research ccolloquium

1. ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
Andres Bonifacio Campus, Pasig City
Theme: Campus Student Research Congress :" Research Utilization Amid and Beyond Pandemic"
Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative Study about the Readiness of the
Senior High School Students in Arellano University-Pasig
John Joel Z. Ballad
Jhon Carlo D. Benong
Jerreca D. Garcia
Geno Garganta
Maria Cristina Ramos
Miguel John Strebel
Jason Valverde

2. INTRODUCTION
NSTP or the National Service Training Program has been widely implemented and associated in the educational system. NSTP has three main components; The Civic
Welfare Training Service (CWTS); Literacy Training Service (LTS); Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC). Meanwhile, Reserve Officers’ Training Corps, while believed equally
significant by the NSTP law (it upheld its existence and nature mentioned in RA 7077 having the primary objective to prepare the youth in national defense, became merely a
component of the program. Hence, Mostajo (2018) defines Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC as a civic education and defense preparedness program for Filipino college
students. ROTC's mission is to provide students with military education and training in order to mobilize them for national defense readiness. Moreover, its specific goals include
preparing college students for service in the Armed Forces of the Philippines in the event of an emergency, as well as training them to become reservists and potential
commissioned officers of the AFP.
According to Jepoyo (2017), In 1992, the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) was established and became a subject at the University of the Philippines. The ROTC
program was made mandatory for all colleges and universities in 1935. However, due to the death of a cadet from the University of Santo Tomas in 2002, it was completely
abolished (UST). The cadet was brutally murdered as a result of his exposure to the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) training corruption at the university.
President Duterte signed legislation resurrecting the ROTC on February 17, 2017. The measure will grant the mandatory program grades, XI and XII. However, the
president stated that the former Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) residence is unique in the aftermath of corruption.

3. The study aims to seek and provide answers about how ready senior high school students are for the implementation of ROTC. The researchers
believed that the result of this study will have a significant contribution to society considering that senior high school students are the prospected
participants of ROTC if ever it will be widely implemented and mandated by the government.

4. METHODS OF RESEARCH
This chapter presents the methods utilized to perform this study. It consists of the research design, subject of the study, sampling technique,
research instruments, research procedure and statistical treatment.
Research Design
The research design used in the study was a descriptive method. A descriptive design was appropriate to use in this study since it involves the use
of collecting data and receiving shreds of evidence. Further, the descriptive method analyzes events in a natural environment and to determine causal
relationships between variables.
According to Siedlecki (2020 the purpose of descriptive studies is to describe individuals, events, or conditions by studying them as they are in
nature. In addition, the researchers found it appropriate to utilize this research design for it utilized content analysis wherein the researchers will not
manipulate any of the variables but rather only describe the sample/and or the variables.
The research selected this research design to explore the readiness of the respondents towards the implementation of the mandatory ROTC and
have adequate knowledge of the said program.

5. Subject of the study
The subject of the study were senior high school students from Arellano University-Pasig. The researchers believed that senior high school
students are suitable to be the respondents of this study since there was a bill passed regarding the implementation of ROTC through senior high school
students.
Sampling Technique
The sampling technique used by the researchers is purposive sampling technique. It is a type of non-probability sampling that is most
effective when one needs to study a certain cultural domain in knowledgeable experts within. Hence, this method belongs to the category of non-
probability sampling techniques, sample members are selected base on their knowledge, expertise regarding a research subject.
Moreover, the senior high school students at Arellano University are selected on purpose considering that ROTC targets to be implemented in
senior high school. Thus, senior high school students have the characteristics needed in samplings such as grade level and gender.

6. Research Instrument
The research instrument used by researchers to gather data and information is a researcher-made questionnaire-checklist. It enables the
researchers to determine the readiness of the respondents in terms of physical and mental aspects,
The survey questionnaire is the main instrument for collecting data for research. It is a set of standardized questions, often called items, which
follow a fixed scheme to collect individual data about one or more specific topics. The questionnaire has underwent revision and validation.
. The questionnaire comprised of two parts; the profile of the respondents and questionnaire-checklist. The questionnaire-checklist contained two
(2) categorical values; physical and mental. Hence, the researchers utilized these categorical values to determine the readiness of senior high school
students in Arellano University-Pasig concerning the implementation of Mandatory ROTC. In accordance with the requirements of the study, these data
were then tallied, combined and has undergone statistical treatment. Thus, the key details and the data gathered establish the study's legitimacy and
justification.

7. Research Procedure
The researchers underwent title defense in September. Then, the researchers worked on with chapters 1 and 3 and their revisions. Afterwards,
they worked on with the letter of permission to conduct the study that was sent to the respective school where the study was conducted. Subsequently,
after the letter was approved, the researchers worked on with the validation of the questionnaire wherein they look for experts that may help them
improved their instrument. Consequently, after the questionnaires have been validated, the researchers worked on with the administration of the research
questionnaires.
The data gathered were then tallied and transcribed and treated with appropriate statistical treatment. Subsequently, the researchers worked on
Chapters 4 and 5 which includes presentation, analysis and interpretation of data. Thus, the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendation
was formulated.

8. Statistical Treatment
The data were tallied, assembled, sorted, and structured as the researchers collected them. Senior high school students questionnaire
responses were statistically compared to the study's data needs. The frequency distribution % ordinal scale and chi-square were the statistical methods
used.
To determine percentage of the profile of the respondents in terms of grade level, strand, and gender of the senior high school students, frequency
percentage distribution was used.
P=Fx100/(n)
To determine the readiness the senior high school students at Arellano University-Pasig on the prospected implementation of ROTC, the
researchers used weighted mean.

9. To further discuss, range and verbal interpretation was used.
Weigth/Scale Mean Range Verbal Interpretation
5 4.51-5.00 Strongly Agree
4 3.51-4.50 Agree
3 2.51-3.50 Neutral
2 1.51-2.50 Disagree
1 1.00-1.50 Strongly Disagree
To determine if there is a significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and readiness of the senior high school students in
Arellano University-Pasig, the researchers used the chi-square test of independence. The categorical values that the researchers used are physical and
mental in order to determine the chi-square statistics.

10. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the presentation, analysis and interpretation of gathered and collected data, by the use of appropriate statistical treatment
based on the result on the implementation of ROTC: a quantitative study about the readiness of the senior high school students in Arellano University-
Pasig.
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in terms of grade level.
Table 1
The Percentage of Grade Level on Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative Study about the Readiness of the Senior High School Students
Grade Level Frequency Percentage Rank
11 22 22% 2
12 78 78% 1
Total 100 100%

11. According to Table 1, 78% of the respondents are from grade 12 that answered the questionnaire, and 22% of the respondents are from grade 11.
Therefore, the majority of respondents came from grade 12.
This connotes that the grade 12 senior high school are the most interested in the said study since they were about to enter college were NSTP was
already part of the curriculum in tertiary school.
Strand Frequency Percentage Rank
ABM 8 8% 4
STEM 22 22% 2
HUMSS 23 23% 1
ICT 22 22% 2
GAS 3 3% 6
HOME ECONOMICS 14 14% 3
TOURGUIDING 3 3% 6
CAREGIVING 5 5% 5

12. The Frequency and Percentage Distribution in terms of Strand of Implementation of ROTC: the Readiness of the Senior High School Students
Table 1.2 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in terms of strand.
Table 1.2
The Percentage of Strand on the Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative Study about the Readiness of the Senior High School Students
Strand Frequency Percentage Rank
ABM 8 8% 4
STEM 22 22% 2
HUMSS 23 23% 1
ICT 22 22% 2
GAS 3 3% 6
HOME ECONOMICS 14 14% 3
TOURGUIDING 3 3% 6
CAREGIVING 5 5% 5
Total 100 100%

13. According to Table 2, 23% of the respondents are from HUMSS strand that answered the questionnaire, 22% are from STEM strand, 22% are from
ICT strand, 14% are from Home Economics strand, 8% are from ABM strand, 5% are from Care Giving strand, 3% are from GAS, 3% are from Tour
Guiding strand. Therefore, the majority of respondents came from the HUMSS strand.
Humanities and Social Studies Humanities and Social Sciences are very comprehensive fields of studies. It consists of two parts – the humanities
and the social sciences. The humanities part, it comprises of philosophy, history, literature, religion, music, and the human condition.
However, social sciences are more associated to human behavior. The field of study comprises criminology, gerontology, law, political science,
psychology, and human development, among others. Thus, it reflects based on the result and the connection of the strand to law it connotes that the
HUMSS students are more willing to explore more about the said program and its underlying advantage and disadvantages.

14. The Frequency and Percentage Distribution in terms of Gender and the Implementation of ROTC: the Readiness of the Senior High School Students
Table 3 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in terms of gender.
Table 3
The Percentage of Gender and the Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative Study about the Readiness of the Senior High School Student
Gender Frequency Percentage Rank
Male 45 45% 2
Female 46 46% 1
LGBTQIA+ 9 9%
Total 100 100%
According to Table 3, 46% of the respondents are female respondents that answered the questionnaire, 45% are male, 9% are LGBTQIA+. Therefore, the majority of
respondents are female.
O’Neal et al., (2021) Glendon also discussed the rise in female involvement, particularly in Army ROTC. Every year, we witness an increase in women participating, holding
leadership roles, and maintaining a healthy weight. Being a part of that makes me happy. The common misconceptions about women in the military are nothing new to Notre
Dame's ROTC members. Air Force ROTC senior Stephanie Zaccone emphasized that being a leader as a woman in the military need not entail being a loud, masculine, and mud-
crawling leader. There are many various kinds of leaders you may be, and the services are always seeking good leaders.

15. This connotes that when it comes to ROTC women are also interested which shows that they are ready to get out of their comfort zones and explore new things. The
results show that the majority of the respondents were female, which implies that ROTC does not hinder gender interests.
The Readiness of Senior High School Students on the Implementation of ROTC
Table 4 and 5 shows the weighted mean of the implementation of ROTC and the readiness of the senior high school students in Arellano University in terms of physical and
mental.
Table 4
Computed Weighted Mean of the Readiness of the Senior High School Students on Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative Study about the Readiness of the Senior High
School Students in Terms of Physical
I. Physical Mean Verbal Interpretation
1. I eat healthy foods and high protein foods to build
muscles
3.66 Agree
2. I do aerobic activity weekly to strengthen my muscles 2.86 Neutral
3. I do calisthenics exercises to develop muscular
endurance
2.8 Neutral
4. I do flexibility exercises to move my joints efficiently 3.25 Neutral
5. I do agility exercises to improve balance and control of
my body
3.24 Neutral
Total Weighted Mean 3.16 Neutral

16. According to Table 4, statement number 1 “I eat healthy foods and high protein foods to build muscles” got the highest verbal interpretation of Agree, statement number 3 “I
do calisthenics exercises to develop muscular endurance” got the lowest verbal interpretation of Neutral, the verbal interpretation of senior high school students in Arellano
university-Pasig in terms of physical readiness is Neutral.
Oliver et al. (2017) It would be wise to provide freshmen ROTC cadets more strength and power training given the modest, though substantial, gains in strength and lack of
power increases. The time spent in ROTC may be a unique chance to develop and educate young commissioning officers on the advantages of effective strength and power
training for use in future commands because it is a significant commissioning resource for the Army with better access to resources and equipment.
This connotes that the respondents are neither ready nor not about the implementation of ROTC.

17. Table 5
Computed Weighted Mean of the Readiness of the Senior High School Students on Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative Study about the Readiness of the Senior High
School Students in Terms of Mental
I. Mental Mean Verbal Interpretation
1. I think rationally every time I make a decision 3.69 Agree
2. I think before I speak 3.92 Agree
3. I try to be calm every time I express my
concerns
3.91 Agree
4. I do deep-breathing exercises whenever I am
stressed
3.67 Agree
5. I am able to slow down and assess things at
work without becoming agitated
3.45 Neutral
Total Weighted Mean 3.728 Agree
According to Table 5, statement number 2 “I think before I speak” got the highest verbal interpretation of Agree, statement number 5 “I am able to slow down and assess
things at work without becoming agitated” got the lowest verbal interpretation of Neutral, the verbal interpretation of senior high school students in Arellano University-Pasig in
terms of mental readiness is Agree.

18. Weinberg & Gould (2019) Mental skills training targets building and developing things like the ability to from failure, the ability to cope with pressure, the determination to
persist in the face of adversity, and mental resilience.
This implies that the data gathered from respondents shows that the majority are ready to undergo the ROTC program mentally, which is determined by the help of
questionnaire statements.

19. The Significant Relationship between the Profile of the Respondents in Terms if Gender and the Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative Study about the Readiness of the
Senior High School in Arellano University-Pasig.
Table 6 shows the significant relationship between the profile of the respondents in terms of gender and the readiness of the senior high school student on the
implementation of ROTC.
Table 6
Chi-Square Test of Independence between the Relationship of the Profile of the Respondents in terms of Gender and the Readiness of the Senior High School Students on the
Implementation of ROTC
Gender Physical Mental Row Totals
Male 737 (731.53) [0.04] 857 (862.47) [0.03] 1594
Female 708 (715.01) [0.07] 850 (842.99) [0.06] 1558
LGBTQIA+ 136 (134.47) [0.02] 157 (158.53) [0.01] 239
Column Totals 1581 1864 3455

20. According to Table 6, male respondents has the most accumulated score in categorical values, 737 for physical and 857 for behavioral while LGBTQIA+ has the least
accumulated score in categorical values, 136 for physical and 157 for mental. The scores are based on the Likert scale which serves as the tool for identifying if there is a
significant relationship between readiness and the gender of senior high school students at Arellano University-Pasig. The chi-square statistic is 0.2349. The p-value is .889176.
The result is not significant at p < .05. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted.
This implies that there is no significant relationship between readiness and the gender of senior high school students at Arellano University-Pasig readiness.
Brownson (2014) According to qualitative evaluations, it has been indicated that gender disparities shouldn't hinder physical fitness or occupational success, and that
female militants often outperform their male counterparts in terms of leadership, physical fitness, and work performance. These findings support qualitative evaluations and show
that female ROTC cadets have adequate physical capabilities for their jobs.
This connotes that the result as the relationship of readiness and gender to the implementation of ROTC is not significant. Any gender can be ready when it comes to
ROTC physically and mentally.

21. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendation drawn from the results obtained and the recommendation offered.
Summary of Findings
After careful analysis and interpretation of data gathered, the following are hereby summarized.
1. The Profile of the Respondents.
1.1. In terms of grade level, the Grade 12-respondents garnered a highest percentage of 22%>
1.2. In terms of strand, the HUMSS obtained the highest percentage of 22%.
1.3. In terms of sex, the female-respondents acquired the highest percentage of 46 %>
2. The Readiness of the Senior High School in Arellano University on the Implementation of ROTC.
2.1. In terms of the physical aspect, it has obtained a lowest mean of 3.16.
2.2. In terms of the mental aspect it has obtained a highest mean of 3.72

22. 3. The Significant Relationship between the Profile of Respondents in terms of Gender and the Implementation of ROTC is not significant : A
Quantitative Study about the Readiness of the Senior High School in Arellano University.
3.1 In terms of the physical and mental aspects, male respondents had the most accumulated score of 737 for physical and 857 for mental.
3.2 In terms of the physical and mental aspects, female respondents had the second most accumulated score of 708 for physical and 850 for
mental.
3.3 In terms of the physical and mental aspects, LGBTQIA+ respondents had the least accumulated score of 136 for physical and 157 for mental.

23. Conclusions
From the summary of findings the following conclusions were drawn.
1. Based on the data gathered, it was proven that the female respondents are more interested on the implementation of ROTC.
2. Among the two aspects, it was revealed that most of the respondents were mentally ready on the implementation of ROTC. This concludes tha
they were not physically ready to undergo training given that ROTC requires physical fitness test.
3. Based on the results, it was proven that there is no relation between their gender and their readiness to ROTC. This connotes that regardless o
the gender, everyone should be ready on the implementation of ROTC considering that the program aims to promote culture of discipline and
responsibility; provides opportunity to inculcate the values of patriotism, nationalism, and character-building; provides training that will develop
students' leadership skills.

24. Recommendations
In the light of the summary of findings and conclusions drawn, the following recommendations are offered:
1. The respondents regardless of their gender should engage to seminars and activities that may help them be aware of the implementation of
ROTC.
2. The respondents should practice doing physical fitness activities and routines that are necessary for the training, they may read books or watch
videos from the internet that may guide them in doing these activities.
3. The institution shall hold seminars regarding ROTC or have a program that will require students to have atleast 3 basic physical fitness activities
that they may perform daily. Moreover, regardless of their gender they will have adequate knowledge about the implementation of ROTC. Hence,
this will encourage students to be ready both physical, mental and emotional if ever the ROTC will be implemented and mandated by the
government.