Introduction to Language and Linguistics 005: Morphology & SyntaxMeagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 005: Morphology & Syntax - In which we review the notion of morphological restrictions (word-internal distributional patterns), and introduce the idea of syntactic restrictions (word-external distributional patterns). Frame Sentences are introduced as a diagnostic for lexical category, and Phrase Structure Rules are introduced as a way to account for Frame Sentences (i.e., patterns in lexical word order). Hocket's design feature PRODUCTIVITY is discussed, and the difference between the Chomsky-style generative approach and a Skinner-style behaviourist approach mentioned.
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 007: Dynamic Semantics & PragmaticsMeagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 007: Dynamic Semantics & Pragmatics - In which we look at the aspect of meaning that can be better formalized as USE-CONDITIONS (as opposed to TRUTH-CONDITIONS). Expressives are introduced as lexical elements that lack truth-conditional content, but have use-conditional content. Questions and Imperatives are raised as a problem for a truth-conditional approach to meaning, and a way to introduce different kinds of SPEECH ACTS. Perhaps ambitiously, I attempt to shoehorn the basics of dynamic semantics into an intro course (i.e, the idea that we can describe the meaning of different kinds of speech acts in terms of the different way they affect the speech context). Then, like every other intro course, we discuss Gricean Maxims, but we successfully manage to do this without referring once to The Big Bang Theory. Oh, and Hockett's design feature PREVARICATION is introduced.
Standards Across Anglophone Space
The first part is concerned with the similarities and differences across the Englishes designated ‘standard’ in each of these three regions: Britain, North America and Australia.
The second part is concerned with the similarities and differences across varieties of English within two of the regions, Britain and North America.
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 005: Morphology & SyntaxMeagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 005: Morphology & Syntax - In which we review the notion of morphological restrictions (word-internal distributional patterns), and introduce the idea of syntactic restrictions (word-external distributional patterns). Frame Sentences are introduced as a diagnostic for lexical category, and Phrase Structure Rules are introduced as a way to account for Frame Sentences (i.e., patterns in lexical word order). Hocket's design feature PRODUCTIVITY is discussed, and the difference between the Chomsky-style generative approach and a Skinner-style behaviourist approach mentioned.
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 007: Dynamic Semantics & PragmaticsMeagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 007: Dynamic Semantics & Pragmatics - In which we look at the aspect of meaning that can be better formalized as USE-CONDITIONS (as opposed to TRUTH-CONDITIONS). Expressives are introduced as lexical elements that lack truth-conditional content, but have use-conditional content. Questions and Imperatives are raised as a problem for a truth-conditional approach to meaning, and a way to introduce different kinds of SPEECH ACTS. Perhaps ambitiously, I attempt to shoehorn the basics of dynamic semantics into an intro course (i.e, the idea that we can describe the meaning of different kinds of speech acts in terms of the different way they affect the speech context). Then, like every other intro course, we discuss Gricean Maxims, but we successfully manage to do this without referring once to The Big Bang Theory. Oh, and Hockett's design feature PREVARICATION is introduced.
Standards Across Anglophone Space
The first part is concerned with the similarities and differences across the Englishes designated ‘standard’ in each of these three regions: Britain, North America and Australia.
The second part is concerned with the similarities and differences across varieties of English within two of the regions, Britain and North America.
Chinese versus English IntroductionThere is no single lan.docxchristinemaritza
Chinese versus English
Introduction
There is no single language that is used in China, however, there are various versions that involves Wu language, Cantonese and Taiwanese languages. However, the Mandarin of the northern region is the mother tongue to almost 70 percent of the Chinese people and therefore accepted as the knowledge for all the Chinese people. Knowledge is a language that comprises various domains. This involves; first, Phonology, this is a system in which organization of sounds is achieved. Second, Morphology; these are elements that are meaningful and how they have been organized to form words. Third, Syntax; these are the various ways of sentence formation (Lin, P.3). Chinese and English tend languages to employ the above domains in there structures to come up with to come up with effective communication. This research therefore looks at the morphological, phonological and syntactical domains in order to show the similarities and differences within this two languages. Comment by Jennifer Haan: Use MLA citation for formatting throughout
Similarities between English and Chinese Languages
English and Chinese languages are similar in terms of grammar. In Chinese language, a simple sentence structure comprises of the subject, a predicate and also an object. For instance: Comment by Jennifer Haan: Verb form
In English “I wash my hands”
In Chinese “我 Wo (I) 洗 xi 手 shou.”
This makes Chinese grammar appear somehow simpler as compared to English Grammr. For example, the Chinese language doesn’t contain all the various forms that are based on singular/plural (Liang, Para. 3)
The syllables of the Chinese language comprises of three features. The tone, initial and final sound financial. The initial Consonants make up the initial sound while the final file is made up of at minimum one vowel. Some of the syllables contain only the initial or the final sound. Chinese language is composed of 21 initial sounds while final sounds are 35 in number with 413 various combinations? If the four mandarin Chinese are applied, then we are able to get 1600 unique syllables Comment by Jennifer Haan: Word choice
The pronunciations that are close to English are numerous with many words displaying the initial sound. There are many examples of within the initial sounds such as b, p, and f among others that are similar to the English Letters. The only difference is that, from the table, English words are pronounced with a stronger health.
Both the Chinese and English languages have similar word order in their sentence structures. For instance, the two sentences that have been given below have a similar meaning when written either in Chinese or English. They march each other in terms of word by word. Comment by Jennifer Haan: Word choice
他 是 个 好 学生！
He is a good student!
Both English and Chinese contain relatively very few inflections. In case there are inflections that are present, then they are relatively simple. The semantic affixes are used in both ...
Personal name is one of the methods to build images of diversified characters in literary works. In Chinese culture, personal names carry abundant cultural information, so it is extremely difficult for translators to translate the personal names. This essay makes an exhaustive research of the translation of personal names in Red Sorghum and analyzes the translation effects. Howard Goldblatt employs three methods to translate personal names: transliteration, free translation and rewriting. Personal names are not just social symbols. Their translation does not equal to the transfer of linguistic codes. In some cases, Goldblatt cherishes the important role code users play in the communication, so he attemps to transmit the user-oriented cultural information represented by personal names in the source text. Goldblatt does not always transliterate into English the Chinese personal names with the Chinese phonetic alphabet. When situation permits, he free translates or even rewrites the personal names in order to transmit the pragmatic and cultural meanings, which demonstrates his magnificent creativity and initiative.
Demystifying Mandarin - Learn Chinese by Hutong SchoolHutong School
Jan Wostyn, Director International Relations of Hutong School, will give you a bird's eye view of the fascinating Chinese language, zooming in on different aspects of a language which many Westerners believe to be the hardest language in the world, until they actually get started, and discover the surprisingly simplicity of Chinese compared to most European languages.
www.hutong-school.com
Though sharing some commonalities, English and Chinese do hold their own characteristics. Hypotaxis and parataxis are generally considered to be among the most significant differences between English and Chinese. Though previous studies have analyzed hypotaxis and parataxis from different perspectives, a few of them have applied them to prose translation. If I Were King, a typical essay written by Nie Gannu, is translated by Zhang Peiji (2012) and compiled in his Selected Modern Chinese Essays 1 . This paper is in an attempt to make a contrastive analysis between the Chinese and English versions of If I Were King from the perspective of hypotaxis and parataxis. The first part gives a brief introduction to the previous studies on hypotaxis and parataxis and If I Were King. The second part clarifies the meaning of hypotaxis and parataxis. Methodology is discussed in the third part. As the main part of this paper, the fourth part is the case studies on three levels: the lexical level, syntactic level and discourse level. The final part makes a summary and provides some practical suggestions. Through analysis, this paper aims to make other language learners have a better grasp of hypotaxis and parataxis so as to facilitate translation, especially prose translation. Besides, this paper may also provide enlightenment for scholars of contrastive linguistics.
Psychology of Language 5th Edition Carroll Test BankKiayadare
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/psychology-of-language-5th-edition-carroll-test-bank/ Psychology of Language 5th Edition Carroll Test Bank
It has been repeatedly suggested that there are L1 interference and gender-related differences in second language acquisition. This study aims to investigate L1 transfer and sex effect on fricative learning by comparing the spectral peak value of the target fricatives /s / and F2 onset of their following vowels produced by late Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals and L1 Mandarin speakers. The results indicated that there were significant gender effects in /s/ and / /, yet no significant gender effect in / /. And there were statistically significant differences in /s/ and / /, but no significant differences in / / between the two language groups.
This easy to follow guide from the team at One Hour Translation is a must read for anyone considering translating their content into Chinese. The appeal of the Chinese market is obvious: the country is the second fastest growing economy globally, and the world's largest exporter. Over 1.2 billion people speak Chinese, or 16% of the world's population, however there are hundreds of varieties of the language spoken. Most people are familiar with Mandarin, however more than 300,000,000 Chinese speak other dialects, and then there are the writing varieties to contend with. One Hour Translation are localization experts, and this guide will help you to choose the right dialect for your next project.
1. R U N D I G U O
1 2 / 1 1 / 1 5
The Influence of English on
Modern Chinese
References:
Chen, Ping. Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York, NY;Cambridge, U.K;: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Web.
Dong, Hongyuan, and Inc ebrary. A History of the Chinese Language. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2014. Web.
Liu, Jin, Hongyin Tao, and Inc ebrary. Chinese Under Globalization: Emerging Trends in Language use in China. Hackensack, N.J;Singapore;:
World Scientific, 2012. Web. (Ch5-7)
Meng, Ma. ”Recent Changes in the Chinese Language: A Lecture Delivered on 18th June, 1962." Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society 3 (1963): 51-9. Web.
2.
3. Outline
Background
One type of loanwords from English: Lettered-Words
as well as language changes that they signify
Other type of Changes
morphology, syntax, phonology, and pragmatics
4. Background
The “English Fever” and the “ESL Mania” in China
(beginning in the 20th century)
Reasons:
English as the lingua franca in the international community
Growing “language contact zone” (both physically and virtually)
English as a symbol of high social status and intellectual ability
As a result…
5. English Loanwords
Traditional English loanwords in Chinese:
Transliteration (phonetic loans)
巧克力 qiaokeli = chocolate; 咖啡kafei = coffee
Calque (Semantic loans)
互联网 hulian wang = Internet；篮球lan qiu =
basketball
A mix of the two
新西兰 Xin xilan = New Zealand
6. Can you spot the loanwords from English?
我坐在沙发上喝咖啡。
张三喜欢打高尔夫球但不喜欢打篮球。
7. What about these?
我要找个ATM取钱。
IPhone用起来很方便，可以下载很多APP。
他在ins上at了我。
A new type of loanwords: Letter-loans /
Lettered-Words
8. Lettered-Words (字母词 zimu-ci)
English words or letters incorporated into Chinese without
changing their graphic forms, forming a “Chinese-English
graphic blend”
Letters in their original form become legitimate characters in Chinese
A recent (but prevalent) phenomenon
Used in different registers and stylistics, not restricted to online or casual use,
not restricted to young people, and not restricted to colloquial (oral) form
Why?
Convenience (shorthand); (or maybe, they look or sound “cool”)
Question:
Are alphabetic letters really becoming part of Chinese? Or is it that
Chinese people are just using some English along with their native
language (mixed language)?
Different types of Lettered-Words
9. Types of Lettered-Words
1. Letters as standalone words
“The borrowed letter-combination becomes a whole and
free standing word in Chinese, (largely) preserving its
original meaning in English
Mainly are borrowed acronyms that are nouns
E.g. CPU, WTO, ATM
But occasionally they are adjectives
E.g. Q (cute, adorable); in (in style, fashionable)
他很Q=he is very cute; 他很in=he is very fashionable
10. Types of Lettered-Words
2. Letters as part of a Chinese word
The borrowed letters are only part of a word in Chinese, serving as a
morpheme (or part of a morpheme)
Typically function as stems, but occasionally they serve as affixes
attaching to Chinese stems
“Logographic-alphabetic hybrid” in one word
Examples:
VIP卡 (VIP-ka) : VIP Card (compounding);
IT化 (IT-hua): IT-verbalizer, Informatization (derivation)
T恤 (T xu): T-shirt (part of a morpheme)
卡拉OK (ka la OK): Karaoke (part of a morpheme)
ABC们 (ABC-men): ABC-plural, American born Chinese (inflection)
11. Types of Lettered-Words
2. Letters as part of a Chinese word
The borrowed letters are only part of a word in Chinese,
serving as a morpheme (or part of a morpheme)
Typically function as stems, but occasionally they serve as
affixes attaching to Chinese stems
Examples:
Borrowing of the -ing ending: 开会ing (kaihui-ing) = having a
meeting; 恋爱ing (lian’ai-ing) = being in love
morphological change
Question: Is Chinese becoming more synthetic because of the
influence from English?
12. Types of Lettered-Words
3. Non-borrowed lettered-words
Alphabetic words that have a Chinese origin
Chinese neologisms that are formed with letters rather than
characters
Two subtypes
1. Formed with the initials of the Pinyin spelling of Chinese words
E.g. GB, guojia biaozhun 国家标准 (national standard); LG, lao
gong 老公 (husband)
2. Use of letter names as substitution of homophonic Chinese
characters
Why use letters rather than its own logographic characters?
Convenience
Taboo avoidance
E.g. 牛B，TMD，JB，放P
13. The case of “Karaoke”
卡拉OK
shortened as K (ellipsis)
唱卡拉OK>唱K
K became a verb (conversion)
K歌 (to sing songs in the karaoke style)
Semantic change
14. Implications of Lettered-Words in Chinese
The graphic change is only a surface representation
of deeper language change
Such as morphological and semantic changes
Also, the use of letters in the Chinese writing system can signify
“change in perception of what a written sign is: how it corresponds
to the phonetic and semantic appearance of a word; how it assists
Chinese native speakers in expressing themselves in the most
updated manner and in due correspondence with the native
language’s typological and logical nature.” (Kozha, 2012)
15. Other changes brought by English
Morphology
Increasing prevalence of multisyllabic morpheme, which were not
common in older forms of Chinese
Syntax
Grammaticalization
The verb 有 you (to have) in Chinese became an auxiliary that indicates
perfectiveness
Increasing use of passive construction
Word-order change (regarding adverb placement)
Phonology
Impact of the Romanization system (the Pinyin system)
Standardization and unification of pronunciation
New sounds borrowed from English
Pragmatics
Loan phrases (such as 拜拜baibai、哈喽halou、嗨hai、嘿hei)
16. Questions? Thoughts? Comments?
English and Chinese differ significantly in every aspect
(morphology, phonology, syntax, and even orthography),
However, the foreign items are still so widely accepted.
We can see how big of a role language contact can
play in language change.
Editor's Notes
Not really related to my topic, but just to give you a sense of how much impact English has on people’s everyday life in China
Practical vs. prestige factors (English is useful vs. English is cool)
Chinese is not like Japanese, and doesn’t have a special writing system for transcribing borrowed words
even though they were borrowed from English, they are recoded as Chinese characters, and the pronunciations are greatly adapted to the Chinese phonetic system
So loanwords cannot be easily spotted
Although they are used more extensively on the Internet and in casual speech, typically among young people
A recent phenomenon: in earlier times, loan words from English are typically written as Chinese characters (like 巧克力、沙发、咖啡、高尔夫). There have been no precedents for such massive circulation of alphabetic letters in the logographic chinese language. Their frequent occurrence in present days (in media: newspapers, tv shows) has to result from the assumption that everyone in China can recognize all the letters
Now, some people say that “nah they are not loanwords! They are just English!”
I’m going to throw in this question, and try to answer it after going over all the different types and the implication of each, and then see how you guys think about this question
The letter / letters and some Chinese characters together form one word
This is the type that convinced me that letters have become part of chinese, and chinese people are not using them as English
Thus, going back to that question, I would argue for the fomer
Morphology
General trends: Increase prevalence of multisyllabic morpheme (Dong), (from borrowing in general, not only from English)
Historically, the majority of chinese morphemes are monosyllabic, with occasional bisyllabic ones (蝴蝶,葡萄), but in Modern Standard Chinese, the multisyllabic ones are much more prevalent; most of them are loanwords, a large number come from English: 沙发，咖啡，麦克风 (trisyllabic words are very rare in Chinese, a trisyllabic morpheme is even rarer)
(the multisyllable constructions defies the general trend of disyllabification of Chinese)
Syntactic:
Fun fact: the first official Chinese grammar book was written based on the grammar of Latin. (how ridiculous is that!)
Use of Passive construction increase
Originally, the use of passive voice in Chinese is very limited. Only restricted to overt actions that have a clear agent and a undergoer (typically, the agent is needed, because it is typically the agent that is being emphasized in passive voice), unlike English, passive voice is used when the agent is unclear or de-emphasied
(Dong p149)passive construction used to translate English sentences, Europeanized sentences
More passive construction seen in Chinese, especially in academic writing
Pinyin: the primary method of annotating pronunciation of characters
We can probably say that The Pinyin system was a product of westernization
