to citizen
 Critical role of teachers
 Inclusion and the dialectic of rights

35.  Transformational learning and the sociology
of innovation
 Educational systems as networks of actors
who reinforce each other in stable
configurations
 Stable configurations prevent change
 Vested interest acts against innovation and
inclusion - seen as threat

37. John Henry Newman (1873) The Idea of the University
1. Primary purpose of a University is intellectual and pedagogical
2. Range of teaching within University is universal; it encompasses all
branches of knowledge, and is inconsistent with restrictions of any
kind.
3. The University prepares students by allowing them to learn about
"the ways and principles and maxims" of the world
4.True education requires personal influence of teachers on students.
Clark Kerr (1963) The Uses of the University
1. Modern university is diversified – a multiversity
2. Serves needs of society, economic and cultural
3.Think tank – essential to progress
4. Master Plan for Higher Education (1960) in California

38.  Contradictory and paradoxical process
 Never greater potential - side by side with
increasing disparities of access
 What we think:
 Citizens
▪ Shared knowledge
▪ Participative engagement
 What we have:
 Consumers
▪ Increasing exclusion
▪ Significant problems with equitable access

39.  Terry Eagleton:The Slow Death of the University (April 2015)
 Packaging knowledge
 Destroying arts and the humanities
 Teaching less vital than research – research brings in he money
 Vast increase in bureaucracy, occasioned by the flourishing of a
managerial ideology and the relentless demands of the state assessment
exercise
 Professors are transformed into managers, as students are converted
into consumers

40.  End of linear models of learning
 Cognitive dissonance: what is needed is not
being provided
 Alienation and anomie in a changing world
 Labor market flux and the loss of autonomy
 Adaptability and innovation as norm, not
exception
 Globalized paradigms/fractured community
 Elephants in the room: power and ownership

41. Empowerment is the process of increasing the capacity of
individuals or groups to make choices and to transform those
choices into desired actions and outcomes. Central to this
process are actions which both build individual and collective
assets, and improve the efficiency and fairness of the
organizational and institutional context which govern the use
of these assets.
World Bank 2011
41

42.  Acceleration
 Collaboration and networks
 Collaboration with knowledge production
centers
 Increasing domination by market realities
 Towards competence
 Integrated learning for integrated learners

43. Education must fully assume its central role in
helping people to forge more just, peaceful,
tolerant and inclusive societies. It must give
people the understanding, skills and values they
need to cooperate in resolving the interconnected
challenges of the 21st century.
United Nations: Global Education First Initiative (2012)

44.  Membership of a political community
 Belonging and engagement
 Rights and entitlements
 Duties and responsibilities
 Constrained by legacy of nation-state
 Cultural minorities and migrants
 Disputed access

45.  Shaped by globalizing process
 Greater access to knowledge, information
and values
 Digital media
 Mobility and migration
 Climate change
 International governance bodies
 Accelerated interdependence
 Respect for pluralism and diversity

46. To enable learners
 To develop a sense of shared destiny through
identification with their social, cultural, and political
environments.
 To become aware of the challenges posed to the
development of their communities through an
understanding of issues related to patterns of social,
economic and environmental change.
 To engage in civic and social action in view of positive
societal participation and/or transformation based on a
sense of individual responsibility towards their
communities.
SobhiTawil (2013)

47.  Awareness of the wider world and a sense of own role both
as a citizen with rights and responsibilities, and as a
member of the global human community.
 Valuation of the diversity of cultures and of their
languages, arts, religions and philosophies as components
the common heritage of humanity.
 Commitment to sustainable development and sense of
environmental responsibility.
 Commitment to social justice and sense of social
responsibility.
 Willingness to challenge injustice, discrimination,
inequality and exclusion at the local/national and global
level in order to make the world a more just place.

48.  From oppression to emancipatory learning
 Insights of the excluded - voices of the invisible
 Learning to think – and teach – anew
 Creating benefit for all
 Critical thinking distinct epistemologies of
science and engineering
Science explains what exists; engineering creates what never
existed (Von Karman)
 Disability and learning: from Louis Braille to Ken
Robinson

49. In modern society a sense of normality is achieved through
the suppression and exclusion of the abnormal
Foucault, Madness and Civilization, 1964

50.  Increased application of new knowledge
 Open and distance learning technologies
facilitating learners and staff competence
 Transformation of traditional teaching role to
mentoring, guiding and facilitation
 Development of network of inclusion best
practice at European level
 Adopting UDL
 Inclusion not as destination but starting point

51.  Removing barriers - mind and heart
 Avoiding inclusion clichés
 Asserting imagination and creativity
 Limitless potential of the inclusion focus
 Learning for all as foundation for
transformation
 From the core of crisis – new directions or the
abyss?

52. Dr. Alan Bruce
ULS Dublin
abruce@ulsystems.com
Associate Offices: BARCELONA - HELSINKI - SÃO PAULO - CHICAGO