The document describes three types of mass analyzers: quadrupole analyzer, ion trap analyzer, and time-of-flight analyzer. The quadrupole analyzer uses four parallel metal rods and applied voltages to filter ions by their m/z ratio. The ion trap analyzer applies RF frequencies to trap ions by m/z, which are then scanned out over time. The time-of-flight analyzer uses an electric field to accelerate ions through a drift region, separating them by m/z and detecting them at different times.

1. • DEPARTEMENT: C/PHARMACY
• YEAR: 3rd SEM: II
• ASSIGNMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL
ANALYSIS-II
Submitted to Mona

2. Quadrupole Analyzer
 four parallel metal rods
 an ion source,
 ion optics ,
 the quadrupole filter itself with control voltage supplies,
 an exit aperture,
 an ion detector,
 detection electronics,
 and a high-vacuum system.
 (U+Vcos(wt)) = the potential of two opposite rods
 - (U+Vcos(wt)) =the potential of other rods
 U = a dc voltage and Vcos(wt) =an ac voltage
 ions travel down the flight path which is centered between the
four rods, and because of the applied voltages the trajectory
of ions is affected.
 This filter is selective of ions depending on their certain m/z
and Vac/Vdc ratios:some of them pass and the others are
thrown out.
 Voltages on the rod vary and mass spectrum is obtained
 There are two methods: varying w and holding U and V constant, or
varying U and V (U/V) fixed for a constant w.

3. Ion Trap Analyzer
 Ions are trapped by applying rf
frequencies on the ring electrode
and endcaps
 Then ions are scanned out of the
trap by m/z as the base mass
voltage is increased over time
 This is accomplished by
maintaining in the trap a
pressure of helium gas which
removes excess energy from the
ions by collision.
 DISADVANTAGES:
-Mass measurement accuracy is relatively poor
◗ ADVANTAGES:
- MS/MS/MS…..
- High sensitivity full scan MS/MS
- Compactness

4. • The Back Plate and Grid are used to accelerate the ions
• The Ion source is used to ionize the Sample
• The Sample Inlet introduces the sample to the source
• The vacuum is used to maintain a low pressure
• The Drift Region separates the ions according to their
mass
• The Detector outputs current as each ion strikes it
• The Oscilloscope displays the detector output
Time-of-Flight Analyzer
ADVANTAGES:
• Unlimited mass range
• Ideal for Pulsed ionization or spatially confined
• For each ionization complete mass spectrum
• High transmission
• Valid for extremely small sample amounts
• Relatively low cost
• Fast mass scanning
DISADVANTAGES:
 The pulse is not felt by all ions to the same intensity and so a kinetic energy
distribution for each discrete m/z exists. This lowers the resolution by creating a
time-of-flight distribution for each m/z