This document provides an overview of various imaging modalities and techniques used to image the endocrine and genitourinary systems. It describes the normal anatomy, imaging indications, and key findings for structures like the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, prostate, ovaries and female pelvis. Specific modalities covered include MRI, CT, ultrasound, mammography, intravenous urography, cystourethrography and hysterosalpingography. Example images are provided to illustrate normal anatomy on different exams.
Reproductive Ultrasonography in animalsSakina Rubab
This is a descriptive presentation on the ultrasonography of female reproductive system as well as male reproductive system too,focusing on disease diagnosis through ultrasonographic images and pregnancy diagnonsis.
Reproductive Ultrasonography in animalsSakina Rubab
This is a descriptive presentation on the ultrasonography of female reproductive system as well as male reproductive system too,focusing on disease diagnosis through ultrasonographic images and pregnancy diagnonsis.
this presentation covers anatomy of the testis, embryological development, causes, clinical features, complications, differences between various types, investigations, and management of undescended testis.
Most ovarian abnormalities can be managed laparoscopically. Ovarian pathology can occur at any time from fetal life to menopause. First laparoscopic salpingooophorectomy was performed by Semm in 1984.
USMLE ENDOCRINE 04 Mammary glands breast ANATOMY MEDICAL .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
Surgery plays a crucial role in the management of various breast conditions, including both benign and malignant disorders. Understanding the surgical options for breast conditions is essential for breast surgeons, oncologists, and other healthcare professionals involved in breast care.
The choice of surgery depends on the specific diagnosis, patient preferences, and the overall treatment plan.
Surgical interventions aim to address the underlying condition, restore aesthetics when relevant, and contribute to the overall well-being of individuals with breast-related health concerns.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
3. NORMAL PITUITARY GLAND
The gland is composed of
two parts:
Anterior lobe (adeno
hypophysis)
Posterior lobe (neuro
hypophysis)
Normal size:
Weight: 0.5g
Height: 4-16 mm
4. INDICATIONS FOR IMAGING THE
PITUITARY GLAND
Hormonal dysfunction
Cushing syndrome
Growth abnormalities e.g. Growth hormone
deficiency, acromegaly
Visual abnormalities
Headache
Best imaging tool: MRI pitutray
23. – RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY:
• Kidneys:
– Soft tissue shadow of kidneys is outlined by the surrounding perirenal fat
especially the lower halves.
– Right renal soft tissue shadow extends from 12th rib to L3.
– Left renal soft tissue shadow extends from 11th rib to L3.
• Urinary bladder:
– Casts a water density soft tissue shadow in pelvic cavity.
25. Intravenous urogram (IVU)
• Delineation of the urinary tract through
injection of contrast medium intravenously.
• INDICATION:
1- Hematuria.
2- Renal colic.
3- Recurrent urinary tract infection.
4- Suspected urinary tract pathology.
• CONTRAINDICATIONS:
Contrast allergy, raised serum creatinine, pregnancy,
hepatorenal syndrome and thyrotoxicosis.
26. Sufficient excretion of contrast: Density of contrast density of bone.
It should be preceded by a plain film (KUB)
Values of plain film:
a- Detect radiopaque stones or calcifications.
b- Check patient preparation.
c-To check exposure factors.
39. Voiding cystourethrogram
• It is a fluoroscopic study of the lower urinary
tract in which contrast is introduced into the
bladder via a catheter.
• The purpose of the examination is to assess
the bladder, urethra, postoperative anatomy
and micturition in order to determine the
presence or absence of bladder and urethral
abnormalities, including vesicoureteric reflux
(VUR)
40. • It is more commonly performed in the pediatric
population than adults
• The bladder is filled with contrast medium under
aseptic precautions
• The following projections should be acquired:
– AP with full bladder for demonstration of the
presence or absence of VUR.
– both obliques to demonstrate bilateral vesicoureteric
junctions.
– post void film to check for a ureterocoele.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60. Ascending urethrogram
• Retrograde filling of the contrast agent into the urethra
• INDICATIONS:
1- Stricture and rupture of the urethra following trauma
when retrograde filling is essential.
2- When investigating prostatic abnormalities.
3- Indeterminate genital anatomy.
4- Prior to catheterization following major pelvic trauma to
assess for any urethral damage
• CONTRAINDICATIONS:
1- Care should be exercised with patients who may be
sensitive to iodine contrast agents.
2- Acute urethritis & balanitis.
64. • MRI
– T2WI: the kidney is of higher signal intensity
relative to liver and many other soft tissues
65. • T1WI:cortex is slightly higher in signal intensity than
the medulla which is iso-intense to the muscles
66.
67. Suprarenal gland
• CT:
– The normal adrenals
have soft tissue
densities similar to that
of the liver,
– The limbs should have
uniform thickness that
should not exceed the
thickness of the
diaphragmatic crus, any
area thicker than 10
mm is probably
abnormal.
68. MRI
• On T1WI and T2WI without fat suppression, the adrenal
glands have homogeneous, hypointense in contrast to
surrounding fat, and are isointense or hypointense relative
to liver.
70. • CT
– Normal bladder wall is uniform, thin and regular
with no diverticula or calcifications.
71. Prostate
• US
– Normal prostatic echo-pattern:
• Normal prostate sonogram often contain isoechoic
structures most characteristically in the peripheral,
transition, and central zones
• Smooth muscles produce hypoechoic appearance,
although an enlarged transition zone is also able to
produce such echogenicity.
• Hyperechoic structures are characteristic of fat,
corpora amylacea, or calculi.
74. An axial transrectal ultrasound view of the normal
prostate gland. Note the homogeneous hyperechoic
appearance of the peripheral zone. The arrow points to
the urethra.
75.
76. CT
• Prostate appears in cross-section as a rounded
isodense structure just below and inseparable from
the urinary bladder.
• Few small calcifications can be seen.
77. • MRI
– On T2-weighted images, the normal peripheral
zone demonstrates a high signal intensity.
– The peripheral zone is surrounded by a thin rim of
low signal intensity, which represents the
anatomic or true capsule.
78. Seminal vesicles
CT
The paired seminal vesicles are perched posterolateral and
superior to the prostate gland typical "bow-tie" appearance
•
The paired seminal vesicles are perched
posterolateral and superior to the prostate
gland
88. US
high-frequency sound
waves to produce pictures
of the inside of the body
No ionizing radiation
real-time - structure and
movement (Doppler)
Non-invasive
89. USHow should I prepare?
How does the procedure work?
How is the procedure performed?
90. Anatomy & Physiology
• Single pear shaped muscular organ
• Consists of:
Cervix
Body
Fundus
Connected to two fallopian tubes
• Dynamic organ under the influence of sex
hormone
95. proliferative phase
the endometrium with a multilayered appearance ,an
echogenic basal layer and hypoechoic inner functional layer,
separated by a thin echogenic median layer arising from the
central interface .it measures up to 11 mm.
99. Position
It is located close to the lateral pelvic sidewall in a
shallow peritoneal depression called the ovarian fossa
The fossa is bounded posteriorly by the ureter and superiorly
by the external iliac vein.
100. Anatomy & Physiology of ovaries
• The ovaries are a pair of female reproductive
organs.
• They are located in the pelvis, one on each
side of the uterus.
• The ovaries are connected to each other by
the Fallopian tubes.
106. HSG
Technique:
The examination should be scheduled during
days 7–12 of the menstrual cycle.
scout radiograph is obtained.
Speculum is used to expose the cervix.
Traction of the cervix by volsellum.
iodinated contrast agent is injected (about 10 ml)
women are advised to take a non steroidal anti-
inflammatory drug 1 hour prior to the procedure.
Then we obtain four spot radiographs.
107. The first image
obtained during early filling of the uterus and is used to
evaluate for any filling defect or contour abnormality.
Small filling defects are best seen at this stage.
108. The second image
obtained with the uterus fully distended. The shape of the
uterus is best evaluated at this stage, although small filling
defects may be obscured when the uterus is well opacified.
113. MRI
On T2-weighted images The endometrium has high signal intensity. The
junctional zone, which corresponds to the innermost myometrium,appears
as a band of low signal intensity. The peripheral myometrium has
intermediate signal intensity that is higher than that of the striated muscle.
