Author: José Gómez Galán In this paper, several issues in Educational Technology are examined, including those related to the current concern about ICT integration in educational and social contexts, the basis for a reform in education and redirection of the instructional processes.

1. In-depth
New Perspectives on Integrating Social Networking
and Internet Communications in the Curriculum
Author This paper considers several issues in Educational Technology, including the current
concern regarding ICT integration in educational and social contexts, the basis for a
José Gómez Galán
reform in education and the redirection of the instructional processes. Current educa-
PhD Professor of
Educational Technology, tional curricula do not fully cover children and young people’s formative necessities in
Department of Educational the present technological society. Although in the western world an important effort
Sciences, University of is being made at the institutional level to strengthen the presence of ICT in schools,
Extremadura, Spain they are usually integrated for use as didactic recourses and supporting tools, which
jgomez@unex.es optimise the teaching-learning process.
However, today it is necessary that they are, themselves, an object of study. Students
Tags of different educational levels should be trained to use them and their products cor-
rectly and critically, especially regarding social networking and all the possibilities pro-
Educational technologies, vided by Internet communications (Web 2.0 and beyond), which follow the educational
ICT Integration, Social
constructivist paradigm. Only then will an authentic and efficient integration of educa-
Networking, Curricular
Development, Instructional tional technologies be possible.
Processes
1. Introduction
The dawn of the 21st century sees our society in vertiginous movement, socially, politically,
economically etc., and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has an undoubted
leading role. Education, as the dynamo of human development, must not be remote from
this relevant fact.
Currently all educational specialists, and this is clearly reflected in recent guidelines from
UNESCO (1998), recommend the curricular integration of these powerful tools and media
into the school context. Their didactic possibilities in the classroom, both for the develop-
ment of teaching-learning processes and educational planning and programming are un-
questionable. There are naturally some inconveniences and for this reason the majority of
researchers are at present working to strengthen the advantages of ICT and to reduce, as
far as possible, the action of potential problems, as its integration into the school labours is
necessary to improve the quality of the teaching.
However, and precisely due to the circumstance of dealing with leading elements of our
society, reducing the presence of the ICT in the classroom to a didactic recourse, however
powerful and useful, is presented as an error which may become irreparable in a relatively
short space of time. It should not be forgotten, above all, that these are not instruments and
media created specifically for education, but for different ends, basically, of an economic and
social nature. The search for economic growth impelled the development of the ICT (Castells,
Fernández & Linchaun, 2006). This conditions, on many occasions, the nature of the prod-
ucts. Thus, for example, the communication media are at present are among the principal
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2. In-depth
clients of the ICT, which is thus placed at the service of their and critically analysed at the formative stages of infancy, ado-
commercial interests and ideologies. All use of these efficient lescence, and youth. On the other hand, they can be contem-
tools in the classroom must be accompanied by a critical analy- plated as didactic tools to perfect or culminate different teach-
sis on the part of the students, directed by the teacher, of their ing-learning processes, whether or not related to the previous
presence and use in society. Otherwise, we shall be completing objective. The ideal would be to use both perspectives jointly,
an integral educational process that helps to shape the citizens that is to say, to use them as instructive recourses of great possi-
of the 21st century. bilities to propitiate, with their presence and use, the student’s
knowledge of them (Gómez Galán 1999; 2003; 2007).
2. Current Limitations in the Use of the The answers to these important challenges are, of course, not
ICT in Education easy. The ICT are complex, and their leading role in society is
Were it only for the purpose of education in a world dominated explained from different and distinct points of view, which it
by the ICT, their use in school dynamics would be fully justified. is necessary to know and interpret. New interdisciplinary ap-
All didactic development is, of course, principally a process of proaches are necessary, for example, Development of Informa-
communication and these technologies are ideal to improve tion Technology and Teacher Training (Mandic, Lalic & Bandjur,
and strengthen this process. However, we cannot consider that 2010), ICT and Globalization in Education (Beyers, 2009), Tech-
by the mere fact of introducing the ICT, especially Internet, into nology and Teacher’s Personality (Paraskeva, Bouta & Papagi-
the different educative and instructive contexts, we can reach anni, 2008) or the analysis of Mass Media and Society, and their
the predetermined didactic objectives. relationship with new technologies of information and commu-
nication (Gómez Galán, 2003). In order to be used to advantage
These technologies must be contemplated from a curricu- and efficiently in the world of education an ample training of
lar perspective, and at all levels, as an inseparable part of our the teacher, who will be in charge of their application and devel-
present day society, which is configured and defined by them. opment within strictly pedagogical and didactic limits, is essen-
Technology, education and society are elements in complex dia- tial. And, when we speak of an ample training, we do not only
log, with multiple connections (Pavlova, 2005; Bielaczyc, 2006). refer to a practical and technical mastery, which are, of course,
The problems that we currently face are both of methodology fundamental for their management, but a profound, detailed,
(the correct use of the ICT) and curricula (fomenting their peda- and sure knowledge of the functions, aims, origins and reper-
gogic presence in the school), both of which are closely related. cussions that they have in our world.
Nevertheless, although the institutions are making an impor- Thus, the first aim is teacher training. It is a difficult process and
tant effort to equip the schools sufficiently to encourage the use requires many efforts (Angeli, 2005) but it is necessary. Cur-
of the new technologies by the teacher, the educational cur- rently it is evident that there is a demand for an initial and con-
ricula are not prepared for the formative necessities of the chil- tinual training of teachers in ICT (Oliva, Lozano, Del Pozo, Bal-
dren and young people of the information society. This, which lesteros, Franco, & Martin, 2009), as this has not traditionally
is the most important problem that we can consider at present been offered in university studies. Moreover, even if it has been
for the integration of the ICT into the educational processes, is received, a revision and continual updating is necessary, which
accompanied by others (such as teacher training, the problem allows us to follow the untiring advance and progress of the
of recourses, or the complicity of the parents in the formative technological evolution (Gómez Galán, 2003; Solvberg, Rismark
processes) which, without doubt, condition the integral educa- & Haaland, 2009; Lauri, Borg, Gunnel & Gillum, 2010).
tion of children and young people at present.
It is true that this is a constant preoccupation for the administra-
tive authorities and there are multiple initiatives to deal with it.
3. Challenges to be Overcome in a Short However, on occasions and in practice, strategies that we may
space of Time consider erroneous are being used. For example, such is the car-
The presence of the ICT in the school must therefore be given rying to effect of the teacher training process, starting from the
from two ample sources. On the one hand, as elements present most advanced ICT (given of course the knowledge of the most
in today’s society, which, as such, must be known, studied, basic and elemental, which is a great mistake). In addition, proc-
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3. In-depth
esses trying to convert the teachers into potential users, but not students’), more than of budgets. It must not be forgotten, what
into educators who really analyze and study, from a pedagogical is important is not the means, but how they are used.
viewpoint, the presence and influence of these tools in today’s
On the other hand, and once again related to the social im-
world.
portance of the ICT, it must not be forgotten that children and
We can put the case of training in social networking and Inter- young people are being continually bombarded by an enormous
net communications in Web 2.0 as an example. Besides starting quantity of audiovisual and multimedia information (of great
from an access to its use going deeper into the knowledge of richness) faced with which they show themselves incapable of
the ICT bases (which permits us to determine, of course that it categorizing and selecting. Naturally, they have access to it, in
really is Internet), the training will have to offer important no- greater measure, outside school, in their homes, by means of
tions of the didactic use of this tool. Internet was of course, not instruments such as the television, Internet, videogames, etc. In
created as an educational instrument (Gómez Galán & Mateos, this direction, the educational importance of the parents is deci-
2004), and it is essential to submit it to a critical-formative work, sive. Once again, the problem is, as with the teachers, that they,
which may effectively lead to its pedagogical use. Otherwise, the parents have not been educated to help in the critical selec-
it would be encouraging a child or young person to sit in front tion of technological products. However, the ICT are offering a
of a television without teaching him to select quality programs. curriculum parallel to that offered by the family and school: a
The teacher must, thus, be able to use the ICT adequately, and non-formal education of great influence.
always from a pedagogical perspective. The change in method-
In the face of this panorama, we can understand immediately
ology, likewise, resides in teacher training.
that for an adequate integration of the ICT a direct relation-
ship must be established between the families and the school.
4. ICT as Society’s Engine of In the integral formation of whatever child or young person,
Transformation: Importance of Teacher which without any doubt must include education in ICT there,
Training must be collaboration in which the educators (teachers, fathers,
The continual updating of ICT recourses in the school is also a mothers, social agents, etc.) must unify their labour in pursuit
challenge, but we can consider it as a secondary problem (al- of those objectives that are beneficial for the individual and for
though it has a great relevance notwithstanding). Although, as society.
we have pointed out, the Administrative section is making an
Finally, it is necessary to keep in mind that ICT are society’s
effort in this direction, a continuing problem exists, which it is
engine of transformation. Digital and cable television, new
necessary to confront; the rapid technological evolution which
cinematographic formats, digital radio, smartphones, tablets,
makes many of our instruments obsolete in a short space of
e-books, Web 2.0 and beyond, cyberspace and cyber culture,
time (above all in the field of computer science, Moore’s law
file-sharing and P2P networks, virtual communities, wikis, so-
holds true).
cial networking, blogs and blogging, virtual reality, digital con-
This is an important barrier to the integration of the ICT in vergence, etc., the ICT acquire more and more importance in
schools, which is disconcerting to all those who engage in me- society, from which they cannot be disassociated, and they give
dium term educational projects (Sanders 1999), although it may it new form and structure.
be excused if a principally pedagogical use is made of these
Their presence in all socioeconomically situations convert them
tools, in the service of curricular objectives. Although it would
into elements of the first order in the creation of a new reality.
be easy to apply for additional budgets, in a world in which so
In addition, from an educational standpoint, knowledge of them
many demands and necessities exist, it becomes essential to
is not only attained by confronting this question from such a
take maximum advantage of the ICT and their applications inde-
restricted point of view as that of a simple user. It is essential to
pendently of their novelty, rather than joining a desperate tech-
act as critical agents who carry out a detailed and critical read-
nological race, more oriented to economic interests than truly
ing of the ICT, as an object of study. This leads us to a new chal-
educational. It is important to establish practical and analytical
lenge modifying and adapting the school curricula to the new
bases, and this is a question, above all, of training (teachers’ and
educational needs.
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5. The Impact of Social Networking Though teachers using online tools are empowering students
and Internet Communications on take part in their education, they may also expose them to inap-
Education propriate material, sexual predators, and bullying and harass-
ment by peers. Teachers who are not careful with their use of
Today, millions of children and young people, high school and the sites can fall into inappropriate relationships with students
college students, but increasingly adults as well, have pages on or publicize photos and information they believed were kept
popular Web sites such as Facebook and Twitter. These sites are private (Ewbank, Carter & Foulger, 2008). For these reasons,
significant examples of social networking: the use of Web sites critics are calling for regulation and for removing social net-
and communications and collaboration technology to help peo- working from classrooms, despite the positive affects they have
ple find, form, and maintain social relationships (Lenhart and on students and the essential tools they provide for education
Madden, 2007). Reflecting what is happening in society, in a his- in today’s digital climate (Social Networking in Schools, 2011).
torical period characterized by information and communication However, social networks dedicated to education, which are de-
processes, experiences centered on taking advantage of what signed and set up by prepared professionals, who know how to
new technology can offer us is acquiring a leading role in edu- create pedagogic and instructional virtual communities, can be
cational science. The school cannot constitute a reality apart or an educational powerful tool. Precisely the students’ formation
separate from the other social systems (Gómez Galán, 2004). turns out to be fundamental to avoid these social dangers.
Besides making use of the different technological instruments
to optimise, as far as possible the teaching learning processes, Teachers and schools should create their own social networks,
the educators need to form their students to know more fully through sites like Edmodo or Ning, to help teach students what
the world in which they live, to reflect critically on their own it means to be part of a professional social network. By under-
existence and to contribute towards improvement and progress standing how students may be positively using these networking
(Freire, 2007). technologies in their daily lives and where the as-yet-unrecog-
nized educational opportunities are, we can help make schools
Amongst all ICT, Internet appears as a competent tool, as a new even more relevant, connected, and meaningful to children
paradigm in the treatment of information. Of all the numerous and young people (Greenhow, 2007 and 2009). Through utiliz-
and possible applications, in all fields, some are beginning to ing teaching techniques that incorporate social media, teach-
materialise in the educational sector, where communication is, ers are able to increase students’ engagement in their educa-
without any doubt, an essential element. In this, and given its tion, increase technological proficiency, contribute to a greater
internal structure, current curricular planning, networking web- sense of collaboration in the classroom, and build better com-
sites and Web 2.0 tools are profiled as an instrument with great munication skills (Social Networking in Schools, 2011). The so-
educational possibilities (Gómez Galán, 2004). cial networking, built in the educational centre, like instructive
The teacher will be in the last instance the protagonist who car- tool. There is no better way of knowing and analysing the new
ries out the integration of Internet under this modality in the technologies, as we indicate, than creating products with them
teaching learning processes. It will depend on him to assure that Naturally, the principal problem facing the teacher in his wish
the development of a networking site (as collaborative learning to introduce the social networking and Web 2.0 into the class-
media) is an adequate didactic tool. However, this integration room, and use this instrument to create didactic products, is
process, especially complex in the educational field due to the his own formation. It is undeniable that the present teachers
peculiarities inherent to teaching, is going to need a series of ef- of Primary and Secondary Education present important forma-
forts by the teacher, in addition to his more traditional activities. tive lacunae in their capacity to create and use this curricular
Only by overcoming the problems, which must be faced in the material. This is not only a technical deficit, but also methodo-
development of this challenge, will it be possible to convert In- logical and pedagogical (Gómez Galán, 2003, 2004 and 2007;
ternet into an authentic medium at the service of the academic Chen, 2010). It is therefore necessary to replan the essence of
formation and instruction of the student. It must not be forgot- educative action in the new concrete contexts of the classroom,
ten that this tool was not initially conceived for educational use with the principal aim of optimising the didactic processes, as
(Gómez Galán, 2004 and 2011). far as possible, by taking advantage of all the possibilities of-
fered to us at each moment in time. In this way, today, many of
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the instructional processer with new technologies are inscribed gressively more complex explicative schemes, because of the
within the basic guidelines of the classical behavioural theo- interpretation reinterpretation of information in this new dy-
ries. These have conditioned, and still do condition the design, namic and interactive environment. The constructivist-learning
use, and application of didactic recourses, even when, due to paradigm, both from the dimensions of individual constructiv-
determined circumstances, it is not possible to consider them ism and social can be adequately supported taking advantage
for a correct learning (Gómez Galán, 2003; Angeli & Valanides, of hypermedia and hypertextual possibilities of current ICT con-
2009; Gómez Galán 2011). It becomes necessary to overcome texts, which permit distinct levels of interactivity, and a deter-
the models of the behaviourist paradigm of learning to search mined sequencing by the student, not by the system (Gómez
for the creation of interactive surroundings, which although it Galán, 2004).
has been one of the great challenges pursued by pedagogy, the
Evolving beyond technology-mediated interactions between
development of computer science now makes it possible to face
students and phenomena shifts the focus of constructivism:
this challenge in a new way. A deep transformation is needed in
from peripherally enhancing how a student interprets a typical
educational technology, a change to constructivism in teaching-
interaction with the external world to shaping the fundamen-
learning processes.
tal nature of how learners experience their physical and social
This new professional knowledge domain, in constructivism context (Fosnot, 1992; Dede, 1995). Papert (1993 y 1996) often
conceptions based, include tutor actions that support students’ makes a distinction between instructivism or the imparting of
practices through the following: developing a clear notion of information to students, and constructivism, or a student learn-
better teaching (from the constructivist paradigm); practicing, ing by doing. On the other hand, the crucial role of keen interest
modeling, analyzing such teaching; and recognizing and pro- in the object of study, as well as his reliance on relevant person-
viding scaffolds for moving towards the ability of students’ au- al prior knowledge on which to construct and create new knowl-
tonomy learning (Wang & Paine, 2001). Favouring interaction, edge, is a precondition for significant learning (Fosnot, 1992).
of course, has been one of the principal objects of the study
At present, in fact, Web 2.0 has these requirements. Equally,
of educational technologies, although it has mainly been pro-
the current multimedia peculiarities of the networking websites
duced within behaviourist margins. Today, with the new tools of
make it possible to support ourselves on the advances, devel-
Web 2.0, we have the appropriate instruments to develop the
oped in the last decades, in the field of educational technology
constructivist processes.
on the interactive multimedia learning environment that deter-
mine the general characteristics they must have and that we can
6. New Educational Paradigm for the apply to the educational sites. The use of the networking sites
Integration of Web 2.0 in education must be conceived as active didactic tools that par-
The research of processes of knowledge utilization in Web 2.0 ticipate, strengthen or permit us to reach distinct curricular ob-
can contribute to educational improvement of a distinct educa- jectives (Gómez Galán, 2004 and 2007). In this way, they can be
tional paradigm. In the current dense panorama of Internet a converted into powerful instruments, highly suitable for learn-
great number of instructive experiences, have something of the ing purposes, which follow the most recent currents in cognitive
behaviourist models of learning. Nevertheless, the new cogni- theories and knowledge.
tive and evolutive theories, as in the case of Williams, Blythe,
Following these developments, from distinct viewpoints
Li, Sternberg & Gardner (1996) and Gardner (1993 and 2007),
(Thompson, Simonson and Hargrave, 1996; Gómez Galán, 2004)
alert us to their limitations in different learning contexts, clearly
we can outline the three minimum and essential basic param-
impeding the student from constructing his own knowledge in a
eters which must constitute every educational networking web-
significant and pedagogical way.
site, related to what we have previously explained: (a) acces-
The answer to these problems evidently rests on teacher train- sibility (simple design which leads to a logical and easy access
ing and on impulsing practical educational activities from con- to the contents); (b) plurality of sources and languages (text,
structivist learning theories, searching, above all, for significant image, sound, audiovisual products, etc., which favour attention
learning. The principal goal, which must be pursued, is that the and motivation); and (c) interactivity (not only with reference to
student can reach the construction of new meanings, new, pro- the contents, but also to interpersonal communication, which
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6. In-depth
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