This study examined the prevalence of dental caries among 3,000 school-going children aged 5-15 years in Ghaziabad, India. The overall caries prevalence was found to be 54.6%. Several risk factors were found to be significantly associated with higher caries rates, including older age, male gender, lower socioeconomic status, consuming sugars in solid or liquid form between meals, and higher total sugar exposure in the last 24 hours. Water fluoride levels in the area were found to not have a significant impact on caries prevalence. The results indicate that age, gender, socioeconomic factors, dietary sugar habits are important risk factors for dental caries in this population.
Impact of school-based dental program performance on the oral health-related ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study was done in order to assess the association between the performance of school-based dental programs (SBDPs) and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in
school children, in the province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, taking into account untreated caries and sociodemographic factors. A cross-sectional survey was administered with 1906 children aged 12 and participating in SBDPs. Four SBDPs were chosen to represent good and poor performance in urban and rural areas. Caries was assessed using World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, whereas the children were interviewed for the OHRQoL and sociodemographic data. The OHRQoL was assessed using the Condition-Specific Child-Oral Impact on Daily Performances (CS Child-OIDP) index related to dental caries. The results revealed that the mean CS Child-OIDP score was 1.63 (SD 3.20) for good performance SBDP and 6.89 (SD 8.85) for poor performance SBDP. Analysis by negative binomial regression showed that being served by a poorly performing SBDP (RR = 4.45, 95% CI = 3.87–5.13), and to some extent living in a rural area and being a girl, were significantly associated with a greater risk of having a lower quality of life than were the counterparts. Untreated caries did not show an association with OHRQoL. In conclusion, there are substantial indications that SBDP performance is related to children’s OHRQoL.
Background- Oral health is a multi-factorial concept, determined by knowledge, behavior, and attitude of a person. Like any behavior carried out daily like a habit, oral health behaviors are also repeated like a habit. The multidimensionality of behavioral change makes studying it, and factors associated with it, a challenge, since there are so many aspects to consider. Objectives- To find an association between the oral health status and socio-behavioral factors among 12-15 years old school children of Belagavi city, India. Methods- A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to find an association between the oral health status and the knowledge, attitude and behavior of adolescents. One thousand participants were selected using two-stage random sampling. Dental caries, bleeding on probing, dental trauma, enamel fluorosis, intervention urgency was recorded according to the WHO 2013 proforma and the parameters regarding knowledge, attitudes as well as behavior using a closed ended self-designed questionnaire. Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis, and linear correlation tests were done. Results- Among 1000 subjects, 767 (76.7%) participants were found to have dental caries and 512 (51.2%) showed the presence of gingival bleeding. Out of a total score of 41, the mean knowledge score was 34.47 (±3.84) for boys and 34.76 (±4.13) for girls. Linear correlation showed that attitude was weakly correlated (r=0.18 and 0.20 respectively) but with a strong statistical significance to knowledge as well as behavior respectively. Conclusion- Attitude when compared separately either with knowledge or behavior showed a weak correlation that was highly significant. Comparison of behavior with caries experience showed a weak negative correlation which was statistically insignificant. Key-words- Oral health, Adolescents, Socio-behavioral, Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior
EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL DENTAL SCREENING, PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH EDUC...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of school screening, parental knowledge and health education in
stimulating dental attendance among 6 to 10 years old children.
Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out, with a sample size of 155 in each group. The study was conducted over a
period of 3 months, baseline clinical findings were assessed using dentition status and plaque index and knowledge of parents was evaluated using a
questionnaire in both the groups. The study group participants received oral health education and educational leaflets were distributed to the
parents. Further after 3 months, the post-intervention improvement was assessed as before. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version
22. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data.
Results: The overtime changes in oral health knowledge of parents were significantly different in the study group (p-value <0.001). Highly
significant reduction in Plaque scores was reported in the study group compared to control group (p-value <0.001). Overall there were no
significant differences in DMFT and dmft increments between the groups. The intervention was not effective at reducing the level of active caries
and increasing attendance in the population under study.
Conclusion: Even though the intervention had positive effects on plaque score and and on oral health knowledge of parents, but the rate of
utilization was low. We need additional efforts addressing another individual, family, and community level factors to make such programs more
fruitful
Partners in the fight against global tooth decay and committed to working together to achieve the common goal that every child should stay cavity free during their lifetime.. https://www.linkedin.com/groups/Public-Health-Dentistry-4172190
This study examined the relationship between dental caries and nutritional status in 229 preschool children aged 3-5 years old in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. The dmft index was used to assess dental caries and the Body Mass Index was used to assess nutritional status. The results found a dmft of 1.65, indicating a high prevalence of dental caries. 66.81% of children had normal nutritional status. No statistically significant correlation was found between dental caries and nutritional status.
Assess the Oral Hygiene Practices, Occurrence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis...ijtsrd
The study assessed the oral hygiene practices, occurrence of dental caries and gingivitis among 195 school-age children in rural India. Key findings included:
- 58.46% of children had dental caries and 38.79% experienced tooth pain.
- Most mothers (94.36%) had not received education on dental hygiene.
- Majority of children (97.95%) were taught brushing by their mothers but only 38.97% were supervised.
- Significant associations were found between material used between teeth/brushing technique and dental caries.
- The study concluded greater health education for parents and encouragement of good oral hygiene practices in children was needed to prevent dental car
Oral Health–Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents of Indian pop...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
Background: Kids and teenagers are more prone to oral diseases. Poor oral health has a significant impact on oral well-being–associated quality of life. Thus, we performed an investigation to examine the outcome of oral health status on
the quality of life of children and adolescents in Indian population, by using the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14).
Materials and Methods: A total of 100 children, ranging between 1 and 19 years of age who attended Indian hospitals from November 2016 to October 2019, were included in the study. The DMFT Index (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth) and OHIP-14 were used as data collection tools. Association of the total OHIP-14 score and seven subscales associated with it was evaluated using Spearman’s correlations.
Results: The results showed statistically noteworthy association between the toothbrushing regularity, number of dental appointments, history of oral trauma, smoking, and subdomains of OHIP-14 (P < 0.05)
Conclusion: Dental and oral health of an individual has a great impact on their quality of life.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the prevalence of dental caries among children aged 7-14 in Tirana, Albania. 372 children were examined from three schools in different socioeconomic areas of the city. Results found that 87% of children consumed sweets daily and only 67% reported brushing their teeth once per day. Dental caries experience was found to be high, with a mean of 2.06 decayed teeth per child. This poses a challenge for improving access to dental care and preventive programs in Albania.
Impact of school-based dental program performance on the oral health-related ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study was done in order to assess the association between the performance of school-based dental programs (SBDPs) and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in
school children, in the province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, taking into account untreated caries and sociodemographic factors. A cross-sectional survey was administered with 1906 children aged 12 and participating in SBDPs. Four SBDPs were chosen to represent good and poor performance in urban and rural areas. Caries was assessed using World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, whereas the children were interviewed for the OHRQoL and sociodemographic data. The OHRQoL was assessed using the Condition-Specific Child-Oral Impact on Daily Performances (CS Child-OIDP) index related to dental caries. The results revealed that the mean CS Child-OIDP score was 1.63 (SD 3.20) for good performance SBDP and 6.89 (SD 8.85) for poor performance SBDP. Analysis by negative binomial regression showed that being served by a poorly performing SBDP (RR = 4.45, 95% CI = 3.87–5.13), and to some extent living in a rural area and being a girl, were significantly associated with a greater risk of having a lower quality of life than were the counterparts. Untreated caries did not show an association with OHRQoL. In conclusion, there are substantial indications that SBDP performance is related to children’s OHRQoL.
Background- Oral health is a multi-factorial concept, determined by knowledge, behavior, and attitude of a person. Like any behavior carried out daily like a habit, oral health behaviors are also repeated like a habit. The multidimensionality of behavioral change makes studying it, and factors associated with it, a challenge, since there are so many aspects to consider. Objectives- To find an association between the oral health status and socio-behavioral factors among 12-15 years old school children of Belagavi city, India. Methods- A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to find an association between the oral health status and the knowledge, attitude and behavior of adolescents. One thousand participants were selected using two-stage random sampling. Dental caries, bleeding on probing, dental trauma, enamel fluorosis, intervention urgency was recorded according to the WHO 2013 proforma and the parameters regarding knowledge, attitudes as well as behavior using a closed ended self-designed questionnaire. Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis, and linear correlation tests were done. Results- Among 1000 subjects, 767 (76.7%) participants were found to have dental caries and 512 (51.2%) showed the presence of gingival bleeding. Out of a total score of 41, the mean knowledge score was 34.47 (±3.84) for boys and 34.76 (±4.13) for girls. Linear correlation showed that attitude was weakly correlated (r=0.18 and 0.20 respectively) but with a strong statistical significance to knowledge as well as behavior respectively. Conclusion- Attitude when compared separately either with knowledge or behavior showed a weak correlation that was highly significant. Comparison of behavior with caries experience showed a weak negative correlation which was statistically insignificant. Key-words- Oral health, Adolescents, Socio-behavioral, Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior
EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL DENTAL SCREENING, PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH EDUC...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of school screening, parental knowledge and health education in
stimulating dental attendance among 6 to 10 years old children.
Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out, with a sample size of 155 in each group. The study was conducted over a
period of 3 months, baseline clinical findings were assessed using dentition status and plaque index and knowledge of parents was evaluated using a
questionnaire in both the groups. The study group participants received oral health education and educational leaflets were distributed to the
parents. Further after 3 months, the post-intervention improvement was assessed as before. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version
22. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data.
Results: The overtime changes in oral health knowledge of parents were significantly different in the study group (p-value <0.001). Highly
significant reduction in Plaque scores was reported in the study group compared to control group (p-value <0.001). Overall there were no
significant differences in DMFT and dmft increments between the groups. The intervention was not effective at reducing the level of active caries
and increasing attendance in the population under study.
Conclusion: Even though the intervention had positive effects on plaque score and and on oral health knowledge of parents, but the rate of
utilization was low. We need additional efforts addressing another individual, family, and community level factors to make such programs more
fruitful
Partners in the fight against global tooth decay and committed to working together to achieve the common goal that every child should stay cavity free during their lifetime.. https://www.linkedin.com/groups/Public-Health-Dentistry-4172190
This study examined the relationship between dental caries and nutritional status in 229 preschool children aged 3-5 years old in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. The dmft index was used to assess dental caries and the Body Mass Index was used to assess nutritional status. The results found a dmft of 1.65, indicating a high prevalence of dental caries. 66.81% of children had normal nutritional status. No statistically significant correlation was found between dental caries and nutritional status.
Assess the Oral Hygiene Practices, Occurrence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis...ijtsrd
The study assessed the oral hygiene practices, occurrence of dental caries and gingivitis among 195 school-age children in rural India. Key findings included:
- 58.46% of children had dental caries and 38.79% experienced tooth pain.
- Most mothers (94.36%) had not received education on dental hygiene.
- Majority of children (97.95%) were taught brushing by their mothers but only 38.97% were supervised.
- Significant associations were found between material used between teeth/brushing technique and dental caries.
- The study concluded greater health education for parents and encouragement of good oral hygiene practices in children was needed to prevent dental car
Oral Health–Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents of Indian pop...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
Background: Kids and teenagers are more prone to oral diseases. Poor oral health has a significant impact on oral well-being–associated quality of life. Thus, we performed an investigation to examine the outcome of oral health status on
the quality of life of children and adolescents in Indian population, by using the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14).
Materials and Methods: A total of 100 children, ranging between 1 and 19 years of age who attended Indian hospitals from November 2016 to October 2019, were included in the study. The DMFT Index (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth) and OHIP-14 were used as data collection tools. Association of the total OHIP-14 score and seven subscales associated with it was evaluated using Spearman’s correlations.
Results: The results showed statistically noteworthy association between the toothbrushing regularity, number of dental appointments, history of oral trauma, smoking, and subdomains of OHIP-14 (P < 0.05)
Conclusion: Dental and oral health of an individual has a great impact on their quality of life.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the prevalence of dental caries among children aged 7-14 in Tirana, Albania. 372 children were examined from three schools in different socioeconomic areas of the city. Results found that 87% of children consumed sweets daily and only 67% reported brushing their teeth once per day. Dental caries experience was found to be high, with a mean of 2.06 decayed teeth per child. This poses a challenge for improving access to dental care and preventive programs in Albania.
This study aims to assess the impact of oral health education on the oral health knowledge and status of 12 and 15 year old private school children in Hyderabad, India. 750 children will be randomly selected from private schools across zones in Hyderabad and assessed at baseline and 4 weeks following an oral health education presentation. Oral health knowledge will be evaluated through a questionnaire and oral health status through the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index and WHO criteria. The results will be analyzed to see if oral health education improved knowledge and oral health status. This could help promote better oral health attitudes and behaviors from an early age.
Elfaki et al. - 2014 - Prevalence of Dental Caries among Primary School Atten...Moawia Alshiek
The study assessed the prevalence of dental caries among 192 girl students aged 10-13 years old in Najran, Saudi Arabia. A clinical examination found an overall dental caries rate of 71.35%, with the 10-11 year old group having a significantly higher rate than the 12-13 year old group. Factors like family history of dental caries, low parental education levels, frequent sweet consumption, and lack of oral hygiene knowledge were associated with higher caries rates. The researchers concluded the dental caries prevalence was very high, especially in younger students, and recommended preventive programs and oral health education to address this issue.
Preventing dental caries in children ,5 yearsNina Shevchenko
This systematic review aimed to update recommendations on preventing dental caries in children under 5. The review found:
1) No studies directly evaluated the effectiveness of screening by primary care providers on caries outcomes.
2) One good-quality study found primary care examination had reasonable accuracy for identifying cavities.
3) No studies evaluated the accuracy of primary care risk assessment for future caries.
4) Two nonrandomized trials found multifactorial interventions including education were associated with reduced caries, but did not isolate the effectiveness of education alone.
This document outlines a study on overweight and obese school children ages 5-12 in Chidambaram town. The study aims to analyze the socio-demographic profile and risk factors of overweight/obese children, as well as prevention strategies. It will use a cross-sectional study design involving collection of anthropometric measurements and questionnaires from a sample of 174 children across government and private schools. Results will identify key risk factors to help inform community-based prevention programs combining nutrition education and physical activity.
This study examined the effect of cariogenic food consumption on dental caries among children aged 3-6 years in slum areas of South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the dietary habits and oral health knowledge of 52 children. Chi-square tests found no significant relationships between dental caries and the consumption of foods like chocolate, sweets, cake or ice cream. While most parents were aware that cariogenic foods cause dental caries, many children still frequently consumed these foods. The study recommends reducing cariogenic food intake and improving oral hygiene practices to prevent dental caries.
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapa...DrHeena tiwari
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapadu Village of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India: An Original Research
1. The document outlines a proposed study by Bosco Jose to assess the knowledge and practice of mothers of lower primary school children regarding prevention of dental caries in Mangalore.
2. The study will utilize a descriptive survey design and purposive sampling to collect data from 60 mothers using structured questionnaires on knowledge and practice.
3. The objectives are to determine mothers' level of knowledge and practice regarding dental caries prevention, and to analyze the correlation between knowledge and practice and their association with demographic variables.
Nutritional status of plantation communities in Sri Lankalahiru galgamuwa
This study examined the nutritional status and associated socioeconomic factors among preschool and school-aged children in plantation communities in Sri Lanka. A total of 547 children aged 1-15 years participated. The researchers found high rates of undernutrition, with 35.6% underweight, 26.9% stunted, and 32.9% wasted. Undernutrition was more common among primary school children. For preschool children, being female, having a high number of siblings, high birth order, and maternal employment were significantly associated with undernutrition. For school children, living in small houses, large family size, low monthly income, and maternal employment correlated with undernutrition. The study concludes that child undernutrition is a major public health issue in
This study assessed the oral hygiene status of 2,363 people living in 26 rural villages from 2017-2019. The results showed that 40.5% of participants were male and 55.7% were female. Approximately 58% of the population had poor oral hygiene, with 27.5% having gingivitis, 17% having dental caries, and 13% having dental fluorosis. The study concluded that oral health programs should be organized in rural areas to evaluate oral health status, determine the need for dental education, and motivate residents to adopt better oral hygiene practices.
The document summarizes a study that assessed parents' knowledge of factors influencing oral hygiene practices in pediatric patients. A questionnaire was administered to parents to obtain data on their oral health habits, beliefs, knowledge of primary dentition and tooth shedding. Most parents changed toothbrushes every 6 months but only some visited dentists annually. While most agreed treatment is important, some declined due to cost or time constraints. The study concluded parental education plays a major role in children's oral health, and awareness among parents needs improving to better care for children's teeth.
- The document describes the background, methodology, and baseline results of a health outcome study conducted in Cambodia to evaluate the impact of a school-based health program called Fit for School.
- The study uses a clustered controlled trial design to compare health indicators of students in 10 intervention schools implementing Fit for School versus 10 control schools.
- Baseline results show high burdens of malnutrition, soil-transmitted helminths, and dental caries among the 632 participating students. Follow-up surveys will assess whether these indicators improve more in intervention schools after 24 months.
Why Is Illicit Drug Abuse Most Frequently Associated With...Monique Jones
This document discusses ways to prevent dental caries (tooth decay). It recommends eating a
balanced diet and limiting snacks between meals, brushing teeth twice daily with fluoride
toothpaste, flossing daily, visiting the dentist regularly, drinking sugary or acidic drinks in
moderation, and rinsing with water after consuming sugary foods or drinks. It also describes a
science experiment to test the effects of fluoride on dental caries prevention.
Oral health Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among a sample of Kurdish peop...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
School Children Dental Health, Dental Fear and Anxiety in relation to their P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of parents in Belagavi city, India regarding oral health care and prevention of early childhood caries (ECC). A questionnaire was administered to 218 parents who were attending a dental clinic with their children. The questionnaire evaluated knowledge of cariogenic diet and oral hygiene, attitudes toward prevention of ECC, and self-reported oral health practices. The results found that while parents had good overall knowledge, their attitudes and reported practices did not consistently reflect this. Good knowledge and positive attitudes do not necessarily translate to preventative oral health behaviors.
Assessment of oral problems and dental status of autistic children in comparison to a matched group of non-autistic healthy children in Benghazi, Libya.1
Impact of School Based Health Education on Knowledge and Practice Regarding O...ijtsrd
- The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of school-based health education on knowledge and practice regarding oral hygiene among primary school children in rural Karnataka, India.
- 100 primary school children were given a pre-test to assess their oral hygiene knowledge and practices, then received school-based health education, and were given a post-test.
- There were statistically significant improvements in both knowledge and practice scores from pre-to-post testing, indicating the school-based health education was effective in improving oral hygiene knowledge and practices among the primary school children.
Dietary practice of school going childrenUday Kumar
1) The study aimed to assess the nutritional status and prevalence of dental caries among 600 children aged 12-15 years in Lucknow, India.
2) Clinical assessments were conducted to record nutritional status using BMI and dental caries experience using the DMFT index.
3) Preliminary results found a 53.8% caries prevalence with a mean DMFT of 1.84 in Indian children aged 12, indicating high rates of malnutrition and dental caries.
130 The Journal of Dental Hygiene Vol. 88 • No. 2 • April 2014.docxmoggdede
This document discusses early childhood caries (ECC) and its prevalence, causes, and risk factors. It then examines strategies for oral health promotion, including educating parents and caregivers. A study assessed the oral health knowledge, confidence and practices of personnel in the Virginia WIC program. The study found personnel were knowledgeable about basic oral health concepts but over half reported low confidence in assessing for dental decay and did not routinely perform oral health screenings. It concluded training is needed to improve oral health promotion and disease prevention activities at WIC clinics.
Abstract— Dental diseases are health problem of developing countries mainly because of the fact that in developing countries these diseases are given less importance. People also not much bothered about children's personal hygiene and dental diseases until it leads to toothache and disability. And at this time it may lead to complication and expensive treatment. So a community based study was conducted in rural area of Jaipur district to find out the association between dental diseases and personal hygiene. From schools of Amer tahsil of Jaipur district 1600 students were examined for dental diseases and interrogated and observed for personal hygiene. Association of personal hygiene with dental diseases like Dental Carries, Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and Periodontitis was found out with chi-square test. It was revealed that Dental diseases like Dental Carries, Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and peridontitis all are associated with personal hygiene. Dental carries increases as the personal hygiene worsen and likewise same was observed with Malocclusion but Dental Fluorosis was observed in inverse direction mean as the personal hygiene improves the chances to have Dental Fluorosis increases. Periodontal it was found significantly more when personal hygiene of child is either poor or good, when it is fair chances of having Periodontal diseases were significantly less.
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
This study aims to assess the impact of oral health education on the oral health knowledge and status of 12 and 15 year old private school children in Hyderabad, India. 750 children will be randomly selected from private schools across zones in Hyderabad and assessed at baseline and 4 weeks following an oral health education presentation. Oral health knowledge will be evaluated through a questionnaire and oral health status through the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index and WHO criteria. The results will be analyzed to see if oral health education improved knowledge and oral health status. This could help promote better oral health attitudes and behaviors from an early age.
Elfaki et al. - 2014 - Prevalence of Dental Caries among Primary School Atten...Moawia Alshiek
The study assessed the prevalence of dental caries among 192 girl students aged 10-13 years old in Najran, Saudi Arabia. A clinical examination found an overall dental caries rate of 71.35%, with the 10-11 year old group having a significantly higher rate than the 12-13 year old group. Factors like family history of dental caries, low parental education levels, frequent sweet consumption, and lack of oral hygiene knowledge were associated with higher caries rates. The researchers concluded the dental caries prevalence was very high, especially in younger students, and recommended preventive programs and oral health education to address this issue.
Preventing dental caries in children ,5 yearsNina Shevchenko
This systematic review aimed to update recommendations on preventing dental caries in children under 5. The review found:
1) No studies directly evaluated the effectiveness of screening by primary care providers on caries outcomes.
2) One good-quality study found primary care examination had reasonable accuracy for identifying cavities.
3) No studies evaluated the accuracy of primary care risk assessment for future caries.
4) Two nonrandomized trials found multifactorial interventions including education were associated with reduced caries, but did not isolate the effectiveness of education alone.
This document outlines a study on overweight and obese school children ages 5-12 in Chidambaram town. The study aims to analyze the socio-demographic profile and risk factors of overweight/obese children, as well as prevention strategies. It will use a cross-sectional study design involving collection of anthropometric measurements and questionnaires from a sample of 174 children across government and private schools. Results will identify key risk factors to help inform community-based prevention programs combining nutrition education and physical activity.
This study examined the effect of cariogenic food consumption on dental caries among children aged 3-6 years in slum areas of South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the dietary habits and oral health knowledge of 52 children. Chi-square tests found no significant relationships between dental caries and the consumption of foods like chocolate, sweets, cake or ice cream. While most parents were aware that cariogenic foods cause dental caries, many children still frequently consumed these foods. The study recommends reducing cariogenic food intake and improving oral hygiene practices to prevent dental caries.
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapa...DrHeena tiwari
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapadu Village of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India: An Original Research
1. The document outlines a proposed study by Bosco Jose to assess the knowledge and practice of mothers of lower primary school children regarding prevention of dental caries in Mangalore.
2. The study will utilize a descriptive survey design and purposive sampling to collect data from 60 mothers using structured questionnaires on knowledge and practice.
3. The objectives are to determine mothers' level of knowledge and practice regarding dental caries prevention, and to analyze the correlation between knowledge and practice and their association with demographic variables.
Nutritional status of plantation communities in Sri Lankalahiru galgamuwa
This study examined the nutritional status and associated socioeconomic factors among preschool and school-aged children in plantation communities in Sri Lanka. A total of 547 children aged 1-15 years participated. The researchers found high rates of undernutrition, with 35.6% underweight, 26.9% stunted, and 32.9% wasted. Undernutrition was more common among primary school children. For preschool children, being female, having a high number of siblings, high birth order, and maternal employment were significantly associated with undernutrition. For school children, living in small houses, large family size, low monthly income, and maternal employment correlated with undernutrition. The study concludes that child undernutrition is a major public health issue in
This study assessed the oral hygiene status of 2,363 people living in 26 rural villages from 2017-2019. The results showed that 40.5% of participants were male and 55.7% were female. Approximately 58% of the population had poor oral hygiene, with 27.5% having gingivitis, 17% having dental caries, and 13% having dental fluorosis. The study concluded that oral health programs should be organized in rural areas to evaluate oral health status, determine the need for dental education, and motivate residents to adopt better oral hygiene practices.
The document summarizes a study that assessed parents' knowledge of factors influencing oral hygiene practices in pediatric patients. A questionnaire was administered to parents to obtain data on their oral health habits, beliefs, knowledge of primary dentition and tooth shedding. Most parents changed toothbrushes every 6 months but only some visited dentists annually. While most agreed treatment is important, some declined due to cost or time constraints. The study concluded parental education plays a major role in children's oral health, and awareness among parents needs improving to better care for children's teeth.
- The document describes the background, methodology, and baseline results of a health outcome study conducted in Cambodia to evaluate the impact of a school-based health program called Fit for School.
- The study uses a clustered controlled trial design to compare health indicators of students in 10 intervention schools implementing Fit for School versus 10 control schools.
- Baseline results show high burdens of malnutrition, soil-transmitted helminths, and dental caries among the 632 participating students. Follow-up surveys will assess whether these indicators improve more in intervention schools after 24 months.
Why Is Illicit Drug Abuse Most Frequently Associated With...Monique Jones
This document discusses ways to prevent dental caries (tooth decay). It recommends eating a
balanced diet and limiting snacks between meals, brushing teeth twice daily with fluoride
toothpaste, flossing daily, visiting the dentist regularly, drinking sugary or acidic drinks in
moderation, and rinsing with water after consuming sugary foods or drinks. It also describes a
science experiment to test the effects of fluoride on dental caries prevention.
Oral health Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among a sample of Kurdish peop...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
School Children Dental Health, Dental Fear and Anxiety in relation to their P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of parents in Belagavi city, India regarding oral health care and prevention of early childhood caries (ECC). A questionnaire was administered to 218 parents who were attending a dental clinic with their children. The questionnaire evaluated knowledge of cariogenic diet and oral hygiene, attitudes toward prevention of ECC, and self-reported oral health practices. The results found that while parents had good overall knowledge, their attitudes and reported practices did not consistently reflect this. Good knowledge and positive attitudes do not necessarily translate to preventative oral health behaviors.
Assessment of oral problems and dental status of autistic children in comparison to a matched group of non-autistic healthy children in Benghazi, Libya.1
Impact of School Based Health Education on Knowledge and Practice Regarding O...ijtsrd
- The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of school-based health education on knowledge and practice regarding oral hygiene among primary school children in rural Karnataka, India.
- 100 primary school children were given a pre-test to assess their oral hygiene knowledge and practices, then received school-based health education, and were given a post-test.
- There were statistically significant improvements in both knowledge and practice scores from pre-to-post testing, indicating the school-based health education was effective in improving oral hygiene knowledge and practices among the primary school children.
Dietary practice of school going childrenUday Kumar
1) The study aimed to assess the nutritional status and prevalence of dental caries among 600 children aged 12-15 years in Lucknow, India.
2) Clinical assessments were conducted to record nutritional status using BMI and dental caries experience using the DMFT index.
3) Preliminary results found a 53.8% caries prevalence with a mean DMFT of 1.84 in Indian children aged 12, indicating high rates of malnutrition and dental caries.
130 The Journal of Dental Hygiene Vol. 88 • No. 2 • April 2014.docxmoggdede
This document discusses early childhood caries (ECC) and its prevalence, causes, and risk factors. It then examines strategies for oral health promotion, including educating parents and caregivers. A study assessed the oral health knowledge, confidence and practices of personnel in the Virginia WIC program. The study found personnel were knowledgeable about basic oral health concepts but over half reported low confidence in assessing for dental decay and did not routinely perform oral health screenings. It concluded training is needed to improve oral health promotion and disease prevention activities at WIC clinics.
Abstract— Dental diseases are health problem of developing countries mainly because of the fact that in developing countries these diseases are given less importance. People also not much bothered about children's personal hygiene and dental diseases until it leads to toothache and disability. And at this time it may lead to complication and expensive treatment. So a community based study was conducted in rural area of Jaipur district to find out the association between dental diseases and personal hygiene. From schools of Amer tahsil of Jaipur district 1600 students were examined for dental diseases and interrogated and observed for personal hygiene. Association of personal hygiene with dental diseases like Dental Carries, Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and Periodontitis was found out with chi-square test. It was revealed that Dental diseases like Dental Carries, Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and peridontitis all are associated with personal hygiene. Dental carries increases as the personal hygiene worsen and likewise same was observed with Malocclusion but Dental Fluorosis was observed in inverse direction mean as the personal hygiene improves the chances to have Dental Fluorosis increases. Periodontal it was found significantly more when personal hygiene of child is either poor or good, when it is fair chances of having Periodontal diseases were significantly less.
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
2. Prevalence and Correlation of Dental Caries with its Specific Risk Factors in 5–15-year-old School-going Children
International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, Volume 13 Issue 1 (January–February 2020) 73
has been a paucity of literature regarding dental caries prevalence
in Ghaziabad district. Therefore, the present epidemiological
study was designed with an aim to study the prevalence of dental
caries in school-going children of 5–15 years of age group in
urban population of Ghaziabad and to assess and intercorrelate
its relationship with the form, frequency, and total sugar exposure;
SES of parents; and fluoride in drinking water as specific risk factors.
Materials andMethods
The study was conducted on 3,000 school-going children aged
5–15 years (divided into three age groups of 5–6, 7–12, and
13–15 years) studying in the government and private schools in
the urban area of Ghaziabad city. The study was analyzed and
approved by the ethical committee of the institution (IRB no.
012). The schools of the Ghaziabad were divided in the North
East, North West, South East, and South West zones based on
geographic location. Seven schools were randomly selected from
each zone with equal number of boys and girls who participated
in the study after satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Children who had been the continuous residents and native of
the area and whose socioeconomic records were available in the
school were included in the study, while the children with the
presence of any systemic disease, acute infection of oral cavity,
and children on any medication were excluded from the study.
A survey was systematically planned to spread over a period of
1 year and a detailed weekly and monthly schedule was well
prepared in advance by informing and obtaining the consent from
the authorities of respective schools. A specifically prepared and
pretested pro forma designed for collecting all the required and
relevant general information and clinical findings was used for
recording the data. The pro forma included questions regarding
personal data; sociodemographic profile; oral health assessment
form for recording of dental caries;9
24-hour dietary recall to record
the form, frequency, and total number of sugar exposure; and SES
of the family. The SES of the children obtained from the school
records was recorded according to the modified Kuppuswamy’s
socioeconomic scale, and the scale was updated using Consumer
Price Index 2016.10
The scale contains three questions, about the
education of head, occupation of head, and family income per
month in rupees. A definite score was given for each of the three
criteria which were added, and according to the total score, the
socioeconomic class was classified as upper (26–29), upper middle
(16–25), lower middle (11–15), upper lower (5–10), and lower (<5).
The clinical examination of every child was carried out under
the natural day light by making the child sit on ordinary chair
with back rest and the examiner sitting in front of the chair. Four
samples of normal drinking tap water supplied by the municipal
authority(GhaziabadNagarNigam)werecollectedfromthenearby
source from each zone for the estimation of level of fluoride in
drinking water by the visual spectrophotometric method. The
final data obtained were compiled systematically, transferred
from a precoded pro forma to a computer, and a master table
was prepared. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 21, and
p value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis test was used to compare
the correlation between various risk factors studied in the survey.
Results
The overall caries prevalence in 5–15-year age group was found to
be 54.6%. There was a statistical significant difference found when
the age-group comparison (p = 0.001), gender-wise comparison
(p = 0.001), and SES comparison (p = 0.002) were done (Table 1)
with the caries prevalence. A statistical significant difference was
also seen when the physical form of sugar intake (p = 0.038),
frequency of sugar consumption at/between meals (p = 0.001),
and total number of sugar exposure during last 24 hours (p = 0.001)
were evaluated with caries prevalence (Table 2). The mean water
fluoride level in the surveyed area was found to be 0.481 ppm and
was found to be nonsignificantly (p = 0.248) associated with caries
prevalence (Table 3). Multivariate regression analysis identified
age, gender, physical form of sugar intake, frequency of sugar
consumption at/between meals, total number of sugar exposure
during last 24 hours, and SES as the risk factors when compared
with caries prevalence (Table 4).
Discussion
The major objective of dental caries epidemiology is to analyze
its distribution, to explore its determining factors, and to evaluate
the impact of certain actions on its occurrence in the society.5,6
There are a plenty of credible studies on the prevalence of dental
caries from the different regions of India, such as the study by
Tewari et al.7
in Rohtak, (Haryana), Sharma et al.8
in Northeastern
region, Mehta et al.11
in the major cities of Uttar Pradesh (UP),
Table 1: Caries prevalence among the school children according to age, gender and socioeconomic status of parents
Caries prevalence
Present, n (%) Absent, n (%) p value
Age group (in years) 5–6 367 (40) 550 (60) 0.001*
7–12 833 (69.8) 360 (30.2)
13–15 438 (49.2) 452 (50.8)
Total 1,638 (54.6) 1,362 (45.4)
Gender Male 765 (51) 735 (49) 0.001*
Female 873 (58.2) 627 (41.8)
Socioeconomic status Upper 240 (40.8) 348 (59.2) 0.002*
Upper middle 258 (44.8) 318 (55.2)
Lower middle 401 (54.7) 332 (45.3)
Upper lower 295 (55.8) 234 (44.2)
Lower 332 (57.8) 242 (42.1)
Chi-square test applied; *significant difference
3. Prevalence and Correlation of Dental Caries with its Specific Risk Factors in 5–15-year-old School-going Children
International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, Volume 13 Issue 1 (January–February 2020)
74
Goel et al.12
in Putter (Karnataka), Moses et al.13
in Chidambaram
(TamilNadu),Shingareetal.14
inUran,RaigadDistrict(Maharashtra),
Ingle et al.15
in Bharatpur (Rajasthan), and Patloth et al.16
in 2017
from Mahabubnagar District (Telangana). These research studies
highlight that the dental caries is still a major health issue in India.
In the recent times, a trend of declining caries experience in
developedcountriesandincreasingcariesprevalenceindeveloping
countries has been reported. In India as well, a similar trend to that
of other developing countries has been observed, and this may
continue in the future due to growing globalization.1
According to
U.S. National Library of Medicine, urban population can be defined
as “the inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas
and suburban areas,” which forms a major population of an area or
district.17
Duetourbanization,thereismoreavailabilityofprocessed
food items as well as sugars in the forms of chocolates, candies,
sweet beverages, and so on, which might lead to an increased
exposure of sugars in the children.2
Although a plethora of studies
on dental caries among different age groups from different regions
of India are available,3,7,8
the data on the prevalence of dental caries
in school-going children of the urban population of Ghaziabad
city are still scarce. Therefore, this study was planned to assess and
intercorrelate the relationship between prevalence of dental caries
with the form, frequency, and total sugar exposure; SES of parents;
and fluoride in drinking water in school-going children aged
5–15 years of urban population of Ghaziabad. Moreover, according
to World Health Organization (WHO), these age groups (5–15 years)
are considered as the global monitoring ages for international
comparisons and monitoring and have been observed to be most
vulnerable age for developing dental caries.9,18
The overall prevalence of dental caries was found to be 54.6%
among the total number of children examined in Ghaziabad
in this study. Similar to this study, Bhatia et al.19
also reported a
prevalence rate of 51.46% from the same district in the children of
age group 3–15 years. Contrary to the results in this study, various
researchers have reported a variable range of caries prevalence
across India. Higher caries prevalence was documented by Sharma
et al.8
(90%) in the Northeastern region of India, Patloth et al.16
(75%) and Arangannal et al.20
(68%) in Chennai, respectively,
Shingare et al.14
(80.92%) in Maharashtra, Dash et al.21
(64.3%) in
Cuttack, and Saravanan et al.22
(71.7%) in Chidambaram. However,
many studies conducted in India also have reported lower caries
prevalence. Poorani et al.23
reported caries prevalence of 40% in
Chennai,Ahuja24
43.3%inLucknow,Dharetal.25
46.75%inUdaipur,
Gupta et al.26
47.38% in Jaipur, Prakash et al.27
39.19% in Delhi, and
Venugopal et al.28
35.6% in Mumbai, respectively.
In this study, caries prevalence in the age group of 7–12 years
was statistically significantly higher (69.8%) when compared with
the children aged 5–6 years (40%) and 13–15 years (49.2%). In the
children aged 5 years, the prevalence rate was higher than the UP
state average (18.6%) and lower than the country average (83.5%).
Similarly, in the children aged 7–12 years, the prevalence rate was
higherthantheUPstateaverage(58.5%)andlowerthanthecountry
average (74.6%). However, in the children aged 13–15 years, the
prevalence rate was lower than the UP state average (84.1%) and
country average (75.8%).29
Comparable results were reported in
the studies done by Bhatia et al.,19
Shingare et al.,14
Arangannal
et al.,20
Goyal et al.,30
Dhar et al.,25
and Venugopal et al.28
Higher
caries prevalence in the 7–12-year age group when compared with
Table 2: Caries prevalence among the school children according to form, frequency and total number of sugar exposure in last 24 hours
Sugar exposure
Caries prevalence
Present, n (%) Absent, n (%)
p value
(between groups)
p value
(between groups)
Form of sugar intake Solid form Zero 139 (20.0) 555 (80) 0.001* 0.038*
Once 498 (42.7) 668 (57.3)
Twice or more 1,001 (87.8) 139 (12.2)
Liquid form Zero 563 (37.4) 941 (62.7) 0.003*
Once 984 (60) 382 (40)
Twice or more 91 (70) 39 (30)
Frequency of sugar
consumption
At meals Zero 783 (56.8) 595 (43.2) 0.008* 0.001*
Once 607 (51.1) 581 (48.9)
Twice or more 248 (57.1) 186 (42.9)
In between meals Zero 160 (14.8) 921 (85.2) 0.0001*
Once 412 (57.7) 302 (42.3)
Twice or more 1,066 (88.4) 139 (11.6)
Total number of sugar exposure Zero 60 (15.2) 336 (84.8) 0.001*
Once 156 (19.6) 641 (80.4)
Twice 831 (76.9) 250 (23.1)
Thrice or more 591 (81.4) 135 (18.6)
Chi-square test applied; *significant difference
Table 3: Caries prevalence in relation to mean fluoride content in
drinking water in different zones of Ghaziabad
Zones
Mean fluoride
content (mg/L)
Caries
prevalence (n) % p value
North West 0.225 435 58.0 0.248#
North East 0.325 365 48.7
South East 0.50 421 56.1
South West 0.875 417 55.6
Total 0.481 1,638 54.6
Chi-square test applied; #
nonsignificant difference
4. Prevalence and Correlation of Dental Caries with its Specific Risk Factors in 5–15-year-old School-going Children
International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, Volume 13 Issue 1 (January–February 2020) 75
5–6- and 13–15-year children could be explained on the basis of
increased exposure of the teeth to poor oral hygiene conditions in
comparison to lesser age group, whereas in the higher age group
theprevalencewasfoundlessduetothepresenceofnewlyerupted
permanent teeth. Kundu et al.18
and Ahuja24
reported a higher
caries prevalence rate in children aged 5 years, which might be due
to the lack of self-motivation about their dental health in younger
children and dependence on their parents for the maintenance of
oral hygiene as suggested by Ahuja.24
On gender-wise comparison in this study, caries prevalence
was found to be more in females (58.2%) when compared with
males (51%), and the results were statistically significant. These
results are in agreement with the studies carried out by Ahuja,24
Arangannal et al.,20
and Shingare et al.14
The presence of higher
caries prevalence in females than males could be because of the
early eruption of teeth in females, hence longer exposure of their
teethtothecariogenicenvironment,easyaccessoffoodsuppliesto
females, differences in dietary behaviors, frequent snacking habits,
andfluctuatinghormonallevelsduringpuberty.16
However,various
researchers, such as Dhar et al.,25
Patloth et al.,16
Dash et al.,21
Jain,31
Moses et al.,13
reported a higher caries prevalence rate in males.
The reasons stated for greater caries prevalence in males might be
due to the marked preference for sons compared with daughters
in India regardless of the SES leading to longer feeding of sons and
thereby causing more dental decay.16
The SES is broadly recognized as one of the significant factors
affectingthehealthconditionofanindividualorafamily.Ithasbeen
reportedthattheSESandattitudeordemographicfactorsofparents
have a strong influence on the child’s oral health.3
Kuppuswamy
scaleiscommonlyusedasameasureofSESintheurbanpopulation
which consists of three questions, that is, occupation of the head,
family income, and parental education. In this study, modified
Kuppuswamy scale with readjustment of the per capita income
to suit the present levels was used for classifying the children into
different SES.10
Various authors reported that SES of children had
inverse correlation with the prevalence of dental caries among
school-going children.3,16
Patloth et al.16
stated that the higher SES
groups enjoyed the sharpest decline in caries experience, and the
Decayed, Missing and Filled teeth in permanent dentition (DMF)
valuesofchildreninhigherSESstratawerelowerinchildrenoflower
SES strata. In this study, high prevalence of dental caries was found
inthechildrenoflowerSES(57.8%)followedbyupperlower(55.8%),
lowermiddle(54.7%),uppermiddle(44.8%),andupper(40.8%),and
the results were statistically significant (p = 0.002). Similar results
werereportedbyvariousresearchers,suchasThyathetal.,3
Katageri
et al.,32
Saravanan et al.,22
Ingle et al.,15
Gupta et al.,26
Datta and
Datta,33
Bhatia et al.,19
and Moses et al.13
This could be because of
the reason that the individuals from lower SES experience financial,
social, and material detriments that compromise their ability to
care for themselves and afford professional health care services.
In addition, it has also been reported that the individuals from low
SES have more fatalistic beliefs about their health and have a lower
perceived need for oral care, leading to less self-care and lower
utilization of preventive health services.34
The possible influences
of SES on dental health may also be a consequence of differences
in dietary habits and the role of sugar in diet.35,36
In contrast to the
aforementioned authors, Popoola et al. stated that the children
with higher caries prevalence belonged to the high and middle
socioeconomic classes in Nigeria.37
The author clarified that this
inverse trend was because of the study design, which was carried
out in a tertiary dental hospital and larger percentage of attendees
were from social class that could afford the cost of dental care.37
Dentalcariesisabiofilm-mediated,sugar-induced,multifactorial,
dynamic disease that leads to the cyclic remineralization and
demineralizationofdentalhardtissues.38
Theterm“sugars”ascribes
to all mono- and disaccharides, whereas the term “free sugars”
refers to all mono- and disaccharides incorporated into foods by
manufacturers, cooks, or consumers, plus sugars naturally present
inhoney,fruitjuices,andsyrups.2,39
Thecurrentlyavailableevidence
shows that sugars are undoubtedly the most important dietary
factor and is the most often studied factor in the development
of dental caries. The form or physical nature (solid or liquid) of
the fermentable carbohydrate directly influences the duration of
exposure and retention of the food on the teeth.39
Prolonged oral
retention of cariogenic components of food on tooth surface may
lead to the production of acid and subsequent demineralization
of teeth.2,39
The duration of the demineralization–remineralization
cycle may also be influenced by the frequency and amount of
fermentable carbohydrate consumed.39
The prevalence of dental
caries in industrialized countries has decreased in the last three
decades; however, in developing countries where systemic modes
of fluoride administration are not readily available and populaces
have more opportunity to consume free sugars and fermentable
carbohydrates, the prevalence of dental caries is increasing.2,39
Abaas40
intheirstudyestablishedthathardcandiesweremorerisky
than soft drink and ice cream and the frequency of sugar intake
increases dental caries prevalence. Various breakthrough studies
such as Vipeholm study in which Gustafsson et al.41
reported that
when the sugar was consumed between meals when compared
withduringmealtime,thecariesriskincreasesandasthesugar-rich
foods were withdrawn from the diet, the increased caries activity
rapidly disappeared. The authors also quantified that with the
increaseintheclearancetimeofthesugar,cariesactivityincreases.41
As there is a credible evidence collectively from epidemiological,
Table 4: Mutivariate logistic regression analysis between the independent variables: socio-demographic factors and the outcomes: caries
experience (DMFT > 0) with OR and 95% CI
Risk factors
Logit
coefficient SE Wald Adjusted OR
95% CI
p value
Lower Upper
Age 0.562 0.159 12.521 1.755 1.285 2.396 0.001*
Gender 19.870 8.133 0.001 0.453 0.242 1.032 0.002*
Form of sugar intake 1.832 0.183 19.234 1.53 0.952 1.945 0.001*
Frequency of sugar consumption 2.893 0.638 18.729 1.29 0.740 1.658 0.001*
Total sugar consumption 2.334 0.202 133.601 1.321 0.6948 1.5333 0.001*
Socioeconomic status −0.053 0.330 0.026 0.432 0.497 1.812 0.008*
Fluoride in drinking water 2.129 0.592 14.324 1.925 1.280 2.746 0.067#
SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; *significant difference, #
nonsignificant difference
5. Prevalence and Correlation of Dental Caries with its Specific Risk Factors in 5–15-year-old School-going Children
International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, Volume 13 Issue 1 (January–February 2020)
76
animal, experimental, and human intervention studies that there
is correlation between the amount and frequency of free sugar
intake and dental caries; therefore, in this study, the association
between the physical form of sugar, frequency of sugar exposure
at or between meals, and total number of sugar exposure with the
prevalence of dental caries was attained.42
Variousauthorsinthepast,suchasLakhanpaletal.43
andGupta
etal.,44
haveemployedthe24-hourdietrecallchartintheirresearch
studies to document the sugar exposure. The present study also
adopted the 24-hour diet recall chart to record the form of sugar
intake (solid form or liquid form), frequency of sugar consumption
(at meal and between meals), and total sugar exposure during the
last 24 hours (no sugar consumption, once, twice, or more than
twice). In this study, correlation was found between the prevalence
of dental caries with the physical form of sugar exposure (solid
or liquid) consumed during the last 24 hours. Children who had
taken sugar in solid form had more caries when compared with the
children who had consumed sugar in liquid form, and the results
were statistically significant (p = 0.038). This could be because
liquid sugars, such as those found in beverages and milk drinks,
pass through the oral cavity fairly quickly with limited contact
time or adherence to tooth surfaces when compared with solid
sugars as suggested by Moynihan et al.39
It has also been reported
that the long-lasting sources of solid sugars, such as hard candies,
breath mints, and lollipops, have extended exposure time in
the oral cavity because the sugars are gradually released during
consumption resulting in the subsequent demineralization of
tooth surfaces.2
In this study, association was also found between
the caries prevalence and frequency of sugar exposure at meal
and in between meal during the last 24 hours. The children who
had more exposure of sugar between the meal had more caries
when compared with the children who had consumed the sugar
at meal and the results were statistically significant (p = 0.001). The
results were in agreement with the research done by Gustafsson
et al. (Vipeholm study).41
This could be due to the fact that at
mealtime consumption of sugars, the salivary flow rate is more due
to the stimulation by other meal components leading to the rapid
neutralization of plaque acids thereby resulting in the decreased
caries prevalence.41
In this study, total number of sugar consumed
during the last 24 hours was found to be directly related to dental
caries. The caries prevalence in children with no sugar exposure
was found to be 15.2%, 19.6% in children with one-time sugar
exposure, 76.9% in children with two-time sugar exposure, and
81.4% when the sugar exposure was more than twice. These results
suggest that there is direct correlation of total sugar intake with the
prevalence of dental caries. Similar findings were also reported by
Abaas,40
Lakhanpal et al.,43
Sahoo et al.,45
and Sreebny;46
however,
Yabao et al.47
stated that there was no significant relation between
sugar intake and dental caries. The association of dental caries with
excessive sugar intake has also been affirmed by an expert panel
of the WHO.48–50
The panel reported an increased risk of caries
associated with frequent and total intake of free, simple sugars.
Various research studies imply the frequency of eating sugars to
be of considerable etiological importance for caries than the total
consumption of sugars.48
Against the general perception that
frequency of sugar intake is more important than the amount of
sugars eaten, two longitudinal studies reported that the amount
of sugar intake to be more important than the frequency.51,52
However, there is undoubtedly a strong correlation between these
two variables with an increase in one factor leading to an increase
in the other.
Systematic analysis of the scientific documentation related
to fluoride has concluded that community water fluoridation is
efficient in decreasing dental caries prevalence.29,53
According
to Cochrane review, water fluoridation results in reductions in
decayed, missing and filled teeth in deciduous dentition (dmft) of
1.81 and Decayed, Missing and Filled teeth in permanent dentition
(DMFT) of 1.16, that is, 35% reduction in dmft and 26% in DMFT.54
There was also an increase in the percentage of caries-free children
of 15% in deciduous dentition and 14% in permanent dentition.
U.S. Public Health Service now recommends an optimal fluoride
concentration of 0.7 mg/L for the community water systems that
add fluoride in the drinking water.54
There are fewer studies in the
literature describing the association of prevalence of dental caries
and water fluoridation; therefore, this study involved fluoride levels
in drinking water as one of the risk factors. Desai et al.55
reported
lower prevalence of caries in the optimal fluoride areas (17.2%) in
Nalgondadistrictanddescribedthattheprevalenceofdentalcaries
decreased with increasing concentration of fluoride in the drinking
water up to 5 ppm. Kotecha et al.56
stated that there was lesser
degree of dental caries in the areas showing more fluoride content
in drinking water in district of Gujarat. Various researchers, such as
Acharya and Anuradha57
in Davangere (India), Yiamouyiannis58
in
theUnitedStates,andSchluteretal.59
inNewZealand,documented
that the decay rates of deciduous teeth were significantly lower
in fluoridated than in nonfluoridated areas. Various public health
reports show inverse correlation of prevalence of dental caries with
the level of fluoride in drinking water.56,57
In this study, the mean
fluoridelevelindrinkingwaterintheareassurveyedwasfoundtobe
0.48 ppm, which is lower than the optimal fluoride concentration in
drinking water as recommended by WHO. Similar levels of fluoride
content in drinking water were reported from the other cities of UP.
Thefluorideindrinkingwaterwasreportedtobe0.28–0.58ppmby
RaiandSingh50
inLucknow;additionally,Bhallaetal.53
documented
the mean fluoride content of 0.64 ppm in normal drinking water
in Mathura. Less than 1 ppm fluoride content in drinking water
was also reported from various states of India, such as UP (44.6%),
Jammu and Kashmir (48.5%), Himachal Pradesh (93.6%), Haryana
(80.7%),Delhi(99.6%),MadhyaPradesh(90%),Assam(98.8%),Orissa
(85.9%), Maharashtra (54.6%), Karnataka (31%), Andhra Pradesh
(72.3%), Tamil Nadu (57.2%), and Kerala (68.8%).29
Fluoridation
of public drinking water systems had been demonstrated to be
effective in decreasing trend of dental caries;54
however, in this
study, no correlation was found between the caries prevalence
and fluoride levels in drinking water (p = 0.974). This could be due
to the limited number of water samples collected from the areas
surveyed that might not have given the actual status of the fluoride
levels in drinking water source. Also, there is no such provision of
fluoridationofcommunitywaterintheareassurveyedinGhaziabad
like those present in the western countries.
This study identified the risk factors, such as age, gender,
physical form of sugar, frequency of sugar at and between meals
and total number of sugar exposure during the last 24 hours, and
SES of parents with the prevalence of dental caries in school-going
children of the 5–15-year age group. Taking consideration of all
these specific risk factors, this study revealed that dental caries is a
majorhealthproblemamongschoolchildrenandthereisanurgent
needforthedisseminationofappropriateandaccurateinformation
aboutoralhealthcareforschool-goingchildren.Sinceurbanization
is rapid in India, enactment of community-based preventive oral
healthprogramsonhealthydiet,practicesofadequateoralhygiene,
and promotion of dental awareness should be encouraged in
6. Prevalence and Correlation of Dental Caries with its Specific Risk Factors in 5–15-year-old School-going Children
International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, Volume 13 Issue 1 (January–February 2020) 77
schools through integration into school curriculum and services
to combat the increasing problem of dental caries among school
children. The local health authorities and policymakers responsible
mustdevelopandimplementappropriateschool-basedoralhealth
promotion and care programs.
Conclusion
Theoverallcariesprevalenceinthe5–15-year-oldschoolchildrenin
Ghaziabadcitywasfoundtobe54.6%.Amongthethreeagegroups,
the prevalence of dental caries was found to be more in 7–12-year
age group children when compared with 5–6 and 13–15-year age
group children and was found more among females in comparison
to males. Caries prevalence was found to be more among the
children who consumed sugar in solid form when compared with
liquid form during the last 24 hours. Caries prevalence was more
in children whose sugar consumption was present between the
meals when compared with sugar consumption at meals during
the last 24 hours. The prevalence of caries was present more in
children who had consumed sugar three times or more when
compared with the children with zero sugar consumption during
the last 24 hours. Among the various SES, the prevalence of dental
caries was found higher in children from lower class SES followed
by upper lower, lower middle class, upper middle, and upper class,
respectively. Mean fluoride content in drinking water of areas
surveyed in Ghaziabad was found to be 0.48 ppm, and the caries
prevalence was not significantly related to mean fluoride content
of drinking water of surveyed areas.
The risk factors, such as age, gender, physical form of sugar,
frequency of sugar consumption at and between meal and total
number of sugar exposure during the last 24 hours, and SES of
family, were found to be associated with the prevalence of dental
caries in school-going children of 5–15-year age group.
ClinicalSignificance
Knowledgeoftheprevalenceandassociatedriskfactorsisnecessary
to develop targeted interventions to prevent subsequent decay
and also to lessen the number of children requiring emergency
treatment. Special emphasis on childhood dental care should be
givenbytheschoolauthoritiesbyorganizingoralhealthcampaigns
to increase the awareness about the disease among children to
engage them in preventive oral practices.
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