Profesionalism, ethics,bioethics ,ethical principles ,Nursing

1. PROFESSIONALISM,
PROFESSIONAL
VALUES,ETHICS AND
BIOETHICS
Prof Anuradha.S

2. Ethics

3. ethics
 Ethics comes from a greek word ‘Ethos’
meaning character.
 Ethics are moral principles that governs
how the person behave or conduct
themselves.

4. Ethics
 Ethics deals with the “rightness” or
“wrongness” of human behavior
 It is defined as the standards or
principles of moral judgment or actions

5. Bio ethics
 Bioethics is the application of ethical
theories and Principles in ethical
issues or health care dilemmas
 OR
 It is a discipline dealing with the
ethical implications of biological
research and applications especially in
medicine

6. Nursing Ehics
 Nursing ethics provides the standards of
professional behavior for Nurses and the
Principles of knowing right from wrong
conduct during implementation of
Nursing duties and responsibilities

7. Ethical Principles
 Autonomy
 Nonmaleficence
 Beneficence
 Justice
 Fidelity
 Confidentiality
 Veracity
 Accountability

8. Autonomy
 The freedom to make decisions about oneself
 The right to self-determination
 Healthcare providers need to respect patient’s
rights to make choices about healthcare, even if the
healthcare providers do not agree with the patient’s
decision.

9. Nonmaleficence
 Requires that no harm be caused to an
individual, either unintentionally or
deliberately
 This principle requires nurses to protect
individuals who are unable to protect
themselves

10. Beneficence
 This principle means “doing good”
for others and prevent harm.
 Nurses need to assist clients in
meeting all their needs
◦ Biological
◦ Psychological
◦ Social

11. Justice
 Every individual must be treated
equally
 This requires nurses to be
nonjudgmental

12. Fidelity
 Loyalty
 The promise to fulfill all
commitments
 The basis of accountability
 Includes the professionals
faithfulness or loyalty to
agreements &
responsibilities accepted as
part of the practice of the
profession

13. Confidentiality
 Anything stated to nurses or health-
care providers by patients must
remain confidential
 The only times this principle may
be violated are:
◦ If patients may indicate harm to
themselves or others
◦ If the patient gives permission for the
information to be shared

14. Veracity
 This principle implies “truthfulness”
 Nurses need to be truthful to their
clients
 Veracity is an important component
of building trusting relationships

15. Accountability
 Individuals need to be responsible for
their own actions
 Nurses are accountable to themselves
and to their colleagues

16. Ethical Dilemmas
 Occur when a problem exists between
ethical principles
 Deciding in favor of one principle usually
violates another
 Both sides have “goodness” and
“badness” associated with them

17.  An ethical dilemma (ethical paradox or
moral dilemma) is a problem in the
decision-making process between two
possible options, neither of which is
absolutely acceptable from an ethical
perspective.
 There is no right or wrong choice
 The circumstances will determine which
option is the best

19. Conflict of interest
 A conflict of interest occurs when an
individual's personal interests – family,
friendships, financial, or social factors –
could compromise nurses judgment,
professional responsibilities ,decisions, or
actions in the workplace.

20. PATERNALISM
 Paternalism is an action performed with the
intent of promoting another's good but occurring
against the other's will or without the other's
consent.
 Intentional over riding of one persons actions or
preferences by another perso.
 Eg:An example of this might be when a patient
resists having soiled bed linens changed
because they want to be left alone so that they
can sleep. The nurse must make the
paternalistic choice of disregarding the patient's
wishes out of concern for patient hygiene.

21. DECEPTION
 Deception is the act of causing
someone to accept as true or valid
what is false or invalid.
 Dishonest or illegal methods that are
used to get something or to make
people believe that something is true
when it is not.

23.  Bodily privacy: Respect the freedom to
decide what happens to ones on body
 Decisional Privacy: Privacy on intimate
decisions
 Informational Privacy

24.  Confidentiality
 The health care professionals have to
keep information they learn at work a
secret
 Confidentiality the non disclosure of
information with which one is entrusted

26.  Informed consent has both ethical and legal
obligation.
 If the patient and families are not informed
or do not comprehend the therapies
administered then the ethical dilemma arises
 Prior to obtain informed consent adequate
information must be disclosed

27.  The requirements for an informed consent is
that the patient:
 Must be competent to understand and decide
 Must receive a complete disclosure
 Must comprehend the disclosure
 Must act voluntarily

28.  Informational Refusal:
 Client has the freedom to reject or deny medical
treatment which might be unnecessary or not
satisfactory for them.
 it is up to the patient to weigh all of his or her
alternatives and select the one that is right for
them.
 The patients freedom cannot violate the rights
of others or harm a third party or the
community.

29. ALLOCATION OF SCARCE
NURSING RESOURCES
 Medical resource allocation
 “triage” is the term used for rationing or
allocating scarce resources under critical or
emergency conditions.
 Under triage, priority will ordinarily be
given to those whose conditions are the most
urgent, the least complex, and who are likely
to live the longest, thereby maximising
overall benefit in terms of reduced illness
and death

30.  Some of the principles that can be used to
guide the allocation of limited resources are:
maximise benefits in relation to costs
 reward the value to society of key workers
treat people equally, fairly and consistently

31. Conflicts concerning new
technologies
 The increasing availability of new
technologies in healthcare creates ethical
dilemmas, especially in relation
to responsibility, human-robot relations,
liability, security, reliability, trust, and privacy.

32.  Hospitals and technology companies
realize that there is big money in using
technology to find information about the
patient and medical staff data. Most of the
medical phone apps are tracking patients
and gathering detailed medical information
about them.
 The most significant hurdle faced due to
the implementation of e-health and EMR is
the fair distribution of resources as most
people don't have access to the mandatory
equipment, internet, and knowledge to
understand technology

34.  Whistle blowing means calling attention
to wrongdoing that is occurring within an
organization.
 whistle blowing can feel like a violation
of trust.
 This is especially true if the offending
party works closely with the potential
whistleblower.

35. Features of whistle blowing
 It relates to an action that takes place
within an organisation
 Whistle blowing can be done by a
member of an organisation
 It must be done as a form of moral protest

36. Types of whistle blowing
 Internal
 External
 Alumni
 Open
 Personal
 Impersonal

37. Nurses duty as whistle blower
 Be aware of similar cases and their outcomes and seek
advice from the professional organisation in which the
nurse is a member.
 Determine the threat of harm and the risks and
consequences.
 Gather the facts and adequate documentation about the
situation.
 Review relevant legislation, policies, and procedures
for reporting. Inform your immediate supervisor (line
manager, director of nursing, or chief executive officer)
of the situation.
 Exhaust other internal procedures within the
organization, such as the reporting
 channels, without putting anyone in danger or risking
their safety.

38.  Have accessible evidence that would convince a
reasonable, .
 prevent the harm at a reasonable cost.
 Consult with the national, state, and/or local unit nurses'
associations and legal counsel before taking action to
determine how best to document the concerns.
 Remain calm and do not lose your temper, even if others
attempt to provoke you.
 Consider raising the concerns externally if all local
workplace policies and
procedures are exhausted.
 Consider media as a last resort if all the above routes are
exhausted.
 Be conscious of confidentiality issues
 Be aware of employer policies.