Implied Consent

Implied Consent
Whenever possible, consent should be conducted in privacy and it must be ensured that the patient or their next of kin, or their legal guardian is
fully aware regarding the objective and process of giving consent, be comfortable and composed (Malaysian Medical Council, 2013). There are
various types of consent, where it includes implied consent, expressed consent, informed consent, verbal consent and nonverbal consent. Implied
consent is a consent which is not expressly granted by a person, but rather inferred from a person's actions, the facts and circumstances of a particular
situation or in some cases, by a person's silence or inaction. This type of consent may become an issue if there is any dissent or disagreement arising
from the patient's
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Nursing and Consent
Institution Name Student Name Student ID Topic: Choose an aspect of the law and discuss this in relation to the role of the nurse. (Consent) Word
Count: 1,146 (One thousand, one hundred and forty six) There are a number of legal and ethical duties expected of nurses. Most of these involve care
for patient's autonomy and confidentiality despite the medical care. Failure to act regarding these can give rise to liability. One aspect of Patient's
autonomy involves giving or withholding his consent about treatment. This paper takes into account 'consent' as the aspect of law regarding nursing.
Consent is defined by NHS Choices (2010) as: "the principle that a person must give... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The process of consent should apply not only to surgical procedures but all clinical procedures and examinations which involve any form of touching.
This must not mean more forms: it means more communication. As part of the process of obtaining consent, except when they have indicated
otherwise, patients should be given sufficient information about what is to take place, the risks, uncertainties, and possible negative consequences of
the proposed treatment, about any alternatives and about the likely outcome, to enable them to make a choice about how to proceed."5 Besides, if a
person lacks mental capacity to give valid consent, nurses caring for such a person should be involved in assessing the treatment to be administered.
However, they must be "aware of the legislation regarding mental capacity, ensuring that people who lack capacity remain at the centre of decision
making and are fully safeguarded."6 The Mental Capacity Act (2005) offers assistance regarding 'capacity'. The Act applies to all aged 16 and above
and to those with learning disability, dementia, brain injury, autism and mental health issues. The Act presumes 'capacity' in relation to adults unless
situation exists otherwise. It requires extending all sorts of help to the person in question before drawing conclusion that they cannot consent. Even an
apparently unwise decision if is extended by a person of full

Confidentiality and Informed Consent
Claudia Lewis
PSY/305
6/29/15
Dr. Daniel Williams Jr, PsyD, MSW
Introduction
Dear client this paper is to inform you, of your right to confidentiality, and further more explain the process of informed consent. In the world of
Psychology and counseling, confidentiality and informed consent has been the cornerstone to our practices (University of Phoenix, 1994). This paper
will help you to understand how the things you say during the counseling sessions may have legal implications against you; by first explaining the
decision of Tarasoff v. the board of Regents of the University ofCalifornia, followed by how it relates to the therapist–client relationship ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The law consists of types of information that patients must be given in order to make informed decisions about getting medical care, diagnostic test, or
treatment ("American Cancer Society", 2014). When informed consent has taken place correctly the information that which is given must be clearly
understood by the patient; it's up to the patient to ask questions about any information they don't understand. The patient must be given the opportunity
to look over the information and ask questions, the patient must also not be pressured to make their own decisions, as the informed consent assumes
that when the patient is making these decisions they are not pressured to do so ("American Cancer Society", 2014). The process of Informed consent
and refusal consist of first the patient being told about the possible risks and benefits of the treatment, followed by being told about the risk and benefits
of other options which include not getting treatment ("American Cancer Society", 2014). The Patient is then given the chance to ask questions and
have them answered to their satisfaction, followed up with being given enough time to discuss the plan with family members or advisors ("American
Cancer Society", 2014). The patient is then able to use all the information given to them to make a decision that they feel is

Dilemma Of Informed Consent
Currently, there are nearly as many human biological samples stored in the United States as there are people in the United States, and many of the
sources of the samples remain unknown because informed consent was not previously required. The main dilemma between informed consent and
scientists lies within the ethics and practicality of research on tissue removed from a patient's body for surgical purposes. Meanwhile, the tissues are
studied in labs across the country. In recent years, the HeLa cell line and the cells backstory have precipitated outrage towards how the tissue was
obtained, managed, and the inadequacy of informed consent from Henrietta Lacks and her family. Since then, other cases have become public
regarding the lack... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The medical definition of informed consent is "The process by which a patient learns about and understands the purpose, benefits, and potential risks of
a medical or surgical intervention, including clinical trials, and agrees to receive the treatment or participate in the trial. Informed consent generally
requires the patient or responsible party to sign a statement confirming that they understand the risks and benefits of the procedure or treatment"
(Medical Definition of Informed consent). The definition goes over medical and surgical procedures when the tissue is still part of the patient;
however, tissue removed from the patient during an operation, is not mentioned. Consequently, a gray area emerges and scientists scramble to decipher
between what is ethical and what is practical. The ethical side corresponds to the patient's right to their body, including his or her tissue. Although,
again, there are not any laws protecting a human's right to their tissues removed from the body. The practical side relates to the cost of future research
and patient confidentially in terms of linking unidentified tissue samples to the original patient. The practicality of voiding using consent forms, in
terms of tissue, eliminates the confusion within the scientific community, reduces additional cost burdens and decreases potential privacy breaches to
the original patient. Scientists, including David Korn,

Informed Consent
Informed consent is a necessary part of establishing and sustaining counseling relationships. Informed consent forms should always include
confidentiality and the duty to warn and protect. This can be especially challenging for school counselors because the students that they counsel are
minors. School counselors should also include the possible risks and potential benefits of counseling as a part of their informed consent. There is no
legal requirement to obtain informed consent from parents or guardians when counseling minors. However, many schools have policies requiring
parents to sign an informed consent before the school counselor can provide individual or group counseling services to students.
School counselors are faced with the challenging ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At times, collaboration can lead to revealing information that the student revealed in counseling sessions. School counselors should be cautious when
discussing students with other school personnel. They should educate school personnel about the role of the school counselor and the importance of
confidentiality. School counselors should share only the information that is necessary and helpful to the care and education of the student (Baker &
Gerler, 2008). They should share strategies to help students while keeping specific information disclosed during counseling sessions confidential.
School Counselors also consult with one another at times to ensure that they provide the best counseling services. It is best for the counselor be honest
with the student and tell them about plans to consult with another counselor and ask for their permission to discuss their

Essay on Informed Consent
Informed consent is the basis for all legal and moral aspects of a patient's autonomy. Implied consent is when you and your physician interact in which
the consent is assumed, such as in a physical exam by your doctor. Written consent is a more extensive form in which it mostly applies when there is
testing or experiments involved over a period of time. The long process is making sure the patient properly understands the risk and benefits that could
possible happen during and after the treatment. As a physician, he must respect the patient's autonomy. For a patient to be an autonomous agent, he must
have legitimate moral values. The patient has all the rights to his medical health and conditions that arise. When considering ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I do not believe it is right to make a prisoner do something he does not want to do just because there is a subject needed for research. Also, prisoners
may give consent to have a little freedom from their everyday environment. The Nuremburg Code and the Belmont Report were brought upon to
protect the prisoner subjects from harm and to give them protection from being forced to consent in research. It also protects prisoners from being a
population that is turned to for experimental subjects in research. The poor population will easily give consent to a research experiment because they
will easily get money due to their voluntary role in the experiment. Although the money compensation sounds great to the unfortunate populations,
there is no concern, other than money, or thought put into the overall experiment outcomes. They participate in the research, but do not take into
consideration the down side affect it may cause. During a research, there are many people that did not know that giving consent to a research also
meant that you could withdraw from the research program if it was necessary at any given period ( Nelson Merz, 70). The terminally ill patients are
also coerced to give consent because they are hoping that by participating will help them get well. Prisoners, poor population, and terminally ill patients
are unethical subjects towards research because both are easily targeted and will accept such small compensation

The Importance Of Informed Consent
What is informed consent and when, why and how must the physician obtained this consent? From the Medicine Net they defined Informed Consent as
"The process by which a patient learns about the procedure, understands the purpose, benefits, and potential risks of a medical or surgical intervention,
including clinical trails, and then agrees to receive the treatment or participate in the trial. Informed consent generally requires the patient or responsible
party to sign a statement confirming that they understand the risks and benefits of the procedure or treatment."
Informed consent needs to be obtained by the physician when a procedure with anesthesia is used, if the patient is undergoing any type of surgery, a
procedure that is entering the body through the skin or through a body cavity, or if the patient is asked to be in a clinical research trial. This type of
consent is necessary so the patient and the physician are both on the same page of the patient's understanding and willingness to participate in the
procedure. It is also for the patient to know their right to stop the procedure before or during the procedure. It also informs the patient that if they do not
want the procedure they have alternatives they can choose from.
The American Medical Association describes the 8 steps on how to obtain Informed consent, as: "The Physician informs participants about (1) the
purpose of the procedure, expected duration and procedures; (2) their right to decline to participate and

Informed Consent in Healthcare
The Doctor and Patient relationship aspect of Medicine has changed drastically in the last twenty years. It has evolved from paternalism (the doctor
makes the decision for the patient) to shared decision making where the patient is considered an equal partner in his/her own health related decisions.
Informed consent is the cornerstone for this view. When a patient or a research subject makes an autonomous decision after understanding, the risks
and benefits involved with the decision is Informed consent. Complete Informed consent covers the following components: competency, disclosure,
comprehension and voluntary. Competency refers to the requirement for the individual to be of legal age and be mentally competent to understand the
process.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This meaning is subjective and can be different for each provider. Another issue with the implementation of Informed consent arises when the patient
waives the right to Informed consent and leaves the right to make the decision on the physician. Though legally correct, this can cause psychological
stress for the physician especially when the decision is about a life threatening medical condition. Moreover, this also makes the patient vulnerable to
abuse. (Manthous, DeGirolamo, 2003) Legally and ethically under Informed consent a patient has the right to refuse specialty treatment or referral
but needs to be informed about the risks involved with delay or lack of the specific treatment recommended. Mostly, if the patient does agree to visit
the specialist then, the specialist is responsible for the informed consent for the specific treatment. But is has been contested and help in courts that
the primary care physician still is responsible for the patients welfare in all phases of treatment. For a provider in a busy practice it is difficult to keep
track of all the referrals and at times, the specialist's office has a different outlook on the matter. The learned intermediary doctrine puts the
responsibility of drugs related informed consent unto the physician. This doctrine provides that manufacturers of prescription drugs and medical
devices discharge their duty of care to patients by providing

Informed Consent Essay
Healthcare Consent legislation applies to everyone above the age of 18 (some places 16) and has the following rights (Ref 1)
1)The right to give or refuse consent
2)The right to choose a particular form of healthcare on any grounds including moral or religious grounds
3)The right to revoke consent
4)The right to expect that a decision to give, refuse or revoke consent will be respected
5)The right to be involved to the greatest degree possible in all case planning and decision making
Mostly all nursing actions are an invasion of a person's privacy and giving consent is carried out by going into the hospital or being treated at home.
So one can say that consent is based on the principle of respect for a fellow human being. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The foundation of modern day informed consent is based on his statement "Every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine
what should be done with his (or her) own body."(3) There were many historical events that lead to present day consent acts. Some of them were as
follows (ref #3)
1) Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in Black Men (1932–1973) 2) The Nuremberg Code as a result of the Nazi Medical Experiment during World
War II (1947)
3) The Thalidomide experiment that resulted in birth defects (1950)
4) The declaration of Helsinki (1964)
I feel these events all had a big role in shaping modern day HCCA and Consent legislature.Previously, a simple consent question would be "did the
patient agree to surgery?" (Ref 2), which now has evolved into "Did the physician provide the patient with adequate amount of information for the
patient to consent?" This newer version of the legislation allows the nurse to participate in proper advocacy so as to promote patient autonomy in
self–determination.
Initially informed consent meant saying "YES" to any treatment or intervention laid out by the physician and advocated by a nurse (Ref 1). Now
informed consent means being able to say "NO" and this in itself is a part of exercising ones autonomy.(Ref2)Nurses should practice with the
knowledge that clients must consent to be touched ,to have treatments administered ,

Informed Consent
The importance of ethics in social psychology is to ensure that participants are treated fairly throughout the entire research process. The way to ensure
fairness is to give participants knowledge and exactly what to expect during the study. Researchers are responsible for preventing participants from
harm according to the APA Code ofEthics. The best way to protect participants during a study is to keep participants' information and responses
anonymous and confidential. Researchers must also avoid distress for participants during the study and after also as a means of protecting the client
from harm.
Informed consent is an essential part of the research process. Informed consent allows participants the choice to participate in the study or

Informed Consent In Canada
The Canadian RN's role in informed consent to treatment procedureIntroduction. Informed consent stands for self–determination and respect for
autonomy. Autonomy is the most influential ethical principle and the main focal point in health care. It is a major concept in relation to informed
consent and its simplest form can be seen as the patient's right to determine what will or will not be done to his or her body. Expanding societal values
and evolving patient centred healthcare system influences nursing practice greatly. In Canada, physicians are legally responsible for obtaining
informed consent but nurses are also involved in every aspect of the informed consent process. For e.g. Nurses can perform this role when they notice
that patients... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nurses are always the front line care giver of patients. A review of literature of nursing ethics about informed consent has been performed. It strongly
demonstrates the importance of informed consent and that nurses are the key players for the advocacy role to protect the patient's right. In Canada
informed consent has been exercising in a broad way and to enforce this action College of Nurses states that; nurses are accountable for obtaining
informed consent. The most important part of the consent process is informing the client. It is useless to get the client's signature, if the client is not
well informed and made fully understood. In practice, nurses are only witnessing the consent and they are not verifying if the informed consent was
taken. (CNO, 2013). Similarly, Canadian Nurses Association, (2009), further emphasizes the value of informed consent by promoting and respecting
informed decision making. It is one of the ethical responsibilities of Canadian registered nurses. Nurses can play a vital role on behalf of their clients
in obtaining informed consent process as a resource person, a co–ordinator or a facilitator to support their client to make an informed decision making.
(CNA,

Informed Consent Language
Analyze the various ways language can influence the process of obtaining informed consent from a patient or a potential participant in a clinical
research study. Be sure to consider issues of comprehension and fluency, as well as perceived issues of power and coercion. It will be helpful to read
the following article to inform your analysis:
Informed consent is a process by which the participants voluntarily give their consent to be enrolled in the trail. This requires the person obtaining the
consent to be able to clearly explain the nature and goals of the research, and all other essential information that the participant may want to know in a
manner that promotes participants understanding. This is the key to informed consent and will require

Informed Consent In Counseling
Relating to Clients As a counselor, there are certain guidelines that we must follow as it relate to the treatment of a client. Research states that
"Informed consent is an ongoing part of the counseling process, and counselors appropriately document discussions of informed consent throughout the
counseling relationship" (ACA, 2014, p.4). This guideline is crucial to the well–being of the client, because it allows the client to decide if they want to
continue this client–counselor relationship. It also, exhibits that the counselor is in compliance with all federal state laws to protect themselves and
their practice. Most clients who choose to participate in counseling have never participated however, it is important to provide an overview of

Consent
Health care professionals are obliged by common law to obtain consent before any medical treatment is given to a patient. Every person has the right
to decide what happens to his or her body, therefore, can choose to accept or refuse medical treatment (Townsend & Luck, 2013, p. 93). This article
aims to outline what is determined as lawful consent and how it applies in paramedic practice.
There are three main types of consent, verbal, written or implied. We take implied consent to be something such as a nod of the head or holding out an
arm to have a blood pressure reading. (Townsend & Luck, 2013, p. 94). To be considered valid consent the permission must be voluntary, that is, they
must not be under any duress or unduly influenced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Devereux, 2007, p. 196). In Australia, an adult is recognised as someone eighteen years of age or older (Townsend & Luck, 2013, p. 92). Children
and those suffering from a mental illness or mental handicap are deemed incompetent and thus incapable of giving consent to treatment (Devereux,
2007, pp. 196–198). A child's parent or guardian can lawfully give consent (White et al., 2010, p. 114).
In summary, a paramedic should adhere to a patient's ethical right of autonomy. Where possible they should obtain informed consent using the laws and
ethical guidelines set down. If a patient is incapable of giving consent, any medical treatment provided must be required and in the patients best interest.
References
Devereux, J. A. (2007). Australian Medical Law. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge
–Cavendish.
Townsend, R., & Luck, M. (2013). Applied Paramedic Law and Ethics: Australia and New Zealand. Sydney, NSW: Melinda McEvoy.
Tunnage, B., Swain, A., & Waters, D. (2015). Regulating our emergency care paramedics. The New Zealand Medical Journal (Online), 128(1421),
55–58,6. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1712457079?accountid=8194
White, B., McDonald, F., & Willmott, L. (2010). Health Law In Australia. Sydney: Thomson

Consent Decree History
Consent Decree history The decree allows PROs to grant a blanket license or a license to agree or pay on a per program basis. The decree also
stops the discrimination of rates among PROs. It also grants the licensee, on request of the license and the licensee is able to use the work while the
license is in progress. This decree created a system of equality, where publishers and songwriters an equally paid for the work. This system also creates
a direct flow from performance shares to the songwriter without enforcing the un–recoupable payment not met by the songwriter (Davis). Process of
Amending the Consent decree ASCAPs negotiations with new media in the 1950s have pushed the DOJ to be more in favor of enforcing the decree.
In the 1950s, ASCAP saw an opportunity to use the new profitable medium, television, to help radio broadcasters preform music on their television
stations. ASCAP offered license to broadcasters to perform music on the stations, but broadcaster had an unfair advantage it prices for those music
selections. Broadcasters were treated unfairly and movie producers were treat unfair in negation between performance rights (NRB, MLC).... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the silent film era, 1920s, motion picture theaters were given licenses for each live performance being played at the beginning of the show, but
ASCAP didn't offer them a blanket license to cover rights for future use. Long after sound was being put in to movies, which music was pre–recorded
on the film, ASCAP gave licenses on a per–film bases, not giving the theater owners blanket licensing options to be considered. This lead to films that
were given to theaters coverage for everything except for the music in the film (NRB,

Informed Consent
Informed Consent Informed consent is a formal agreement that a patient/member signs to give permission for a medical procedure or program after an
explanation of risks and benefits are given to the patient/member (Merriam–Webster.com, 2015). Another definition for informed consent is, "tenet
requiring that competent patients, who are free to consent, be sufficiently informed and be the principal decision makers in their own care" (Brannigan,
2001). Informed consent came into discussion many centuries ago. There were many issues that occurred during medical experiments which led to
informed consent being introduced in the Nuremberg Code. The definite principle of informed consent is stated in the Nuremberg Code as follows
with regards to acceptable... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reference guide acknowledges that "seeking and giving" consent is usually a process rather than an on–off event as some medical professional act.
Informed consent is considered very important prior to undertaking any medical procedures or treatment. Informed consent can also serve to protect
patients' autonomy. Patient autonomy gives the patient the right to make decisions about their healthcare without the regards of their healthcare
provider. Also, informed consent helps to ensure the patient's confidence in the medical professional and the treatment plan by limiting the perception
of dishonesty and peer–pressure. Some patients become hesitant to sign documents due to fear and uncertainty in the medical professional. But, if the
informed consent has been explained thoroughly and obtained in an appropriate manner than this will help the patient become less resisted with the
medical

Informed Consent
LAW AND ETHICS| IS INFORMED CONSENT AN ABSTRACT CONCEPT IN HEALTH TODAY?| | This essay will focus on both negative and
positive attributes on 'Is informed consent an abstract concept in health today'. For this essay we have interpreted the topic as Medical staff in health
care has to use abstract means, such as word books or demonstrations to promote patients having understanding whilst vulnerable for informed consent.|
| | 16th November 2010| | With the development of medical sciences, mortality and morbidity related to medical treatment and management has reduced.
Further effort to reduce this further is an ongoing process (Subhash, 2005). Unforeseen and expected complications and even death do occur during the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Very young * Very old In these situations where a patient may not be able to ensure they are informed lawfully, it then becomes the medical staff's
moral Duty to advocate for the patient to protect them, this involves ensuring enough information, that can be tolerated and is amoebic to the situation is

Consent Vs Formal Consent
Is it better to scrutinize the idea of consent on the fact that consent should be partially given or that we should be required to give full consent for all
that we do? I believe that consent, in all of its importance should not always be fully mandatory. O'neill however did not believe this. He felt that full
consent should be given at all times, whether it be hypothetical or actual consent. Throughout this response essay I will be talking about the two
different types of consent in which O'neill's perspective is founded and I will also be telling why it is dangerous to follow this reasoning and why I
do not agree with this point of view. Consent is a key component to how we live our lives. It is something we use more frequently than we ... Show
This style may be used in the condition in which a person would consent if he or she were in the position of doing so. We would say it might be
acceptable to perform an operation on an unresponsive person because they might have been inclined to consent if they were able to do so.
The argument that I have against hypothetical consent is that: who is to say what is rational and was is not rational. It can also override actual
dissent, this can be very problematic in take for instance the example of the unconscious victim. The comatose person may be suffering from a terminal
disease or may be towards the end of their life and do not have the funds to support a medical operation. Not having the operation may be what they
actually want to do but by performing it the doctors would be going against the patient's actual consent. Although the perspective force of hypothetical
consent is effective, some have argued that hypothetical consent is not real consent, and it cannot do any moral good.
In conclusion, I believe O'neill did an excellent job classifying the different types of consent. Hypothetical and Actual consent are applicable to almost
everything in life, but the pitfalls that come along with any type of consent are too great to be

Elements Of Informed Consent
Informed consent & Documentation
There was no informed consent given to the participants to be part of the dataset. It is evidence that Kirkegard and Bjerrekaer's did not meet the 6
subsections under Part B of informed consent: (1 & 2) elements of informed consent, (3 & 4) of IRB approval of consent procedure, (5) not to
preempt federal and local laws, and (6) not to limit physicians' care.
As the researchers did not find it necessary to inform OKCupid users, no consent was obtained, nor the use of an IRB. By suggesting that the "data is
already public" (Kirkegard & Bjerrekaer, 2016), it relinquishes accountability; of the harm that can arise, and the ethical issues regarding their dataset.
Zimmer (2016) makes it clear that public ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This would, in effect, hide the identity of the subject, so that they are not discovered by colleagues or friends. In addition, the scrappers could be
limited in what is collected to prevent personally identifiable information (PII) to be found by those who request the data set.
Fairness
Kirkegard and Bjerrekaer collected data from people who answered at least 1,000 questions on OKCupid. The researchers' selection of subjects at
first glance appears unbiased in terms of how they culled information. However, on close inspection of age there were participants under the age of
18. Schultze & Mason (2012) states that children are a vulnerable population that should be protected from exploitative research. It is incompressible
to have participants under 18 to be involved in this data set. The reason is that some of the OKCupid's questions could be very personal, and parents
and guardians my want to protect their children from the exploitations and consequences of their children's preferences from being abused.
To remedy this situation, we must go back to getting consent. However, children should not be involved in this study. The better solution here would be
to limit the scrapper bots from downloading underage profiles. That way we the vulnerable population are protected.
Research involvement intended deception
Deception was used to collect data. Aside from taking the rights of the

In healthcare, it is important to establish an informed consent. Informed consent is a process by which a client or client legal representative and the
healthcare provider engage in a discussion about a course of medical treatment. It includes the risk of treatment, benefit, possible harm and
consequences as well as alternatives provided by the healthcare practitioner or physicians in an understandable manner (Blais, K. & Hayes, J. S., 2016,
p.85). Informed consent takes into consideration the safety of the patient. It allows the patients to ask questions about the procedures and discuss any
concerns; by doing so can help improve patient outcomes and prevent medical errors.
According to the Florida Statutes (2017), section 766.103, titled "Florida Medical Consent Law, "a consent is evidenced in writing that the patient or
authorized personnel meet the requirements of being mentally and physically competent." In Florida, informed consent law consists of 3 elements:
1)The action in which the physician obtained the consent from the patient or another person authorized to give consent was in accordance with an
accepted standard of medical practice among members of the medical profession with similar experience; and 2) a reasonable individual, from the
information provided by the physician, under the circumstances would have a general understanding of the procedure, the medically acceptable
alternative procedures or treatments, and the substantial risks and hazards inherent in the proposed treatment or 3) the patient would reasonably, under
all the surrounding circumstances, have undergone such treatment or procedure had he or she been advised by the physician, in accordance with the
provisions of paragraph(1) (Florida Statutes, 2017). Informed consent has taken place when all three elements have been considered.
Conventionally, minors do not have the legal right to consent to treatment. According to the Florida Statutes (2017) section 731.201, a minor is an
individual "under the age of 18 years whose disabilities have not been moved by marriage or otherwise." In Florida, individuals that have authority to
give consent for a minor includes a natural or adoptive parent or a legal guardian. The Florida Statutes

Henrietta Lacks Consent
With all the topics to choose from I chose, " Should scientist be required to obtain a patient's consent when they use the patient's tissue for medical
research?". The reason I chose that topic was because when I was going through the options I kept coming back to this one. I kept coming back
because consent is an important part in the field I wish to go into. Just like in the field I am going into this topic also relates to the book "The
Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks" by Rebecca Skloot. In the book, a woman in her early thirties named Henrietta Lacks did not give her informed
consent to have her cells taken from her, but they were and they grew when cultured into what is now known as the HeLa cell line. She did not consent
for her

Informed consent, what is it and why do patients give it? Well, in the medical field a person must give informed consent before receiving treatment.
But what does informed consent even mean? It can be hard to even understand what informed consent is and so this leads a person to wonder ethically
if there might also be barriers that would prevent a person from giving informed consent. Could language be a barrier, for example can a medical
professional "dumb" down a medical procedure enough for a high school dropout or for a child to understand the treatment being offered to them?
While that might sound quite harsh the reality is that some medical patients are exactly that, high school dropouts or young children. Informed consent
is supposed to show that the patient has been informed of the possible risks or consequences, typically for treatment they are agreeing to receive from a
doctor. A person might be faced with giving informed consent in research settings, specialized treatments, and/or routine appointments with any
healthcare provider. In the medical field physicians must obtain informed consent from every patient/patient representative in order to treat the patient
without leaving themselves open to a lawsuit for negligence. However, is there a way to know whether the patient or their representative even
understand the treatment being offered so that they can truly give informed consent. Doctors go to school for many years to understand and to be able
to treat the

Informed Consent In Research
When dealing with research and collecting data to be publish it is important and the research need to have an informed consent from the participate. An
informed consent is a voluntary agreement to participate in a research. This an important document because it is needing to publish the research. The
informed consent form goes over the risks and the participate understand the risk that might could happen in the research. The informed Consent goes
over and describes the ethical codes and it also goes over the regulation for human subject's research. Informed consent form is use when information is
being transfer between the patients and the physicians. Informed consent form is use in IVF treatment because it deal with medical procedures and

вЂўPlayers Who Participate In Athletics Consent And Assume
Players who participate in athletics consent and assume risk if injury occurs as an aspect of the game. Thus, players who take part in such a
dangerous sport as hockey accept the dangers that inhere in it so far as they are obvious and necessary (People v. Schacker). However, if the dangers
inherent in the sport were obscure or unobserved or so serious as to justify the belief that precautions of some kind must have been taken to avert
them. People engaged in athletic competition are generally held to have legally assumed the risk of injuries, which are known, apparent and reasonably
foreseeable consequences of participation. A complainant does not assume the risk of reckless or intentional conduct. Injuries must be so severe as to be
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, simply because an "individual consents to participate in an event where violence is usual does not mean that that individual consents to any
act committed against him in the event" (Hackbart v. Cincinnati Bengals). Despite the violent nature of [boxing], there are rules prohibiting certain
conduct...[such as the biting off a piece of an opponents ear] the very existence of such rules demonstrates that there are boundaries to what
constitutes acceptable behavior in the sport (Hackbart v. Cincinnati Bengals). In this situation it is not reasonably foreseeable for a boxing opponent
to bite another boxers ear. The biting of an opponent's ear is intentional and reckless conduct which did not fall within normal conduct of the sport of
boxing and the boxer who bit his opponents ear will likely be liable for prosecution (Regina v McSorley).
c)In frustration, a professional golfer throws a golf ball high in the air behind him and it hits another golfer who was fixing his shoe.
It is highly likely that the professional golfer that threw the ball in anger behind him will be liable for a tortious action. A golfer tends not toconsent or
assume the risk of a hidden or undisclosed danger, not of common knowledge, in the absence of warning or personal knowledge. In golf, it is common
practice for a golfer to issue a warning if his shot deviates from the intended target (Shin

Informed Consent
Mark A. Puno
Instructor: Craig Bartholomaus
English 102
27 March 2013
Informed Consent
What is an informed consent? What do we know about it? Where did it come from? What purpose does it serves? These days, there is a variance in
what informed consent means. Its definition depends on what specific manner it accentuates in accordance with the pertinent setting of application.
The American Medical Association (AMA) has definitions on a clinical setting and on the field of research. However it is defined, informed consent
was the product of a period of work and experience.
Informed consent is the cornerstone of human subject research protection. (Rowbotham et al.)
The principles of informed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
HeLa cells are considered the first immortal human cells ever grown in culture – they divide indefinitely and that is what sets them apart from other
cell lines. HeLa cells have been used in various important medical research, i.e. cancer research, culturing and growing cells, cloning, gene mapping,
and development of vaccines. The most recognized vaccine created is the polio vaccine. HeLa cells also helped found or create the field of Virology –
the study of viruses. However, Henrietta Lacks' and her HeLa cells story is far more about her contribution to medical research, it was about the
unethical process of the collection of her tissue sample and what came after it. Rebecca Skloot had written a best–selling book about her life story and
her cells. (Skloot)
With human health experiments steadily exposed people to conditions beyond the boundaries of medical evidence, the United States Congress passed
the National Research Act in 1974. The National Research Act then created the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of

Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Among the Commission's most significant work was the formulation of the Belmont Report and the Institutional
Review Report. The Belmont Report is one of the primary report in health care research and ethics. The report comprises of three (3) basic ethical
principles; which are justice, respect for persons,

Informed Consent
Privacy and Informed Consent
The U.S. Healthcare System continues to evolve and develop delivery strategies of affordable high–quality health services to all individuals. Striving to
make available superior advances in U.S. health, healthcare providers delivery options, solutions and/or treatments for the American populace.
Delivery of excellent healthcare involves a multitude of dynamics including an extremely straightforward requirement of a patient's permission for
treatment or procedure. Informed consent, a patient's authorization, consist of communiquГ© between healthcare provider or physician and the
healthcare consumer, providing sufficient information allowing the patient to make a knowledgeable decision regarding healthcare treatment ... Show
A physician who does not provide this to his/her patient may be liable for battery or negligence in the light of the doctrine of informed consent (Thorton
2000). As patients are entitled to this information, physicians possess a duty to disclose regarding risks and hazards, while performing the procedure or
treatment as agreed with the patient. If the doctrine of informed consent did not exist, physicians would be able to perform medical treatments,
procedures, without a patient's consent or full knowledge of the perils of healthcare. In addition, healthcare demands trust which is necessary between
patients and physicians in order to deliver beneficial health outcomes. If the doctrine of informed consent is not performed between the patient and
physician, then trust diminishes resulting in poor health outcomes (Roach 2014). An example of deliberate harm due to uninformed consent exist in
the research conducted in the Tuskegee experiment, where treatment was withheld and subjects were not informed of their illness or available treatments
(CDC 2013) resulting in poor health and

Improving Informed Consent
My research question is how to improve the informed consent process in the most effective method? Improve it so that the patient's comprehension of
information conveyed in that process is higher This question might seem very simple yet the answer is far from simple. In the first article "Improving
understanding in the research informed consent process: A systematic review of 54 interventions tested in randomized control trials" it goes in–depth
on the different intervention designed to improve the informed consent process for patients and which of these interventions yielded the best results.
The researcher's purpose was to analyze previously tested interventions to find out which increased the level of understanding for patients when it...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I could say the second article strengthen the findings of the first by demonstrating the finding in a controlled study that has been proven to be effective.
In addition, each of these studies shares a similar message, but the method in which they go about demonstrating that message is very different. The
first uses a collection of previously testes interventions to analyze and conclude the common findings of these interventions. Well the second research
article is a study whose purpose wasn't to demonstrate an effective improvement, but test a hypothesis to the level of consent people of different races,
ethnicities and genders give toward the use of their genetic sample. In a way it was indirectly using the method that research article one state was "best
practices of informed consent" (Pg. 5). The article main agreement is in the method they used to get the highest level of consent from the patients. They
disagree in that articles have different objective and they claim different result were the reason behind their findings. Article two includes trust as being
a contributing factor to their result, while article to claim that the enhanced consent forms are the main contributes to getting high levels of consent.
The article seems to mismatch in that the participant they used are very different. The first article used data with no clue to who the participants were
and the second article uses participants with a drug history, which makes their data very unreliable when compared to another study of healthy

Informed Consent
Informed Consent 1 Running Head: HUMAN SUBJECTS Human Subject's Comprehension of Informed Consent Informed Consent 2 Statement of the
Problem A primary protection of the rights of clinical research subjects revolves around the concept respect for persons and the provision of informed
consent (Belmont Report, 1979). Legal and ethical policies and guidelines enforce that research participants give informed consent prior to voluntary
enrollment in a research study (Code of Federal Regulations,1999). However, the informed consent process presents some major challenges for study
participants and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research institutions such as academic health centers and universities have the ultimate responsibility to ensure that clinical investigators adhere to this
informed consent process. Unfortunately, there are no standard tools to assess the results of the consent process. This prevents the IRBs from
monitoring progress and efficiency of the investigators and determining if other barriers exist that may cause lack of comprehension. Statement of
Significance Conducting a study of the consent process at l will enable the GCRC compliance office, the Committee on Research Involving Human
Subjects (CORIHS–IRB), and the NIH to better ascertain if participants are being informed as per government guidelines. If no problems are detected,
then the questionnaire can be used periodically as a standard measure for monitoring. However, if the survey shows that issues need to be addressed,
this study will pinpoint what areas need attention. Once the problem areas are revealed, educational interventions can be applied specifically to remedy
each situation. At the present time, we are not sure how much the research participants understand therefore to insure patient safety and educate the
research community it would be very beneficial to conduct the

Essay On Institutional Consent
Procedures
Institutional consent from the California Coast University Institutional Review Board (IRB) will be obtained prior to conducting the proposed
research. To obtain institutional consent, it will be made clear to the participants that their participation is voluntary and they may withdraw at any
stage of the research. The possible subjects will be informed via an e–mail about the research and protocols in order to make an informed decision as to
whether or not to participate in the research as subjects. The informed consent (Appendix #) is conveyed in understandable language and available both
in English and Spanish given that for some participants English is their second language. The purpose of the inform consent will be to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Students who agree to participate in the completion of all the research instruments will be first asked to complete the first instrument, the demographics
and measure of academic achievement survey (include copy of the form). The upon its completion the researcher will e–mail the participants the link to
the complete each of the instruments 1) Likert and Questionnaire Type Survey, 2) Children's Self–Efficacy Scale, and 3) Self–handicapping scale
survey to be submitted online.
The measure of demographics included in the likert and questionnaire type survey will be used to understand the participants and to ensure that the
participants have been correctly identified as the targeted population, in the case of this research Hispanic females of a border town. Due to mixed
findings in the placement of demographic questions in surveys, the measure of demographics survey is a standalone section of the survey to increase
the number of responses. The questions will be carefully worded take into account the sensitivity to negative stereotypes to prevent participants from
experiencing experience stereotype threats. The data collected will be useful in identifying any existing relationships and correlations between the
variables explored through this research.
The Likert Scale and Questionnaire Type Survey that will be used to assess the participants' cultural, socioeconomic status, cultural and

Informed Consent Paper
Informed Consent allows a doctor to render treatment to a patient. By signing the document states that the patient understands the circumstances and
what is required. This paper is to analyze the consent and non–consent, and ethical issues that can become a problem. CRITICAL ISSUES IN
HEALTH CARE
Informed consent is a document that the patient must sign which allows the process of the treatment to be begin. The paper must be sign to protect the
patient as well as the doctor from any legal issues. Before the heath care professional can perform treatment(s), the patient must be informed of all
possible dangers and possible side effects. The basic principles that are in an informed consent document include the followings. The patient must have
a clear understanding about the situation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1991, The United States established a policy to protect human beings from unfair, and unwanted subjects in experiments. This process was done by
establishing an Informed Consent which is a legal document. Informed consent which is a legal document that is compose and overseen by the United
States judicial system. This law was a necessity due, to the way humans were being tested on in the late 20's. Unfortunately, in the past the United
States took part in a lot of experiments on human beings as test subjects. Furthermore, the overall attributes of studies conducted during the 1920's thru
the 1950's were considered unethical acts against human beings. Furthermore, the people that were involved had no knowledge that they were subjects
in a life–threatening experiment. This type of treatment towards any human being is unethical medical practices. Experimenting on anyone without his
or her knowledge is now considered unconstitutional in the United States of American. Anyone can volunteer however, there are guidelines which the
volunteer may be either accepted or rejected for Clinal Trails

Informed Consent
The course on "Protecting Human Research Participants' was very informative. The course did a great job of clarifying the course objectives. The
syphilis study was very disturbing. It is hard to believe that acts needed to be put in place to protect human subjects. Including the vulnerable
populations was a necessary entity. All groups should be treated fair and just (NIH, 2015).
Informed consent is a method that was established to protect human participants. Bertha Schrems discusses the importance of informed consent in her
article "Informed consent, vulnerability and the risks of group–specific attribution". Research participants are sometimes threatened by abuse or
exploitation and the possibility of harm through research. To

Informed Consent In Prisons
One of the greatest problems in medical research in prisons was poor quality of, if any, informed consent. Many people point to the Tuskegee study on
the effects of syphilis, where subjects were deceived into thinking they were gaining medical treatment and the lack of information violated the
principle informed consent (McDerott 10). Ethics professor Karen Lebacqz explains that informed consent recognizes the autonomy of subjects (1), as
does openness to subject's voice, and confidentiality. Pont, Capron, and Overholser agree that informed consent is a great necessity and must be done
with clarity (187; 5; 196). The Nuremberg Code explains that all researchers are obligated to inform subjects of the complete nature and implications of
the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prison administration and medical researchers need to develop an attitude that is respectful, sensitive, and seeks to improve and treat inmates.
Overholster contends that prisons should aim to rehabilitate inmates rather than punish them (194). Capron argues that the government should
participate both in forming and regulating policy (4). Perhaps, the government should set quotas on the number of medical research experiments in
prisons in order to invest more efforts and time in setting up a good environment and regulating research. Depending on how research and treatment
fares in prisons, the government can tighten or relax restrictions on the purpose and nature of medical research in

Informed consent is a process in which a patient gives consent to treatment after a healthcare provider discusses information related to the procedure so
that the patient can make an educated decision whether to refuse or accept treatment (Hall, Prochazka, & Fink, 2012). For healthcare personnel,
informed consent is a legal procedure that is used to protect the patient against assault and battery through unwanted medical interventions. This
document provides legal protection to health care personnel by indicating that the patient was made aware of the procedure and its risks and that they
choose to do the procedure willingly. Ultimately, however, informed consent is used to respect and promote an individuals' autonomy as well as to
protect the individual from unwanted harm. For this paper, we will compare the clinical practice of informed consent and the evidence that supports
this practice.
Observed Policy In Spectrum Health Big Rapids Hospital, informed consent was required before treatments that were considered complex, invasive, and
/or had the potential risk of serious injury (Spectrum Health, 2013). As a result, the preoperative floor frequently necessitated the use of informed
consent by nurses and physicians. Observation of informed consent showed a systematic method of obtaining approval for treatment by the patient.
Preoperative nurses assessed the patients' competency in signing informed consent prior to the entry of the surgeon to the room. If they were confused

Parental Consent Forms
Methods and Procedures
Research Question The question guiding this study asks, "How will a differentiated instructional unit impact content knowledge in an urban sixth grade
classroom?"
Research Setting This study will take place at Mary McLeod Bethune Academy, which is a K–8 school that is within the Milwaukee Public Schools
District in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The city of Milwaukee has a population of 594,833 according to the United States Census Bureau (2010) and
predominantly consists of white (44.8%), African–American (40%), and Hispanic (17.3%) people. Approximately 29% of the population live in
poverty, with about 65% of people sixteen years or older in the labor force. The percentage of the population twenty–five years and older that ... Show
Students will read a leveled non–fiction book on cells from the Science A–Z website (Fridell, n.d.) in small groups of students who have similar reading
abilities. Observations will be made as to how students work in leveled groups and students will take a quiz as an exit ticket which will be
collected to provide data (see Appendix D). A PowerPoint presentation (see Appendix E) will be shown and students will take guided notes to build
on their understanding of cells. To gauge their learning so far, students will take a formative assessment called Four More (see Appendix F). Student
work samples will be collected from this formative assessment and will be included as artifacts. In computer class, students will visit activities on the
Brain Pop website titled "Cells" and "Cell Structures" (see Appendix G). Data will be collected through observations during the activity as well as
student artifacts from activities within the program. Early in the second week, students will participate in a whole class presentation Jigsaw activity on
cells structures and their functions. Groups will be formed based on interest and students will choose which cell structure they will focus on. Each
group will create a poster using chart paper and will present their topic to the entire

Informed Consent
The standard of care is the attention you would give to any one of your patients in similar situations. A patient's best interest is the only one to be
considered. An appropriate standard of care would be reached in this case study if you would treat her emergency situation as you would any other,
regardless of circumstance and act on that accordingly. There should be no favoritism of judgment in your standard of care. (Caldwell & Connor,
2012, pg. 27).
Informed consent is when a physician describes the treatment or procedures and the patient or the patient's representative approves them. Implied
consent is when a patient's actions suggest obedience, such as when a patient pulls up his or her sleeve to receive a shot. Implied consent in
submissive where as informed consent is more active when a patient is able to be more functional. In emergency situations however, consent by
accident victims in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A lot of health care facilities will give you a list of rights and responsibilities. Some examples of these rights are, as a patient you have the right to
ask and receive complete and clear information about your condition and care. This means that you have the right to knowledge about your
treatment and condition and it should be explained to you accordingly. Explanation should be clear and leave you with a feeling of clarity. Another
example is the patient has a right to receive respect for your cultural and spiritual beliefs; this means that regardless of your beliefs you will be treated
like any other patient in the facility. One last example is, as a patient you have the right to receive private and confidential care; this means that you
are protected and your care will be personal and only for you and your physician to know about. This maintains trust in the patient–physician
relationship and is very important. (Patient Right and Responsibilities,

Informed Consent In Research
Informed Consent I made an informed consent form. In the informed consent form, I explained the purpose of the study, the methodology of the study
and that I will ensure confidentiality by having no identifying information on the questionnaire. None of the participants raised concerns about their
rights as a participant. One participant did ask about the purpose of the informed consent.
Data Collection
I conducted two of the interviews in the GSU and one of the interviews was conducted in the Social Work Lounge. The surveys took approximately 15
minutes to conduct.
I began all three of my interviews by introducing myself and explaining the purpose of the research and what participants will be doing. Rapport was
established by asking participants

Informed Consent Essay: Ethical Principles of Gaining...
Informed Consent Essay: Ethical principles of gaining informed consent
"Respect for human beings involves giving due scope to peoples capacity to make their own decisions. In the research context, this normally requires
that participation be the result of a choice made by the participants" (NHMR, 2007, p.3). Freegard 2012 (p.60), states that "respecting the rights of
others," includes a responsibility for Health professionals "to let others know about their rights" and that this forms the basis of an informed consent.
Discuss the values and principles of ethical conduct in relation to gaining an informed consent from potential research participants in relation to your
project.
In your discussion
Briefly highlight the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Insofar as informed consent has been expounded, two main principles of bioethics have emerged as paramount; autonomy and non–maleficence.
Although seemingly clear, the boundary of both respecting a person's autonomy and doing no harm becomes blurred when the patients have disabilities
that remove their ability to reason and justify soundly (e.g. total brain injuries or severe stroke patients). Although the participants in the proposed study
will be fully–abled as per the exclusion criteria, understanding why cognitively impaired participants cannot give 'informed' consent further elaborates
on higher–order–thinking required in the informed consent process. Without such a process, patients whom elect to become participants may not
understand that this research is a separate entity to their regular treatment regime, and essentially will have become coerced into consenting due to a
lack of clarification (Kerridge, Lowe, & Stewart, 2009; Rigg, 2012a; Rigg, 2012b).
Usually health care practice is guided by codes from the profession's governing board (such as the Australian Physiotherapy Association), in order to
respect patient rights. However, research ethics are different in construct compared with general health care practitioner ethics, as the primary

Informed Consent In Schools
After reviewing the posts about NBS in the different states I was really surprised how the implementation of NBS varies across the states. Aubrey,
your post about The Florida NBS screening is very informative. From The post I understood that NBS in Florida, same as in Colorado, is mandatory
and it is not current praThe American Heritage Dictionary (n.d.) defines informed consent as "consent by a patient to a surgical or medical procedure
or participation in a clinical study after achieving an understanding of relevant medical facts and risks involved."The American Heritage Dictionary
(n.d.) defines informed consent as "consent by a patient to a surgical or medical procedure or participation in a clinical study after achieving an
understanding of relevant medical facts and risks involved."ctice in both states to require informed consent for the testing. As per Beal & Lewis, 2014
Informed consent is a process of education and the correct education is a key to the ability to provide consent.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
First and foremost, before the signing, medical personnel will have a chance to review and explain to the parents about the process: what tests to be
performed, where to obtain the results, what happened to the blood after the test etc. Second of all, in the same time parents may be informed that they
have a choice and may refuse the

Implied Consent

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