11. A. Corte longitudinal de una
concha.
B. Concha de neogastrópodo
con nomenclatura.
C. Busycon
D. Pupilla (terrestre)
E. Gasterópodo con opérculo
F-H. Retracción dentro de la
concha y cierre con el
opérculo
12. A. Carinaria (Heteropoda)
TIPOS DE OPÉRCULO
B-C. Littorina
D-E. Cymatium
F-G. Buccinum
H. Pyxipoma
J. Trochus
K. Strombus
L. Nassarius
M. Conus
14. ARCHAEOGASTROPODA
A. Haliotis, vista dorsal
de la concha
B. Vista dorsal del mismo,
sin concha y con el
techo del manto cortado
C. Diagrama lateral en el
que se aprecia la co-
rriente de agua.
D. Pleurotomaria
E. Scissurella
15. Anatomía de Buccinum undatum (PROSOBRANCIA)
A
A. Vista dorsal, concha suprimida, manto cortado y reflejado.
B. Caracol reptando con la probóscide en protrución.
17. SUBCLASE PROSOBRANCHIA: ORDEN ARCHAEOGASTROPODA
A. Diagrama del tubo
digestivo de un
prosobranquio
primitivo (Trochidae)
B. Parte de la rádula de
Haliotis (ripidoglosa)
C. Parte de la rádula de
Patella (docoglosa)
18. D. Rádula taenioglosa
de Viviparus
E. Rádula taenioglosa
de Pterotrachea
F. Rádula raquiglosa
de Busycon
G. Dientes de la rádula
ptenoglosa de
Janthina
22. MESOGASTROPODA
ALIMENTADORES DE
SUSPENSIÓN
B. Crepidula
B. Serpulorbis (se ha suprimido
la concha)
C. Dos individuos cooperan
par formar la trampa de
moco
27. MESOGASTROPODA
ANFIBIOS
La familia Littorinidae
Conserva una branquia uni-
pectinada (33) y posee un área
plegada y vascularizada del
techo del manto para la res-
piración aérea (34).
28. MESOGASTROPODA
ANFIBIOS
La familia Littorinidae
Conserva una branquia uni-
pectinada (33) y posee un área
plegada y vascularizada del
techo del manto para la res-
piración aérea (34).
29. La familia
ampullariidae posee una
bolsa vascularizada en la
cavidad del manto (40), que
le permite la respira-
cion aerea. Dentro del agua
utiliza la branquia(14).
31. A. Sistema nervioso hipo-
tético antes de la
torsión.
B. El mismo después de
la torsión.
C. Vista lateral de un
gasterópodo mostrando
la posición del sistema
nervioso.
45. Los Neritidae son arqueo-
gastrópodos que poseen
pene y tienen fecundación
interna.
En el mar tropical de la
costa peruana hay especies
del género Nerita y
Theodoxus luteofasciatus
es común en el inter-
mareal areno fangoso de
Puerto Pizarro.
Algunos han invadido los
estuarios y las aguas dulces.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53. Significance to humans
Because of their large size and intertidal habitat, patellogastropod species have
been important components of aboriginal diets for more than 150,000 years, and
there is evidence that human predation has (and continues to) reduced both
maximum and mean limpet size at some localities. Patellid species are also
finding use in biological-monitoring studies of the health of rocky-shore
communities because of their ubiquitous presence and role in rocky-shore
systems. There appears to be little economic interest in most patellogastropod
species, although Cellana species are a significant fishery in Hawaii and
patellids have been over harvested at the Azores in recent years.
In the tropical Pacific, the commercial harvest of Trochus species for the
button industry began in the early twentieth century and has significantly
reduced populations in some areas. Lastly, the shell trade puts tremendous
value on some species of Pleurotomarioidea; collectors pay hundreds
of dollars for exquisite specimens.
Conservation status
One species is listed as Extinct by the IUCN: Lottia alveus.The extinction of
this species does not appear to have been related to human activities. However,
current local declines of patellogastropod species (such as in the Azores and the
Hawaiian Islands) are almost always associated with over harvesting by
humans for food.
54. Significance to humans
The significance of vetigastropods to humans includes the use of their shells
by inhabitants of the northern Pacific islands, southern Africa, and Australia
and New Zealand to make fishhooks, buttons and beads (especially nacreous
groups), or bowls (large abalone species). The most common use of
vetigastropods was and continues to be as food—for subsistence as well as
haute cuisine (e.g., abalone steaks).
Conservation status
The only vetigastropods on the IUCN Red List are two members of the
Skeneoidea, Teinsotoma fernandesi and Teinsotoma funiculatum from São
Tomé and Principe in the Gulf of Guinea off western Africa. Both are Data
Deficient.
At more regional levels, several abalone species of the genus Haliotis are
threatened both by overharvesting and by a pathogen in western North America
that leads to a fatal wasting disease called withering syndrome. The
overharvesting of large Fissurella species or lapas has also been problematic in
Chile.
