MANET does not have any fixed infrastructure, so the mobile nodes are free to move within a network which results in dynamic change of network topology. The Real-time video transport has rigid bandwidth, delay, and a loss requirement to support this application in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks is a challenge. MANET consists of mobile nodes that cause frequent link failures. This link failure causes two main problems. First, when a route break occurs, all packets that have already transmitted on that route are dropped which degrades the video quality and it decreases the average packet delivery ratio (PDR). Second, the transmission of data traffic is halted for the time till a new route is discovered and it increasing the average end-to-end delay. For that we have proposed Node-Disjoint Multipath Routing Based on DSR Protocol with Multiple Description Coding Technique (MDC). Node-Disjoint Path means there is no common node between two paths and MDC encode a media source into two or more sub-bit streams. The sub-streams, also called descriptions. The experiment has been done using NS2 simulator with Evalvid for evaluating the video quality. Our proposed scheme will improve Packet Delivery Ratio, Throughput and Decreased Average End-to-End Delay.
EFFICIENT MULTI-PATH PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijwmn
Wireless sensor networks are useful for streaming multimedia in infrastructure-free and hazardous environments. However, these networks are quite different from their wired counterpart and are composed of nodes with constrained bandwidth and energy. Multiple-path transmission is one of the methods for ensuring QoS routing in both wired and wireless environment. Directed diffusion, a well known wireless sensor network protocol, only routes packets through a single path, which barely meets the throughput requirement of multimedia data. Instead, we propose a multipath algorithm based on directed diffusion that reinforces multiple routes with high link quality and low latency. This algorithm retains the merits of the original directed diffusion algorithms, including its energy efficiency and scalability. A hybrid metric of link quality and latency is used as the criterion for path selection. In order to select disjoint paths, we propose a scheme for reinforced nodes to respond negatively to multiple reinforcement messages. We use the NS-2 simulation tool with video trace generated by Multiple Description Coding (MDC) to evaluate the performance. The results show that our algorithm gives better throughput and delay performance, i.e higher video quality, than standard directed diffusion that transmits over a single path, with low overheads and energy consumption.
A Cross-Layer Based Multipath Routing Protocol To Improve QoS In Mobile Adhoc...IDES Editor
In Mobile ad hoc networks, due to the high packet loss rates
and frequent topological changes, the unbalanced transport
layer and reserved amount of traffic is carried out by the
network. In a QoS based routing metric for MANETs, it is
necessary to combine the minimum available bandwidth and
end-to-end delay along with the congestion around a link. In
this paper, a cross layer based multipath routing (CBMR)
protocol to improve QoS in mobile ad hoc networks to allot
weights to individual links, depending on the metrics link
quality, channel quality and end-to-end delay is developed. In
order to validate load balancing and interference between the
links using the same channel, the individual link weights are
integrated into a routing metric. Therefore, the weight value
helps the routing protocol to avoid the routing traffic through
the congested area hence the traffic is balanced and the
network capacity is improved. Then the proportion of traffic
to be routed to each neighbor is selected to execute routing
such that the weight of the node is a minimum. We also
propose an enhanced TCP congestion control mechanism for
wireless networks, based on a cross-layer scheme. By our
simulation results, the robustness of our protocol achieves
increased packet delivery ratio with reduced latency was
demonstrated.
Priority scheduling for multipath video transmission in wmsnsIJCNCJournal
In video data transmission over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), in which network
congestion and link failures are main characteristics, providing Quality-of-Service (QoS) is challenging. In
such situation, using multipath routing protocols along with efficient packet scheduling can improve the
performance of video delivery over sensor networks. In this paper we propose a new packet scheduling
mechanism for multipath video transmission over WMSN. Since, different video frame types in a
compressed video stream have different impact on the perceived video at the receiver; our proposed
scheme for video packet scheduling is content aware that schedules transmission of different video packets
over different paths. For this purpose, condition of each routing path is periodically evaluated and the high
priority video packets are transmitted through high quality paths. Simulation results show that our
proposed scheduling improves the quality of the perceived video at the receiver, considerably.
Packet Loss Rate Differentiation in slotted Optical Packet Switching OCDM/WDMTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
We propose a multi-class mechanism for Optical Code Division Multiplexing (OCDM), Wavelength
Division Multiplexing (WDM) Optical Packet Switch (OPS) architecture capable of supporting Quality of Service
(QoS) transmission. OCDM/WDM has been proposed as a competitive hybrid switching technology to
support the next generation optical Internet. This paper addresses performance issues in the slotted OPS
networks and proposed four differentiation schemes to support Quality of Service. In addition, we present a
comparison between the proposed schemes as well as, a simulation scheduler design which can be suitable
for the core switch node in OPS networks. Using software simulations the performance of our algorithm in
terms of losing probability, the packet delay, and scalability is evaluated.
A cross layer delay-aware multipath routing algorithm for mobile adhoc networkscsandit
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS) require reliable routing and Quality of Service(QoS)
mechanism to support diverse applications with varying and stringent requirements. Routing
protocols such as AODV, AOMDV, DSR and OLSR use minimum hop count as the metric for
path selection, hence are not suitable for delay sensitive real time applications. To support such
applications delay constrained routing protocols are employed. These Protocols makes path
selection based on the delay over the discovered links during routing discovery and routing
table calculations. We propose a variation of a node-disjoint Multipath QoS Routing protocol
called Cross Layer Delay aware Node Disjoint Multipath AODV (CLDM-AODV) based on
delay constraint. It employs cross-layer communications between MAC and routing layers to
achieve link and channel-awareness. It regularly updates the path status in terms of lowest
delay incurred at each intermediate node. Performance of the proposed protocol is compared
with single path AODV and NDMR protocols. Proposed CLDM-AODV is superior in terms of
better packet delivery and reduced overhead between intermediate nodes.
EFFICIENT MULTI-PATH PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijwmn
Wireless sensor networks are useful for streaming multimedia in infrastructure-free and hazardous environments. However, these networks are quite different from their wired counterpart and are composed of nodes with constrained bandwidth and energy. Multiple-path transmission is one of the methods for ensuring QoS routing in both wired and wireless environment. Directed diffusion, a well known wireless sensor network protocol, only routes packets through a single path, which barely meets the throughput requirement of multimedia data. Instead, we propose a multipath algorithm based on directed diffusion that reinforces multiple routes with high link quality and low latency. This algorithm retains the merits of the original directed diffusion algorithms, including its energy efficiency and scalability. A hybrid metric of link quality and latency is used as the criterion for path selection. In order to select disjoint paths, we propose a scheme for reinforced nodes to respond negatively to multiple reinforcement messages. We use the NS-2 simulation tool with video trace generated by Multiple Description Coding (MDC) to evaluate the performance. The results show that our algorithm gives better throughput and delay performance, i.e higher video quality, than standard directed diffusion that transmits over a single path, with low overheads and energy consumption.
A Cross-Layer Based Multipath Routing Protocol To Improve QoS In Mobile Adhoc...IDES Editor
In Mobile ad hoc networks, due to the high packet loss rates
and frequent topological changes, the unbalanced transport
layer and reserved amount of traffic is carried out by the
network. In a QoS based routing metric for MANETs, it is
necessary to combine the minimum available bandwidth and
end-to-end delay along with the congestion around a link. In
this paper, a cross layer based multipath routing (CBMR)
protocol to improve QoS in mobile ad hoc networks to allot
weights to individual links, depending on the metrics link
quality, channel quality and end-to-end delay is developed. In
order to validate load balancing and interference between the
links using the same channel, the individual link weights are
integrated into a routing metric. Therefore, the weight value
helps the routing protocol to avoid the routing traffic through
the congested area hence the traffic is balanced and the
network capacity is improved. Then the proportion of traffic
to be routed to each neighbor is selected to execute routing
such that the weight of the node is a minimum. We also
propose an enhanced TCP congestion control mechanism for
wireless networks, based on a cross-layer scheme. By our
simulation results, the robustness of our protocol achieves
increased packet delivery ratio with reduced latency was
demonstrated.
Priority scheduling for multipath video transmission in wmsnsIJCNCJournal
In video data transmission over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), in which network
congestion and link failures are main characteristics, providing Quality-of-Service (QoS) is challenging. In
such situation, using multipath routing protocols along with efficient packet scheduling can improve the
performance of video delivery over sensor networks. In this paper we propose a new packet scheduling
mechanism for multipath video transmission over WMSN. Since, different video frame types in a
compressed video stream have different impact on the perceived video at the receiver; our proposed
scheme for video packet scheduling is content aware that schedules transmission of different video packets
over different paths. For this purpose, condition of each routing path is periodically evaluated and the high
priority video packets are transmitted through high quality paths. Simulation results show that our
proposed scheduling improves the quality of the perceived video at the receiver, considerably.
Packet Loss Rate Differentiation in slotted Optical Packet Switching OCDM/WDMTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
We propose a multi-class mechanism for Optical Code Division Multiplexing (OCDM), Wavelength
Division Multiplexing (WDM) Optical Packet Switch (OPS) architecture capable of supporting Quality of Service
(QoS) transmission. OCDM/WDM has been proposed as a competitive hybrid switching technology to
support the next generation optical Internet. This paper addresses performance issues in the slotted OPS
networks and proposed four differentiation schemes to support Quality of Service. In addition, we present a
comparison between the proposed schemes as well as, a simulation scheduler design which can be suitable
for the core switch node in OPS networks. Using software simulations the performance of our algorithm in
terms of losing probability, the packet delay, and scalability is evaluated.
A cross layer delay-aware multipath routing algorithm for mobile adhoc networkscsandit
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS) require reliable routing and Quality of Service(QoS)
mechanism to support diverse applications with varying and stringent requirements. Routing
protocols such as AODV, AOMDV, DSR and OLSR use minimum hop count as the metric for
path selection, hence are not suitable for delay sensitive real time applications. To support such
applications delay constrained routing protocols are employed. These Protocols makes path
selection based on the delay over the discovered links during routing discovery and routing
table calculations. We propose a variation of a node-disjoint Multipath QoS Routing protocol
called Cross Layer Delay aware Node Disjoint Multipath AODV (CLDM-AODV) based on
delay constraint. It employs cross-layer communications between MAC and routing layers to
achieve link and channel-awareness. It regularly updates the path status in terms of lowest
delay incurred at each intermediate node. Performance of the proposed protocol is compared
with single path AODV and NDMR protocols. Proposed CLDM-AODV is superior in terms of
better packet delivery and reduced overhead between intermediate nodes.
A cross layer delay-aware node disjoint multipath routing algorithm for mobil...ijwmn
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS) require reliable routing and Quality of Service(QoS) mechanism to
support diverse applications with varying and stringent requirements for delay, jitter, bandwidth, packets
loss. Routing protocols such as AODV, AOMDV, DSR and OLSR use shortest path with minimum hop
count as the main metric for path selection, hence are not suitable for delay sensitive real time
applications. To support such applications delay constrained routing protocols are employed. These
Protocols makes path selection between source and destination based on the delay over the discovered
links during routing discovery and routing table calculations. We propose a variation of a node-disjoint
Multipath QoS Routing protocol called Cross Layer Delay aware Node Disjoint Multipath AODV (CLDMAODV)
based on delay constraint. It employs cross-layer communications between MAC and routing
layers to achieve link and channel-awareness. It regularly updates the path status in terms of lowest delay
incurred at each intermediate node. Performance of the proposed protocol is compared with single path
AODV and NDMR protocols. Proposed CLDM-AODV is superior in terms of better packet delivery and
reduced overhead between intermediate nodes.
Estimation and design of mc ds-cdma for hybrid concatenated coding in high sp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Recently proposed wireless mesh routing metrics
based on awareness of congestion, load or interference typically
employ queue occupancy of a node's wireless interface to
estimate traffic load. Queue occupancy, however, does not
directly reflect the impact of channel contention from neighbor
nodes. We propose an alternative called the channel load-aware
(CLAW) routing metric that takes into consideration not only
the traffic load within the node itself, but also the degree of
interference and contention within the channel. CLAW uses
local information from a node's MAC layer to estimate channel
busyness and contention levels. It does not require complex
computations, nor the exchange of link-level statistics with
neighbors. Our preliminary results show that CLAW can
identify congested regions within the network and thus enable
the determination of routes around these congested areas. We
present the results of simulations we conducted to evaluate the
use of CLAW in mesh-wide routing.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION ALGORITHMS FOR QOS OPTIMIZATION IN MOBILE WIMAX NETWORKSijwmn
WiMAX is based on the standard IEEE 802.16e-2009 for wireless access in Metropolitan Area Networks. It
is one of the solutions for 4G IP based wireless technology. WiMAX utilizes Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiple Access which also supports Multicast and Broadcast Service with appropriate
Modulation and Coding Scheme. Presently, Scheduling and Resource allocation algorithm in Opportunistic
Layered Multicasting provides multicasting of layered video over mobile WiMAX to ensure better QoS.
Initially, the knowledge based allocation of subcarriers is used for scheduling. In addition, to reduce the
burst overhead, delay and jitter, SWIM (Swapping Min-Max) algorithm is utilized. Another promising
technology that can greatly improve the system performance by exploring the broadcasting nature of
wireless channels and the cooperation among multiple users is the Cooperative Multicast Scheduling
(CMS) technique. The simulation results show, Swapping Min-Max performs better with lesser number of
bursts, Zero jitter and with optimal throughput. The results with Cooperative Multicast Scheduling show
the enhanced throughput for each member in the Multicasting Scenario.
New adaptation method based on cross layer and TCP over protocols to improve ...IJECEIAES
Due to rapid growth of multimedia traffic used over the mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), to keep up with the progress of this constraint MANETs protocols becoming increasingly concerned with the quality of service. In view of the random mobility nodes in MANET, TCP becomes more unreliability in case of higher energy consumption and packet loss. In this paper we proposed a new optimization approach to enhance decision making of TCP based on some changes of IEEE 802.11 MAC uses cross layer approach. The aim is to minimize the impact of retransmissions of packet lost and energy consumption in order to analyse and chose the appropriate routing protocol for TCP that can be enhance QoS MANET. Our simulation results based QoS study using NS3 show that, our proposal achieved better performance of TCP in MANETs significantly, and also improved the throughput, energy consumption and facilitates the traffic transmission over routing protocol.
A Quality of Service Strategy to Optimize Bandwidth Utilization in Mobile Net...IDES Editor
The mobile network that supports network mobility
is an emerging technology. It is also referred as NEMO
(NEtwork MObility). It is more appropriate for mobile
platforms such as car, bus, train, air plane, etc. It is a great
challenge to provide Quality of Service (QoS) in NEMO. QoS
is a set of service requirements to be met by the network.
There are various parameters by which QoS is provided. This
paper concentrates on providing optimum bandwidth for data
traffic. The objective of this paper is to propose a strategy to
use Virtual Circuit (VC) approach in NEMO. It helps to
utilize the bandwidth effectively, to consume minimum time to
transfer the data and also to reduce overload of the mobile
router due to the minimum size of the header. Ultimately, it
gives better results to enhance the QoS in mobile networks.
An Approach to Improve the Quality of Service in OFDMA Relay Networks via Re-...iosrjce
With the next-generation cellular networks making a transition toward smaller cells, two-hop
orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) relay networks have become a dominant, mandatory
component in the 4G standards (WiMAX802.16j, 3GPP LTE-Adv.). Here we are using the multicasting strategy
Given the growing importance of multimedia broadcast and multicast services (MBMS) in 4G networks, the
latter forms the focus of this project. The main aim of this project is to improve the performance of the OFDMA
based relay networks. The OFDMA transmission Scheme is a widely accepted scheme for improving the quality
and speed of communication over the 4G cellular network. There are two different models designed for OFDMA
relay networks .Distributed (DP) and Contiguous (CP) permutations. We are checking the performance of two
algorithms The linear programming algorithm and the greedy algorithm by using two models of OFDMA for
multicast scheduling and after performance evaluation we select the best model and the algorithm for
transmission. We further improve the throughput via retransmission of lost packets during data transfer over the
specified network. We can detect the packet loss by packet synchronization technique and a request will be sent
by the destination for re-sending the lost packets which is called as Re-Transmission.[1]
LTE QOS DYNAMIC RESOURCE BLOCK ALLOCATION WITH POWER SOURCE LIMITATION AND QU...IJCNCJournal
3GPP has defined the long term evolution (LTE) for 3G radio access in order to maintain the future
competitiveness for 3G technology, the system provides the capability of supporting a mixture of services
with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. This paper proposes a new cross-layer scheduling
algorithm to satisfy better QoS parameters for real time applications. The proposed algorithm takes care of
allocating resource blocks (RBs) with different modulation and coding schemes (MCS) according to target
bit error rate (BER), user equipment supportable MCS, queue stability constraints and available transmit
power constraints. The proposed algorithm has been valued, compared with an earlier allocation algorithm
in terms of service rate and packet delay and showed better performance regards the real time
applications.
Multi-Criterion Decision Making and Adaptation for Multi-path Video Streaming...Eswar Publications
It is suggested that multi-path routing is advantageous for applications with high traffic data characteristics, especially in the WSN environment. Sensor networks which transmit video will have to respond to the high data characteristic inherent in video data. Throughput, delay and packet loss are important metrics when considering video traffic. This work measures the performance of four multi-path routing protocols, MAOMDV, AOMDV, AntHocNet and MP-DSR in the WSN environment. It is shown that MAOMDV outperforms the other multi-path routing protocols in terms of the aforementioned metrics.
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly...Roopali Singh
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly mobile network with predictive features by Rupali Singh, Gajendra Singh Dhakad
published in International Journal of Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4_November_2015
Transport layer protocol for urgent data transmission in wsneSAT Journals
Abstract wireless sensor networks is a growing class of highly dynamic, complex network environment on top of which a wide range of applications, such as habitat monitoring, object tracking, precision agriculture, building monitoring and military systems are built. The real time applications often generate urgent data and one-time event notifications that need to be communicated reliably. The successful delivery of such information has a direct effect on the overall performance of the system. Reliable communication is important for sensor networks. Urgent data transmission has been a serious problem for Wireless sensor networks. WSN face difficulties in handling urgent data like congestion and reliability due to their unique requirements and constraints. Various protocols for congestion avoidance and reliability achievement for WSN have been proposed recently. Few of them have also worked on congestion elimination. These protocols try to minimize the problem using different mechanism. This paper explores these mechanisms and tries to find their features and limitations which directed us for our research. Keywords: Congestion, Reliability, Transport layer Protocol, Urgent data transmission, Wireless Sensor Network.
A cross layer delay-aware node disjoint multipath routing algorithm for mobil...ijwmn
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS) require reliable routing and Quality of Service(QoS) mechanism to
support diverse applications with varying and stringent requirements for delay, jitter, bandwidth, packets
loss. Routing protocols such as AODV, AOMDV, DSR and OLSR use shortest path with minimum hop
count as the main metric for path selection, hence are not suitable for delay sensitive real time
applications. To support such applications delay constrained routing protocols are employed. These
Protocols makes path selection between source and destination based on the delay over the discovered
links during routing discovery and routing table calculations. We propose a variation of a node-disjoint
Multipath QoS Routing protocol called Cross Layer Delay aware Node Disjoint Multipath AODV (CLDMAODV)
based on delay constraint. It employs cross-layer communications between MAC and routing
layers to achieve link and channel-awareness. It regularly updates the path status in terms of lowest delay
incurred at each intermediate node. Performance of the proposed protocol is compared with single path
AODV and NDMR protocols. Proposed CLDM-AODV is superior in terms of better packet delivery and
reduced overhead between intermediate nodes.
Estimation and design of mc ds-cdma for hybrid concatenated coding in high sp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Recently proposed wireless mesh routing metrics
based on awareness of congestion, load or interference typically
employ queue occupancy of a node's wireless interface to
estimate traffic load. Queue occupancy, however, does not
directly reflect the impact of channel contention from neighbor
nodes. We propose an alternative called the channel load-aware
(CLAW) routing metric that takes into consideration not only
the traffic load within the node itself, but also the degree of
interference and contention within the channel. CLAW uses
local information from a node's MAC layer to estimate channel
busyness and contention levels. It does not require complex
computations, nor the exchange of link-level statistics with
neighbors. Our preliminary results show that CLAW can
identify congested regions within the network and thus enable
the determination of routes around these congested areas. We
present the results of simulations we conducted to evaluate the
use of CLAW in mesh-wide routing.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION ALGORITHMS FOR QOS OPTIMIZATION IN MOBILE WIMAX NETWORKSijwmn
WiMAX is based on the standard IEEE 802.16e-2009 for wireless access in Metropolitan Area Networks. It
is one of the solutions for 4G IP based wireless technology. WiMAX utilizes Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiple Access which also supports Multicast and Broadcast Service with appropriate
Modulation and Coding Scheme. Presently, Scheduling and Resource allocation algorithm in Opportunistic
Layered Multicasting provides multicasting of layered video over mobile WiMAX to ensure better QoS.
Initially, the knowledge based allocation of subcarriers is used for scheduling. In addition, to reduce the
burst overhead, delay and jitter, SWIM (Swapping Min-Max) algorithm is utilized. Another promising
technology that can greatly improve the system performance by exploring the broadcasting nature of
wireless channels and the cooperation among multiple users is the Cooperative Multicast Scheduling
(CMS) technique. The simulation results show, Swapping Min-Max performs better with lesser number of
bursts, Zero jitter and with optimal throughput. The results with Cooperative Multicast Scheduling show
the enhanced throughput for each member in the Multicasting Scenario.
New adaptation method based on cross layer and TCP over protocols to improve ...IJECEIAES
Due to rapid growth of multimedia traffic used over the mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), to keep up with the progress of this constraint MANETs protocols becoming increasingly concerned with the quality of service. In view of the random mobility nodes in MANET, TCP becomes more unreliability in case of higher energy consumption and packet loss. In this paper we proposed a new optimization approach to enhance decision making of TCP based on some changes of IEEE 802.11 MAC uses cross layer approach. The aim is to minimize the impact of retransmissions of packet lost and energy consumption in order to analyse and chose the appropriate routing protocol for TCP that can be enhance QoS MANET. Our simulation results based QoS study using NS3 show that, our proposal achieved better performance of TCP in MANETs significantly, and also improved the throughput, energy consumption and facilitates the traffic transmission over routing protocol.
A Quality of Service Strategy to Optimize Bandwidth Utilization in Mobile Net...IDES Editor
The mobile network that supports network mobility
is an emerging technology. It is also referred as NEMO
(NEtwork MObility). It is more appropriate for mobile
platforms such as car, bus, train, air plane, etc. It is a great
challenge to provide Quality of Service (QoS) in NEMO. QoS
is a set of service requirements to be met by the network.
There are various parameters by which QoS is provided. This
paper concentrates on providing optimum bandwidth for data
traffic. The objective of this paper is to propose a strategy to
use Virtual Circuit (VC) approach in NEMO. It helps to
utilize the bandwidth effectively, to consume minimum time to
transfer the data and also to reduce overload of the mobile
router due to the minimum size of the header. Ultimately, it
gives better results to enhance the QoS in mobile networks.
An Approach to Improve the Quality of Service in OFDMA Relay Networks via Re-...iosrjce
With the next-generation cellular networks making a transition toward smaller cells, two-hop
orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) relay networks have become a dominant, mandatory
component in the 4G standards (WiMAX802.16j, 3GPP LTE-Adv.). Here we are using the multicasting strategy
Given the growing importance of multimedia broadcast and multicast services (MBMS) in 4G networks, the
latter forms the focus of this project. The main aim of this project is to improve the performance of the OFDMA
based relay networks. The OFDMA transmission Scheme is a widely accepted scheme for improving the quality
and speed of communication over the 4G cellular network. There are two different models designed for OFDMA
relay networks .Distributed (DP) and Contiguous (CP) permutations. We are checking the performance of two
algorithms The linear programming algorithm and the greedy algorithm by using two models of OFDMA for
multicast scheduling and after performance evaluation we select the best model and the algorithm for
transmission. We further improve the throughput via retransmission of lost packets during data transfer over the
specified network. We can detect the packet loss by packet synchronization technique and a request will be sent
by the destination for re-sending the lost packets which is called as Re-Transmission.[1]
LTE QOS DYNAMIC RESOURCE BLOCK ALLOCATION WITH POWER SOURCE LIMITATION AND QU...IJCNCJournal
3GPP has defined the long term evolution (LTE) for 3G radio access in order to maintain the future
competitiveness for 3G technology, the system provides the capability of supporting a mixture of services
with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. This paper proposes a new cross-layer scheduling
algorithm to satisfy better QoS parameters for real time applications. The proposed algorithm takes care of
allocating resource blocks (RBs) with different modulation and coding schemes (MCS) according to target
bit error rate (BER), user equipment supportable MCS, queue stability constraints and available transmit
power constraints. The proposed algorithm has been valued, compared with an earlier allocation algorithm
in terms of service rate and packet delay and showed better performance regards the real time
applications.
Multi-Criterion Decision Making and Adaptation for Multi-path Video Streaming...Eswar Publications
It is suggested that multi-path routing is advantageous for applications with high traffic data characteristics, especially in the WSN environment. Sensor networks which transmit video will have to respond to the high data characteristic inherent in video data. Throughput, delay and packet loss are important metrics when considering video traffic. This work measures the performance of four multi-path routing protocols, MAOMDV, AOMDV, AntHocNet and MP-DSR in the WSN environment. It is shown that MAOMDV outperforms the other multi-path routing protocols in terms of the aforementioned metrics.
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly...Roopali Singh
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly mobile network with predictive features by Rupali Singh, Gajendra Singh Dhakad
published in International Journal of Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4_November_2015
Transport layer protocol for urgent data transmission in wsneSAT Journals
Abstract wireless sensor networks is a growing class of highly dynamic, complex network environment on top of which a wide range of applications, such as habitat monitoring, object tracking, precision agriculture, building monitoring and military systems are built. The real time applications often generate urgent data and one-time event notifications that need to be communicated reliably. The successful delivery of such information has a direct effect on the overall performance of the system. Reliable communication is important for sensor networks. Urgent data transmission has been a serious problem for Wireless sensor networks. WSN face difficulties in handling urgent data like congestion and reliability due to their unique requirements and constraints. Various protocols for congestion avoidance and reliability achievement for WSN have been proposed recently. Few of them have also worked on congestion elimination. These protocols try to minimize the problem using different mechanism. This paper explores these mechanisms and tries to find their features and limitations which directed us for our research. Keywords: Congestion, Reliability, Transport layer Protocol, Urgent data transmission, Wireless Sensor Network.
HANDLING CROSS-LAYER ATTACKS USING NEIGHBORS MONITORING SCHEME AND SWARM INTE...Editor IJCATR
The standard MAC protocol widely used for Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) is IEEE 802.11.
When attacks in MAC layer are left as such without paying attention, it could possibly disturb channel access and
consequently may cause wastage of resources in terms of bandwidth and power. In this paper, a swarm based detection
and defense technique is proposed for routing and MAC layer attacks in MANET. Using forward and backward ants,
the technique obtains mean value of nodes between the first received RREQ and RREP packets. Based on this
estimation, the source node decides the node as valid or malicious. Moreover the MAC layer parameters namely
number of neighbors identified by the MAC layer, number of neighbors identified by the routing layer, the number of
recent MAC receptions and the number of recent routing protocol receptions are used to determine the node state. The
source node uses these two node state estimation techniques to construct the reliable path to the destination. This
proposed technique improves the network performance and at the same time prevents attackers intelligently.
Ctcp a cross layer information based tcp for manetijasuc
Traditional TCP cannot detect link contention losses and route failure losses which occur in MANET and
considers every packet loss as congestion. This results in severe degradation of TCP performance. In this
research work, we modified the operations of TCP to adapt to network states. The cross-layer notifications
are used for adapting the congestion window and achieving better performance. We propose Cross-layer
information based Transmission Control Protocol (CTCP) which consists of four network states.
Decelerate state to recover from contention losses, Cautionary state to deal with route failures, Congested
state to handle network congestion and Normal state to be compatible with traditional TCP. Decelerate
state makes TCP slow down if the packet loss is believed to be due to contention rather than congestion.
Cautionary state suspends the TCP variables and after route reestablishment resumes with conservative
values. Congestion state calls congestion control when network is actually congested and normal state
works as standard TCP. Simulation results show that network state based CTCP is more appropriate for
MANET than packet loss based traditional TCP.
Wifi Direct Based Chat And File Transfer Android ApplicationNitin Bhasin
This App allows you to share any kind of file present in SD card to other mobile phone directly at speed of 5+MBps. It even allows to click images shoot videos and directly dend to other device.It also allows to send drawings by having drawing pad in it in various colours and various brush sizes. Web-View is also implemented in it.
Link Of App At Amazon Store: http://www.amazon.com/Wifi-Direct-Chat-Transfer-Application/dp/B00TKFFMZO/ref=sr_1_1?s=mobile-apps&ie=UTF8&qid=1424009545&sr=1-1&keywords=Wifi+Direct+Chat+and+File+Transfer+Application
Analyzing Video Streaming Quality by Using Various Error Correction Methods o...IJERA Editor
Transmission video over ad hoc networks has become one of the most important and interesting subjects of study for researchers and programmers because of the strong relationship between video applications and frequent users of various mobile devices, such as laptops, PDAs, and mobile phones in all aspects of life. However, many challenges, such as packet loss, congestion (i.e., impairments at the network layer), multipath fading (i.e., impairments at the physical layer) [1], and link failure, exist in transferring video over ad hoc networks; these challenges negatively affect the quality of the perceived video [2].This study has investigated video transfer over ad hoc networks. The main challenges of transferring video over ad hoc networks as well as types of errors that may occur during video transmission, various types of video mechanisms, error correction methods, and different Quality of Service (QoS) parameters that affect the quality of the received video are also investigated.
The intent of this paper is to put forth a novel technique for improvising the QoS of multimedia applications in by using Modified dynamic mapping algorithm and Multipath Transport (MPT) and Multi Description Coding (MDC). The improvement is attained by applying the MDC at application layer along with UDPLite in transport layer and multipath at network layer and Modified dynamic mapping in MAC Layer.Thismethod attains an increase of 30.84% in Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and 18.57% decrease in delay in contrast to the conventional methods.
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Video transmission over wireless network requires
link reliability. Videos are having more data to be transmitted
during communication. The criticality and load of the network
increases when some video data is communicated over the
network. Firstly, describes the characteristics of Mobile Ad hoc
Networks and their Routing protocol, and second a mobile ad
hoc network (MANET) which consists of set mobile wireless
nodes and one fixed wireless server are design using ns-2. In this
research we will simulate three MANET routing protocols such
as AODV against three different parameters i.e. delay, network
load, throughput and retransmission.
For further details contact:
N.RAJASEKARAN B.E M.S 9841091117,9840103301.
IMPULSE TECHNOLOGIES,
Old No 251, New No 304,
2nd Floor,
Arcot road ,
Vadapalani ,
Chennai-26.
www.impulse.net.in
Email: ieeeprojects@yahoo.com/ imbpulse@gmail.com
For further details contact:
N.RAJASEKARAN B.E M.S 9841091117,9840103301.
IMPULSE TECHNOLOGIES,
Old No 251, New No 304,
2nd Floor,
Arcot road ,
Vadapalani ,
Chennai-26.
www.impulse.net.in
Email: ieeeprojects@yahoo.com/ imbpulse@gmail.com
ECA MODEL BASED QOS AODV ROUTING FOR MANETSIJCNCJournal
Applications like banking, interactive multimedia, movie on demand, VOIP, etc., are delay sensitive by
nature. The QoS given to users will be affected by network delay, which can be mitigated by employing
QoS routing and efficient data transfer. To build routing table, normal AODV routing uses flooding
technique, which will not consider QoS requirements. Hence QoS based routing which is stable for the
entire application is essential, which understands the dynamic nature of the MANET and establishes the
required route, in minimum possible time. We have proposed an intelligent routing protocol based ECA
model and AODV for establishing QoS route.
The simulation results shows that the ECA model gives better results, while considering the local
connectivity time, source to destination connectivity time, number of data packets successfully delivered to
the destination, local and global error correction time, compared to AODV.
Broadcast Scheduling Protocols in Multi-Hop Mobile Ad hoc NetworksIJCNCJournal
When packets are sending in multi-hop mobile unintended networks numerous problems occur like flooding, rebroadcast, broadcast latency, power conservation and collision. If multiple transmission of packets simultaneously in MANETs that using the slot assignments approach, when additional channels are transmitting at the same time as the first slot allocations, interference may occur at the nodes. Because of the multi-hops data transfer, the network performance is hampered by the constrained bandwidth and therefore the self-initiated topological alterations. Therefore, a broadcast algorithm is important within the mobile ad hoc network for collision control and reliable communication. This paper proposes two new broadcasting protocols: modify SRBS and DSB algorithms. The planned algorithms outperform context of efficiency, reliability, traffic overload and reachability in highly mobile networks is an enhanced performance within the different environments. Evaluation of simulation results with other well-known exiting protocols as DFCN and PEGSP algorithms shows that the proposed protocol performance is best within the wireless network and channel bandwidths are well utilized within the network.
BROADCAST SCHEDULING PROTOCOLS IN MULTIHOP MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSIJCNCJournal
When packets are sending in multi-hop mobile unintended networks numerous problems occur like
flooding, rebroadcast, broadcast latency, power conservation and collision. If multiple transmission of
packets simultaneously in MANETs that using the slot assignments approach, when additional channels are
transmitting at the same time as the first slot allocations, interference may occur at the nodes. Because of
the multi-hops data transfer, the network performance is hampered by the constrained bandwidth and
therefore the self-initiated topological alterations. Therefore, a broadcast algorithm is important within the
mobile ad hoc network for collision control and reliable communication. This paper proposes two new
broadcasting protocols: modify SRBS and DSB algorithms. The planned algorithms outperform context of
efficiency, reliability, traffic overload and reachability in highly mobile networks is an enhanced
performance within the different environments. Evaluation of simulation results with other well-known
exiting protocols as DFCN and PEGSP algorithms shows that the proposed protocol performance is best
within the wireless network and channel bandwidths are well utilized within the network.
Analysis of Multicast Routing Protocols: Puma and OdmrpIJMER
ABSTRACT: In general, Wireless communication is defined as sharing of information between one or more systems
through wireless links. Wireless networks can be categorized into two different modes as infrastructure based and
infrastructure less. Infrastructure based mode is the most common use wireless mode for the end user loop. Infrastructure
fewer modes also called as the Ad hoc mode relies on wireless communications without any fixed infrastructure.
Infrastructure based networks are characterized by their use of access points (AP), or base stations. The most known
example of infrastructure based wireless network is GSM and more recently, Wi-Fi. Ad Hoc networks introduce a new way
of communication. An ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically functions as a network
without the use of any existing infrastructure and centralized administration. Mobile Ad-hoc networking (MANET), an
emerging field of wireless networking is an autonomous system of wireless mobile hosts, connected by wireless links that
dynamically create a temporary network and establish an infrastructure less network. The topology of the network may
change frequently and unpredictably. Multicast routing has been widely applied in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), to
support different group oriented applications like video conferencing, interactions with Special interest groups etc.,
efficiently. This paper presents the comparative analysis of two multicast routing protocols, PUMA and ODMRP.
Keywords: MANET, PUMA, ODMRP, AODV, WMN’s.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AODV, DSDV AND AOMDV USING WIMAX IN NS-2IAEME Publication
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) technology empowers ubiquitous delivery of wireless broadband facility for fixed and mobile users. WiMAX standard describes numerous physical and MAC layer characteristics. Here, an attempt is made to implement some of these physical and MAC layer structures including the mobility extension 802.16e. NS2 (Network Simulator-2) is chosen as the simulator to implement these features as NS2 provides suitable library to simulate network scenario. The performance of the simulated module is analyzed by running AODV, DSDV and AOMDV routing protocols on a wired-cum-wireless WiMAX scenario. The throughput for each routing protocol is calculated for varying number of mobile nodes or subscriber stations.
Design and implementation of new routingIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is a key element in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) design. Indeed, sensor nodes are really constrained by energy supply. Hence, how to improve the network lifetime is a crucial and challenging task. Several techniques are available at different levels of the OSI model to maximize the WSN lifetime and especially at the network layer which uses routing strategies to maintain the routes in the network and guarantee reliable communication. In this paper we intend to propose a new protocol called
Combined Energy and Distance Metrics Dynamic Routing Protocol (CEDM-DR). Our new approach considers not only the distance between wireless sensors but also the energy of node acting as a router in order to find the optimal path and achieve a dynamic and adaptive routing.
The performance metrics exploited for the evaluation of our protocol are average energy consumed, network lifetime and packets lost. By comparing our proposed routing strategy to protocol widely used in WSN namely Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector(AODV), simulation results show that CEDM-DR strategy might effectively balance the sensor power consumption and permits accordingly to enhance the network
lifetime. As well, this new protocol yields a noticeable energy saving compared to its counterpart.
Multicasting Of Adaptively-Encoded MPEG4 Over Qos-Cognizant IP NetworksEditor IJMTER
we propose a novel architectural planning for multicasting of adaptively-encoded
layered MPEG4 over a QoS-aware IP network. We re-quire a QoS-aware IP network in this case to
(1) Support priority dropping of packets in time of congestion. (2) Provide congestion notification to
the multicast sender. For the first requirement, we use RED's extension for service differentiation. It
recognizes the priority of packets when they need to be dropped and drops lower priority packets
first. We couple RED with our proposal for the second requirement which is the adoption of
Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) for use with IP multicast. BECN will provide
early congestion notification at the IP layer level to the video sender. BECN detects upcoming
congestion based on size of the RED queue in the routers. The MPEG4 adaptive-encoder can change
the sending rate and also can divide the video packets into lower priority packets and high priority
packets. Based on BECN messages from the routers, a simple flow controller at the sender sets the
rate for the adaptive MPEG4 encoder and also sets the ratio between the high priority and low
priority packets within the video stream. We use a TES model for generating the MPEG4 traffic that
is based on real video traces. Simulation results show that combining priority dropping, MPEG4
adaptive encoding, and multicast BECN: (1) Improves bandwidth utilization (2) Reduces time to
react to congestion and hence improves the received video quality (3) Maintains graceful degradation
in quality with congestion and provides minimum quality even if congestion persists.
A SURVEY ON MULTIPATH ROUTING STRATEGY IN MULTI-HOP WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK ijiert bestjournal
There are number of routing protocols proposed for the data transmission in WSN. Initially single path routing schemes with number of variations are proposed. Sti ll there were some drawbacks in single path routing . Single path routing was unable to provide the reliability and h igh throughput. Also security level was not conside red while routing. Recently,to remove the drawbacks of the s ingle path routing new routing technique is propose d called as multipath routing. In this paper we discussed the different multipath routing protocols with number of variants. Initiall y multipath routing was proposed for the purpose of guaranteed delivery of packet to sink in case of link or node failure. There are other protocols which are proposed for the reli ability,energy saving,security and high throughpu t. Some multipath routing protocols have discussed the load balancing and security during packet transmission.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
SNR/RP Aware Routing Algorithm: Cross-Layer Design for MANETSijwmn
Routing in MANET is complex due to the fact that the network graph is episodically connected and nodes get only intermittently connected because of nodes mobility, terrain, weather, and jamming that change topology rapidly. In this paper, we propose cross-layer design to achieve a reliable data transmission in MANET. A key challenge is to create a mechanism that can provide good delivery performance and high quality of service in intermittent networks. The key components of our approach include a cross-layer design (CLD) to improve information sharing between different protocol layers. In order to improve the end-to-end performance of MANET, we present mechanism that allows the network layer to adjust its routing protocol dynamically based on SNR and Received Power along the end-to-end routing path for each transmission link. We evaluate our approach using one of common MANET routing protocols, DSR, to illustrate that our CLD improved the performance of DSR.
Similar to Improved Video Transmission over MANETs using MDSR with MDC (20)
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
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Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
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Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
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A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
Web Usage Mining: A Survey on User's Navigation Pattern from Web Logsijsrd.com
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In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Study and Review on Various Current Comparatorsijsrd.com
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Defending Reactive Jammers in WSN using a Trigger Identification Service.ijsrd.com
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and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Improved Video Transmission over MANETs using MDSR with MDC
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 4, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 895
Abstract— MANET does not have any fixed infrastructure,
so the mobile nodes are free to move within a network
which results in dynamic change of network topology. The
Real-time video transport has rigid bandwidth, delay, and a
loss requirement to support this application in Mobile Ad-
Hoc Networks is a challenge. MANET consists of mobile
nodes that cause frequent link failures. This link failure
causes two main problems. First, when a route break occurs,
all packets that have already transmitted on that route are
dropped which degrades the video quality and it decreases
the average packet delivery ratio (PDR). Second, the
transmission of data traffic is halted for the time till a new
route is discovered and it increasing the average end-to-end
delay. For that we have proposed Node-Disjoint Multipath
Routing Based on DSR Protocol with Multiple Description
Coding Technique (MDC). Node-Disjoint Path means there
is no common node between two paths and MDC encode a
media source into two or more sub-bit streams. The sub-
streams, also called descriptions. The experiment has been
done using NS2 simulator with Evalvid for evaluating the
video quality. Our proposed scheme will improve Packet
Delivery Ratio, Throughput and Decreased Average End-to-
End Delay.
Keywords: Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), Multiple
Description Coding (MDC) Packet Delivery Ratio,
Throughput, Average End-to-End Delay.
I. INTRODUCTION
MANET is self- configuring network of mobile node
connected through wireless link. In other words, a MANET
is a collection of communication nodes that wish to
communicate with each other, but has no fixed
infrastructure and no predetermined topology of wireless
links. Every node in a MANET is free to move separately in
any track, and will thus change its links to other devices
repeatedly. Node is free to move separately into the
network. In the recent year , there is growing interest in
video communication over wireless network due to its a lot
applications in the areas of military and other disaster relief
applications with the advances of wireless communication
and video coding technologies. To, providing reliable video
communications over wireless ad-hoc networks has so many
challenges. The challenges begin from the dynamic change
in the network topology of the network and the weakness of
compressed video to packet losses. While the transmission
range of the mobile node is limited, multiple hops are
required for a node to transmit its information to other node
involved in the network for the purpose of energy saving.
So, in MANET, routing protocols are needed to set up
communication paths between nodes. Due to the mobility,
the path between source and destination is break at any time
and thus communication becomes a tedious problem. At the
same time, since the connection is dynamic for all nodes in
MANET, so for that it is needed to design more than one
path between source and destination. This is done using
Routing protocol in MANET, It is term as Multipath
Routing which is store one then one routes in it routing
table. There are two types of multipath node disjoint path
and link disjoint path, node disjoint path means there is no
common node between two path and in link disjoint path
there is no common link between two path.
So, multipath transmission can distribute traffic between a
set of different disassociate paths which is offers load
balance and route failure protection. Thus, from the various
error resilient techniques, Multiple Description Coding with
multipath is useful for transmitting video over wireless lossy
network [1, 2, and 3]. MDC generates multiple descriptions
which are independent with each other so each description
can be reconstructed the source with acceptable quality,
video packet loss because of node mobility and changing
dynamic network topology. MDC with Multipath is robust
technique to losses since all the description are not loss
simultaneously if one description is loss still we get
expectable video quality [4].
In this work, a scheme is design to improved Packet
Delivery Ratio, Throughput and Decreased Average End-to-
End Delay by using Node disjoint multipath using Dynamic
Source routing Protocol with Multiple Description Coding
Techniques.
The work is implemented using NS2 and Evalvid for
simulation and the proposed method of video transmission
over ad hoc network using MDSR with MDC to improve
Packet Delivery Ratio, Throughput and Decreased Average
End-to-End Delay.
The paper is structured as follows. Section II describes the
related work. Section III describes the architecture of the
proposed work Section IV described Results and Section V
conclusion of the paper.
II. RELATED WORK
In Node-disjoint path (NDMP-AODV)for video
transmission in MANET is also useful in the lossy wireless
network[5].node disjoint multipath(NDMP-AODV)are
designed to transmit video on MANET, first find node
disjoint path whenever gets first path towards the
destination it transmit video on that path and all other are
stored as backup route in the routing table[5]. Layer coding
[3] concept is used for video transmission, which encodes
the video into two layers namely, base layer and an
enhancement layer. The base layer (BL), which includes the
crucial part of the video frames, guarantees a basic display
Improved Video Transmission over MANETs using MDSR with MDC
Kavita Tandel1
Hiteishi Diwanji2
Rachana Shelat3
S.P.B.Patel Engineering College, Mehsana, Gujarat
2. Improved Video Transmission over MANETs using MDSR with MDC
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quality. Each enhancement layer (EL) correctly received
improves the video quality. But without the BL, video
frames cannot be reconstructed sufficiently. Due to this
property, it is not possible to partially recover lost
information of one substream, using information carried in
other correctly received substreams. But MDC method
overcomes this problem by generating multiple equally
important streams, each giving a low but acceptable quality.
A good-quality reconstruction is decodable from all bit
streams received together, while a worse, but still tolerable
quality reconstruction is possible only if one stream is
received. The correlation among the substreams introduced
at the encoder makes it possible to partially recover lost
information of one substream, using information carried in
other correctly received substreams. However, such a
correlation limits the achievable coding efficiency, as
compared with a conventional coder designed to maximize
it. A key challenge with this codec is how to control the
mismatch between the reference frames used in the encoder
and those used in the decoder caused by transmission errors.
Supporting video transmission over error-prone mobile ad-
hoc networks is becoming Increasingly[6] important as
these networks become more widely deployed for that this
propose a routing aware multiple description video coding
approach to support video transmission over mobile ad-hoc
networks with multiple path transport and build a statistical
model to estimate the packet loss probability of each packet
transmitted over the network based on the standard ad-hoc
routing messages and network parameters then estimate the
probability of frame loss and select. Multiple description
coding (MDC)[7] to the compressed domain, by proposing
efficient splitting of standard single description coded
(SDC) video into a multi-stream representation. A novel
multiple description video splitting (MDVS) scheme is
proposed to operate at network edges, for increased
robustness in path diversity video streaming across
heterogeneous communications chains. It is shown that poor
performance of existing methods is mainly due to distortion
accumulation, i.e., drift, when decoding is carried out with
missing descriptions. In[8]MDC with optimal picture
classification into two priorities. A binary classification
algorithm is proposed to define high (HP) and low (LP)
priority network abstraction layer units (NALU), which in
turn define the packet priorities. An optimization algorithm
is used to find HP pictures, based on dynamic programming
and relying on minimization of the packet loss concealment
distortion. The paper shows that the proposed algorithm is
able to effectively improve the decoded video without
increasing the MDC stream Redundancy. The overall
performance evaluation, carried out by simulating MDC
video streaming over lossy networks with path diversity,
demonstrates that the proposed algorithm yields higher
video quality for a wide range of packet loss rates (PLR).
III. PROPOSED WORK NODE-DISJOINT MULTIPATH
DSR ROUTING PROTOCOL (MDSR) WITH MULTIPLE
DESCRIPTION CODING TECHNIQUE (MDC)
1) Design Node-Disjoint Multipath using DSR
Routing Protocol.
2) Encoding Video Using Multiple Descriptions
Coding Technique.
In this section, the proposed MDSR protocol is described.
The main goal of MDSR is to find all available node
disjoint routes between a source-destination pair and store
all the route in routing cache in FIFO form and after that
transmit video using MDC on that path. To achieve this goal
MDSR protocol works in three phases: (i) Route Discovery
Phase, (ii) Route Selection Phase and (iii) Route
Maintenance Phase.
A. Design Node-Disjoint Multipath using DSR Routing
Protocol.
1) Route Discovery Phase
In Route Discovery phase there are two Message 1) Route
Request Message and 2) Route Reply Message are use for
determined route from source to destination. The source
node floods the RREQ message into network. Each
intermediate node that received RREQ ,check whether it is
duplicate or new one searching in its Seen Table. Seen
Table stores two entries (i.e. Sequence No and RREQ ID
(REQ_𝑖𝑑)) that uniquely identify a RREQ message in the
network. If an entry is present in the Seen Table for the
received RREQ message, it is considered a duplicate RREQ
message and discarded without further broadcasting.
Otherwise, the node creates an entry in the Seen Table and
updates its routing cache for forward path before
broadcasting the RREQ message.
Sequence No Request ID Route Record Seen Flag
Table (1): MDSR Seen Table Structure
In MDSR, only Destination node can send Route Reply
Message (RREPs) Receiving upon RREQ Message from
source node. The intermediate nodes are forbidden to send
RREP message even if they have an active route to
destination. This is done to get the node-disjoint route. In
MDSR the destination node has to send a RREP message
for each RREQ received, even if the RREQ is a duplicate
one. In Seen Table I add extra field that work as flag known
as seen flag and another Route Record Filed. This flag is set
to FALSE initially. When entry is inserted in Seen Table
after receiving first RREQ message and node which
receives RREQ that entry is stored in Route Record. The
RREP Message initiated by Destination node in MDSR
contains two extra field which is Broadcast ID (b_id) and
Route Record.
3. Improved Video Transmission over MANETs using MDSR with MDC
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Address[1]
…..
Address[2]
Broadcast ID(b_id)
Route Record
Option
Type
Opt
Data
Len
L Reserved
Table (2): MDSR Route Reply Message Structure
The route Discovery method use to discover Node-disjoint
Path. When destination node receives a RREQ message, It
creates the corresponding RREP message. The destination
node copies the REQ_id from the received RREQ message
into the b_id field of sent RREP message and route record
from which RREQ had Traversed. This RREP message is
unicast towards the originator of RREQ using reverse path
to construct the forward path. For every received RREQ (i.e.
either first or duplicate), the destination node do the above
mention process.
When the intermediate nodes in the reverse path receive the
RREP message, they check the seen flag value in their Seen
Table and also check Route record in seen table. If the seen
flag is set to FLASE, this indicates that this is the first
RREP message on the reverse path towards the source node.
So, the intermediate nodes send the RREP towards the
source and reset the value of seen flag. When the
intermediate node get RREP message for same RREQ
message it check route record in seen table if Route record
is same as got earlier Route then node simply discards
RREP base on Route record in seen flag. When the route
record is different Than RREP message for the same RREQ
message they reset value in their seen table .now value of
seen flag is FALSE and intermediate nodes send the RREP
towards the source and reset the value of seen flag. Due to
this, the intermediate nodes can take part on any two route
from the existing multiple routes.
MDSR Route discovery process when a node receives
RREQ message.
𝑁 = Node
𝑆 = Source Node
𝐷 = Destination Node
𝐼 = Intermediate Node
𝑆 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑟 = Source IP Address
D 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑟 = Destination IP Address
REQ _𝑖𝑑 = REQ id field of RREQ
𝐵 _𝑖𝑑 = broadcast id field of RREP
R=Route Record
S _flag= FALSE// Initial value of seen flag seen table
n_routes
𝑋 = FALSE
Count=0
if 𝑆 has data to send then
if 𝑆 has route for 𝐷 then
Startdata _transmission ()
end if
else
insert RREQ _seen table()
insert _seen table()//insert entry in seen table to check
for duplicates
initiate _RREQ flooding()
end if
if 𝑁 receives a RREQ message then
if N≡ S ˅ N ≡ I then
X=check _seen table()// check for duplicate RREQs
if X then
discard _RREQ())// drop RREQ without rebroadcasting
else
relay_RREQ ()//rebroadcast RREQ
else
N is the destination
B id=REQ id
R=Link list of source to destination path
Initiate _RREP()// destination node send unicast
RREP on forward route to create reverse route given in
Route record
end if
end if
MDSR route discovery process when node receives RREP
message
if N receives RREP then
if N≠S then
X=check_seen flag()//check and return the value of seen
flag from seen table
if ¬X & R then
insert_first_route() // Insert first route in routing cache
change_seen flag() // reset the value of seen flag in seen
table
Relay_RREP() // forward RREP towards Source
else
if X then
check_R()// if route record is different from earlier send
RREP
change_seen flag() // reset the value of seen flag in table
insert_secondary_route() // Insert secondary route in
routing cache
change_seen flag()
else
if R then
insert_Backup_route () //is multiple routes are stored at
intermediate nodes
discard_RREP() // drop the duplicate RREP to ensure the
finding of node-disjoint route
end if
else
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X=check_seen flag()
if N≠S then
insert_first_route()
change_seen flag()
else if
change_seen flag()
insert_secondary_route()
else
change_seen flag()
Count=count_route() // count the number of active backup
route for destination in routing cache
If Count<n_route then
insert_backup_route()// insert Backup route in routing cach
else
discard_RREP ()
end if
end if
end if
end if
end if
The DSRM algorithm is principally design to find node-
disjoint Multipath routes, store that route in routing cache
and transmit video on that Multipath. I will use the
following notation
𝑆 = Source Node
𝐷 = Destination Node
Here, I use one network topology to demonstrate algorithm
Fig. 1: MDSR route Discovery Process
Above Figure 1 show that how route discovery process in
MDSR and how to get all node-disjoint paths between
source and destination. Suppose node S is source node and
node D is Destination node, When Source node S has data
to send Destination node D. Then Node S start route
Discovery process by flooding route request (RREQ) in the
network. Now guess that node D received first route request
from intermediate node I at time t0 and Destination node D
is initiate route reply (RREP1). RREP1 is unicast towards
the Source node S through reverse path
D→I→H→G→F→A→S. When RREP1 is received
through an intermediate node along the reverse path each
intermediate node reset the seen flag in their Seen Table and
check the route record. Now assume that Destination node
received duplicate route request from intermediate node L at
time t1.
Then again Destination node initiate RREP2 and send it
toward the source node S to reverse path it came to
D→L→K→J→B→S and reset seen flag value and check
route record. finally at time t2 Destination node D received
another duplicate RREQ message from intermediate node R.
Destination node D initiate RREP3 and send it towards the
source node S Through R. when route RREP3 reach to M. it
check seenflag value and route record before forwarding to
next hop. If route is there in route record and seenflag value
is set to true. So node M considers RREP3 as duplicate
RREP and discard message. This route discovery process is
help to maintain the node-disjoint property of our algorithm.
Route selection Phase & Data Transmission
When source node get it first route it start send one
description and when other description is send through
secondary route. The other node-disjoint routes which are
discover later after first and secondary route are stored in
routing cache as backup route. The route selection process
works in FIFO pattern so whenever first or secondary route
are not active then it will select route from backup route
stored in routing cache for transmission.
2) Route maintenance Phase
Route maintenance process is invoked when an active route
is broken during transmission of data. I will try to
implement and analyze the performance of two route
maintenance method in case route is broken.
1) When Transmission route is break, then the different
routes in the same route cache are used to salvage
packets that are in the way towards the destination. This
scheme is increases video packet delivery ratio without
retransmission.
2) In second route maintenance method, the source node
starts the route discovery process as soon as it finds out
that there is only one active path remaining in routing
cache. In this way, the source has routes for destination
at all time. This greatly reduces the delay caused by the
rerouting process which is triggered by a route break.
B. Encoding Video Using Multiple Descriptions Coding
(MDC) Technique
1) A multiple description (MD) coder encodes a media
stream into two decodable streams which is called
Description and transmits these descriptions
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independently over the network. This description is
assigned to the two paths by a traffic allocator. Traffic
allocator assign first and second path from routing
cache in Link List order and transmit description on
that path if path fail than route maintenance process.
2) The description reach at destination, all description are
put into re-sequencing buffer to get the original order of
description.
3) Finally, the video data is extracted from the re-
sequencing buffer to be decoded and displayed.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Implementation and simulation of the proposed work
This work is simulated using NS2 and Evalvid and compare
proposed scheme with DSR routing for different
performance metric Packet Delivery Ratio, Throughput and
Average End-to-End Delay. I create network topology using
25node and give mobility to that node for movement. I have
design multiple path using DSR routing protocol and
divided video into two sub-sequence frame and those
frame are encoded into two descriptor using MPEG-4
encoder. First I have taken one YUV Video, which is
Flower_cif.yuv and the resolution of that video is
352×288.This video file is converted to a file as video input
which has considering Inter packet time (sec), Frame size
(bytes), Packet type, Packet priority, Maximum Fragment
Size (bytes) using the mpeg trace converter while NS2 does
not support real time video. This video input file is further
encoded by MDC coding and it has given as input to the
Evalvid.
1) I have add myevalvid/myudp.o,
myevalvid/myevalvid_sink.o and
myevalvid/myevalvid.o in the OBJ_CC list in the
Makefile of NS2
2) After that i have add some extra coding lines in
packet.h, agent.h, agent.cc of the Makefile in order to
support Inter packet time (sec), Frame size (bytes),
Packet type, Packet priority, Maximum Fragment Size
(bytes),sendtime of frame in NS2
3) Recompile the Makefile.in First we transmit video
using DSR routing protocol and analyze the
performance metrics Packet Delivery Ratio,
Throughput and Average End-to-End Delay and
compare this performance metrics results with our
proposed scheme MDSR with MDC performance
metrics results.
Parameters Values
Simulator NS2
Number of Nodes 10,15,20,25
Area Size 500*500
MAC 802.11
Traffic Source CBR
Video Flower_cif(352 ×288)
Video Codification MPEG-4
Frame Size 22 to 27650 bytes
Simulation Time(s) 100,200,300
Pause Time(s) 0 To 100
Bandwidth 10mb
Data Rate 10mb
Routing Protocol DSR,MDSR
Interface Queue CMUPriQueue
Transmission Protocol UDP
Table (3): Simulation Parameter
B. Results and Analysis
Fig. 2: Packet Delivery Ratio Vs Simulation Time Value
Figure 2 shows the results of simulation using DSR to
transmit video, the packet delivery ratio is less but using
MDSR packet delivery ratio is increases.
Fig. 3: Packet Delivery Ratio Vs. No of Node
Figure 3 shows Packet Delivery Ratio (%) is measured as
average number of packets received at destinations during
transmission time and its average is taking place for number
of nodes. Packet Delivery Ratio is decreased when the
number of nodes increased.
Fig. 4: Throughput Vs. Simulation Time Values
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Figure 4 shows the results of simulation using DSR to
transmit video, Throughput is less but using MDSR
Throughput increase but as simulation time increases
throughput is decreases.
Fig. 5: Throughput Vs. No of Nodes
Figure 5 shows Throughput (Kbps) is measured as average
number of data packets received at destinations during the
time of sensing and Average of Throughput is taking place
base on number of nodes. Throughput is decreased when No
of Nodes increased.
Fig. 6: Average End-to-End Delay vs. Simulation Time
Values
Figure 6 shows the results of simulation using DSR delay is
high but using MDSR delay is decreases as simulation time
increases.
Fig. 7: Avg. End-to-End Delay vs. No of Nodes
Figure 7 shows End-to-end delay (sec) is measured as
average time afar a packet originate on the source node and
packet receives at the destination node and its average is
taking place based on number of nodes. End-to-End delay
decreased at node 10 but it will increase at node 25.
Above results are obtained from implementing both DSR
and MDSR in various performance metrics with different
simulation time and different pause time. The results are
based on statistic multipath which is positive and
encouraging. So the video transmission using routing and
Evalvid which shows that the video quality can be
considerable with propose scheme.
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The Real-time video transport has rigid bandwidth, delay,
and a loss requirement to support this application in Mobile
Ad-Hoc Networks. Because MANET consists of mobile
nodes that cause frequent link failures. This link failure
causes two main problems Packet Loss and Delay Because
of Retransmission of Packet for the reason that Video
quality is degrade. To improve video quality the node-
disjoint multipath with DSR Routing protocol and multiple
description coding technique is proposed. Node-Disjoint
Multipath we transmit one description on one path and
second description on second path. Which improve Packet
Delivery Ratio, Throughput and Average End-to-End delay.
Existing work can be extended to including High mobility
and Route Selection process in multipath and implement
this work in realistic scenario.
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