This study evaluated the effectiveness of crude extracts of Capsicum annum in controlling Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in indigenous chickens. 400 local chickens were divided into groups that were pre-treated with Capsicum annum extract, infected with NDV, or left untreated. Mortality rates were significantly lower in pre-treated groups (0-20%) compared to infected and untreated groups (50-60%). Antibody levels increased over time in pre-treated and vaccinated groups, conferring immunity. The study concludes that Capsicum annum extracts can effectively control NDV outbreaks if administered prophylactically before infection.
Dr. PH Rathkjen - Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) around t...John Blue
Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) around the World – What’s new regarding Global cross‐protection against PRRS - Dr. PH Rathkjen, Boehringer Ingelheim, from the 2016 North American PRRS Symposium, December 3‐4, 2016, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-north-american-prrs-symposium
Dr. Tanja Opriessnig - Update on novel experimental pig vaccine approachesJohn Blue
Update on novel experimental pig vaccine approaches - Dr. Tanja Opriessnig, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh and Iowa State University, from the 2016 North American PRRS Symposium, December 3‐4, 2016, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-north-american-prrs-symposium
Dr. PH Rathkjen - Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) around t...John Blue
Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) around the World – What’s new regarding Global cross‐protection against PRRS - Dr. PH Rathkjen, Boehringer Ingelheim, from the 2016 North American PRRS Symposium, December 3‐4, 2016, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-north-american-prrs-symposium
Dr. Tanja Opriessnig - Update on novel experimental pig vaccine approachesJohn Blue
Update on novel experimental pig vaccine approaches - Dr. Tanja Opriessnig, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh and Iowa State University, from the 2016 North American PRRS Symposium, December 3‐4, 2016, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-north-american-prrs-symposium
Re-purposing ILRI labs to support national COVID-19 testing in KenyaILRI
Poster prepared by Edward Okoth and Samuel Oyola for the Global Agenda for Sustainable Livestock Africa 1 regional online meeting, 2-3 September 2020. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI.
Dr. Jack Dekkers - Update on the host genetics of resistance to porcine diseasesJohn Blue
Update on the host genetics of resistance to porcine diseases - Dr. Jack Dekkers, Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, from the 2016 North American PRRS Symposium, December 3‐4, 2016, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-north-american-prrs-symposium
Human Ad-5 based FMD vaccines (T. de Los Santos)EuFMD
The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), one of FAO’s oldest Commissions, came into being on the 12th June 1954, with the pledge of the sixth founding member state to the principles of a coordinated and common action against Foot-and-mouth Disease.
Dr. Meggan Bandrick - The latest on Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV)John Blue
The latest on Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) - Dr. Meggan Bandrick, Zoetis, from the 2016 North American PRRS Symposium, December 3‐4, 2016, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-north-american-prrs-symposium
Dr. Mike Roof - Impact of Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) ...John Blue
Impact of Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) vaccination on infectious load and implications for area control and eradication - Dr. Mike Roof, Boehringer Ingelheim, from the 2016 North American PRRS Symposium, December 3‐4, 2016, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-north-american-prrs-symposium
Possible drugs to fight coronavirus remdesivirRami Bechara
This can be assimilated for a small literature review. Sources include research articles, news articles and pharmaceutical websites. The drug involved in Redmesivir
Dr. X.J. Meng - Designing PRRSV Vaccines for Heterologous ProtectionJohn Blue
Designing PRRSV Vaccines for Heterologous Protection - Dr. X.J. Meng, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, from the 2015 North American PRRS Symposium, December 4 - 5, 2015, Chicago, IL, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-north-american-prrs-symposium
Dr. Brian Payne - PCV2: Diagnostics, Control, Protection, and Efficacy MeasuresJohn Blue
PCV2: Diagnostics, Control, Protection, and Efficacy Measures - Dr. Brian Payne, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc, from the Boehringer Ingelheim Pre-AASV Conference, February 28, 2014 - Dallas, TX
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-boehringer-ingelheim-aasv
The COVID-19 pandemic is driving the need for rapid development of effective vaccines and therapies. Developing an effective vaccine requires an understanding of the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2. An assay to measure circulating antibodies, specifically neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that disrupt receptor-binding domain (RBD) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding to prevent SARS-COV-2 cell entry is an important research tool.
ImmunoRank is a high-throughput surrogate assay that semi-quantitative detects and ranks circulating SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies of all Ig classes (total antibody) in human plasma or serum. Highly correlated to FRNT or PRNT live virus tests, but is less laborious, takes only 80 minutes to complete, and does not require a BSL3 laboratory.
Zyvac tcv noida aug 2018 - Completely indigenous Typhoid Vaccine - with a QuizGaurav Gupta
Zyvac tcv noida aug 2018 - Completely indigenous Typhoid Vaccine - with a Quiz, presentation in NOIDA.
Lively discussion about the Clinical studies of various Typhoid vaccines
Dr Mark Sawkins, IBP Support Manager, gave a demo presentation of Breeding View, a simple graphical interface to conduct statistical analysis of phenotypic and genotypic data. It can access procedures in Genstat or R-scripts, allows analyses to be configured, and is fully integrated into the IBP Breeding Management System (BMS).
Re-purposing ILRI labs to support national COVID-19 testing in KenyaILRI
Poster prepared by Edward Okoth and Samuel Oyola for the Global Agenda for Sustainable Livestock Africa 1 regional online meeting, 2-3 September 2020. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI.
Dr. Jack Dekkers - Update on the host genetics of resistance to porcine diseasesJohn Blue
Update on the host genetics of resistance to porcine diseases - Dr. Jack Dekkers, Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, from the 2016 North American PRRS Symposium, December 3‐4, 2016, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-north-american-prrs-symposium
Human Ad-5 based FMD vaccines (T. de Los Santos)EuFMD
The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), one of FAO’s oldest Commissions, came into being on the 12th June 1954, with the pledge of the sixth founding member state to the principles of a coordinated and common action against Foot-and-mouth Disease.
Dr. Meggan Bandrick - The latest on Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV)John Blue
The latest on Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) - Dr. Meggan Bandrick, Zoetis, from the 2016 North American PRRS Symposium, December 3‐4, 2016, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-north-american-prrs-symposium
Dr. Mike Roof - Impact of Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) ...John Blue
Impact of Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) vaccination on infectious load and implications for area control and eradication - Dr. Mike Roof, Boehringer Ingelheim, from the 2016 North American PRRS Symposium, December 3‐4, 2016, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-north-american-prrs-symposium
Possible drugs to fight coronavirus remdesivirRami Bechara
This can be assimilated for a small literature review. Sources include research articles, news articles and pharmaceutical websites. The drug involved in Redmesivir
Dr. X.J. Meng - Designing PRRSV Vaccines for Heterologous ProtectionJohn Blue
Designing PRRSV Vaccines for Heterologous Protection - Dr. X.J. Meng, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, from the 2015 North American PRRS Symposium, December 4 - 5, 2015, Chicago, IL, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-north-american-prrs-symposium
Dr. Brian Payne - PCV2: Diagnostics, Control, Protection, and Efficacy MeasuresJohn Blue
PCV2: Diagnostics, Control, Protection, and Efficacy Measures - Dr. Brian Payne, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc, from the Boehringer Ingelheim Pre-AASV Conference, February 28, 2014 - Dallas, TX
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-boehringer-ingelheim-aasv
The COVID-19 pandemic is driving the need for rapid development of effective vaccines and therapies. Developing an effective vaccine requires an understanding of the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2. An assay to measure circulating antibodies, specifically neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that disrupt receptor-binding domain (RBD) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding to prevent SARS-COV-2 cell entry is an important research tool.
ImmunoRank is a high-throughput surrogate assay that semi-quantitative detects and ranks circulating SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies of all Ig classes (total antibody) in human plasma or serum. Highly correlated to FRNT or PRNT live virus tests, but is less laborious, takes only 80 minutes to complete, and does not require a BSL3 laboratory.
Zyvac tcv noida aug 2018 - Completely indigenous Typhoid Vaccine - with a QuizGaurav Gupta
Zyvac tcv noida aug 2018 - Completely indigenous Typhoid Vaccine - with a Quiz, presentation in NOIDA.
Lively discussion about the Clinical studies of various Typhoid vaccines
Dr Mark Sawkins, IBP Support Manager, gave a demo presentation of Breeding View, a simple graphical interface to conduct statistical analysis of phenotypic and genotypic data. It can access procedures in Genstat or R-scripts, allows analyses to be configured, and is fully integrated into the IBP Breeding Management System (BMS).
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)sspink
This presentation includes the introduction of SPSS is basic features of Spss, how to input data manually, descriptive statistics and how to perform t-test, Anova and Chi-Square.
In-vitro Correlates of Heterologous Protection using Avidity and IgG-Subtypin...EuFMD
The 2018 Open Session of the EuFMD Standing Technical Committee was held in Borgo Egnazia - Italy, 29-31 October 2018 . The session theme was on global vaccine security
The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), one of FAO’s oldest Commissions, came into being on the 12th June 1954, with the pledge of the sixth founding member state to the principles of a coordinated and common action against Foot-and-mouth Disease.
Allergic disorders are on rise with increase in urbanization, improved personal hygiene & more people migrating in search of jobs, better opportunities. Diagnosis of allergy can aid the clinician is appropriate counselling of the patient for avoidance of specific allergens & if required prescribe appropriate immunotherapy.
Management of anthelmintic resistance.pptxssuser27dccd
Drug resistance is the most severe barrier in controlling many parasitic species that infect animals and humans. Resistance to anthelmintic drugs amongst the major nematode parasites has reached alarming proportions worldwide and threatens the future viability of continued animal production in many countries. Effective control and management strategies using anthelmintics require a precise appraisal of the resistance or susceptibility of the target worms.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
In vivo efficacy of crude extracts of capsicum annum by lagu charles
1. IN-VIVO EFFICACY OF CRUDE EXTRACTS
OF CAPSICUM ANNUM IN INDIGENOUS
CHICKENS INFECTED WITH NEWCASTLE
DISEASE VIRUS
By
Dr. CHARLES LAGU
And
PROFESSOR FREDERICK .I.B. KAYANJA
ALiCE, 2014
2. Background
• The greatest constraint to village chicken
production is Newcastle disease. It decimates
up to 80-85% of the total flock per household
annually.
• The vaccination includes use of thermo labile
and thermo stable Newcastle disease vaccines.
The traditional system generally faces
challenges related to maintaining the cold
chain facility for thermo labile vaccines due to
lack of electricity.
• The thermo stable vaccines, which could solve
this problem, are difficult to access
3. Background
• The majority of the small holder farmers keep small
numbers (5-20) per households.
• A number of medicinal plant preparations are
commonly used by smallholder farmers to control
Newcastle disease.
• It was however noted that scientific validation of the
effectiveness of the crude extracts of Capsicum
annum in Uganda and particularly SWAEZ of Uganda
is unknown.
• The study aims to evaluate the effectievness of crude
extracts of Capsicum annum in indigenous Chicken
affected by the Newcastle disease.
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
AA
Bought 400 local chicks from a
supplier from Kampala
BBThe Birds were reared at RuharoWard,
Mbarara
CC
The day old chicks were not vaccinated
against NCD
DD
Chicks placed in a brooder for 3 weeks and given
optimal conditions fed on chick and duck mash
Rearing of the
experimental
chickens
5. Rearing of the experimental chickens
The chicks after
attaining
2 months were
released outside to
scavengeA 4 months
experimental
trials commenced
Birds were
debeaked to
Prevent cases of
cannibalismThe birds were
kept till 4 months
unvaccinated
against NCD
6. Experimental design
• Two replicate experiments were conducted. In the first
experiment 90 local chickens were labelled using
plastic wing-tags made of local materials. Innovated by
the researcher.
• The birds were weighed and screened for antibodies
against NCD using the haemaglutination inhibition test
(HI) (Allan and Gough, 1974).
• The chickens were randomly assorted into five trial
groups namely TG1 (pre-treated and infected), TG2
(infected and untreated), TG3 (infected and treated),
TG4 (uninfected and untreated) and TG5 (Infected and
vaccinated with NCD).
• Groups TG1-TG5 had 18 chickens per treatment group.
8. Experimental design
• In the second experiment, 90 chickens were
again randomly allocated as per first
treatment groups. The birds were screened
for antibodies against Newcastle disease
(NCD) virus and were assorted into five
groups. RG1 (pre-treated and infected), RG2
(infected and untreated), RG3 (infected and
treated), RG4 (uninfected and untreated) and
RG5 (Infected and vaccinated with NCD).
Groups RG1-RG5 each has 18 chickens.
10. Inoculum for infection
• The local chickens of TG1, TG2,TG3 and TG5
(experiment 1) and RG1, RG2, RG3 and RG5
(experiment 2) were infected with 1ml of 9 log
10 NCD virus containing an effective infective
dose of virulent strain 105.6
.
• The Pathology Department of the College of
Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and
Biosecurity (COVAB) provided the viral strain
that was formerly isolated from local chickens
in South Western Agro-ecological Zone
(SWAEZ), Uganda and characterized as
Viscerotropic velogenic (VV)
11. Inoculum for infection
• The virulence of the viral isolates were tested
by first inoculating the virus into
embroyonated chicken eggs causing viral
multiplication that led to the death of the
embryo
• Preparation of Capsicum annum
• Infection and treatment schedule
• Parameter
12. Parameter
• Following inoculation, clinical signs and
mortality rates were monitored daily and
postmortem examination was done on dead
chickens.
• Live body weights and blood samples were
obtained from chickens on days 0,4,6,12,16
and 20.
• The serum obtained was investigated for
antibodies against Newcastle disease virus
using the haemglutination inhibition test (HI)
(Allan and Gough, 1974).
13. Parameter
• The standard antigen used in HI was prepared
locally at the Pathology and Central Virology
Laboratory, COVAB, Makerere University.
Most measurements were concentrated on
days 0-12 as 80% of the chickens in all groups
was expected to have died by day 12. The
serum samples were tested and results in
addition to replicate results were compared to
ensure reliability of the results from the
laboratories at COVAB.
14. Clinical signs
Birds drowsing in the pens Swollen eyes due to NCD
Typical case of torticolis in one
of the affected birds with NCD
Other signs; drooping feathers,
anaemia, greenish
diarrhea, respiratory rales.
15. Mortality
NO Treatment group 1 Number
under test
per group
Mortality
(%) for
replicate I
Mortality
(%) for
replicate II
1
Infected and treated
(TG3 and RG3)
18 3 (20%) 4 (20%)
2
Vaccinated with NCD
and Infected NCD virus
(TG5 and RG5)
18 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
3
Infected and untreated
(TG2 and RG2)
18 9 (50%) 11 (60%)
4
Pretreated and infected
(TG1 and RG1)
18 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
5
Uninfected and untreated
(TG4 and RG4)
18 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
17. Body weights
• It was observed that the body weights in the
three groups i.e. infected and treated
(TG3&RG3); infected and untreated
(TG2&RG2) and infected and vaccinated
against NCD (TG5&RG5) that had shown
clinical signs decreased significantly (p<0.05).
It was however observed that among the
uninfected and untreated (TG4&RG4) and pre-
treated and infected (TG1&RG1), there was
insignificant weight decrease (p>0.05).
19. Histopathological lesions (TG2&RG2)
•
Masssive mononuclear cell
infiltration in the heart
Intestinal ulcerative enteritis
Fatty infiltration and haemorrhages
in the kidney
Liver haemorrhages
24. Haematological results for treatment groups
• Biochemical results for treatment groups
• Generally there were minimal disturbances in
the total blood cell count and biochemical
parameters.
Conclusion and recommendations
• Capsicum annum is a very useful herbal
medicine that can be used to control the
outbreak of Newcastle disease.
25. Conclusion and recommendations
• The use of Capsicum annum is useful if birds
are identified before they are attacked by
Newcastle disease virus.
• The use of Capsicum annum must follow right
concentration, dose and standards in mixing
the extracts.
• The extracts should be pre administered
(prophylactic treatment) before the outbreak
of the NCD. Alcohol extracts performed
better than aqueous extracts.
26. Conclusion and recommendations
• In groups especially the infected and
untreated (TG2&RG2), there was up to 60%
mortality in the affected groups.
• For the infected groups, it was clear that NCD
was a big problem to the farmers.
Prophylactic treatment with Capsicum annum
(TG1&RG1) by at least one week before
infection reduces mortality by over 90%.
• Thermo-labile and thermo-stable vaccines still
works except its access and use among
peasant farmers is still problematic
27. Conclusion and recommendations
• The study revealed that with increasing time
post viral inoculation in the test birds, the
antibody titres correspondingly increased
drastically hence offering solid immunity.
• The study recommends farmer friendly
packages developed to guide farmers in the
administration of the herbal Capsicum annum
concoctions and their popularization.