The successful use of CDMA technology is based on the construction of large families of encoding sequences with good correlation properties. This paper discusses PN sequence generation based on Residue Arithmetic with an effort to improve the performance of existing interference-limited CDMA technology for mobile cellular systems. All spreading codes with residual number system proposed earlier did not consider external interferences, multipath propagation, Doppler effect etc. In literature the use of residual arithmetic in DS-CDMA was restricted to encoding of already spread sequence; where spreading of sequence is done by some existing techniques. The novelty of this paper is the use of residual number system in generation of the PN sequences which is used to spread the message signal. The significance of cross-correlation factor in alleviating multi-access interference is also discussed. The RNS based PN sequence has superior performance than most of the existing codes that are widely used in DS-CDMA applications. Simulation results suggest that the performance of the proposed system is superior to many existing systems.
An investigation-on-efficient-spreading-codes-for-transmitter-based-technique...Cemal Ardil
This document summarizes research on efficient spreading codes for transmitter-based techniques to mitigate interference in time division duplex code division multiple access (TDD/CDMA) downlink systems. It investigates bitwise and blockwise multiuser transmission schemes that transfer complexity to the transmitter. Different spreading codes are evaluated based on correlation properties to determine suitability for techniques like precoding, pre-rake, and rake diversity. Performance is measured by bit error rate with varying numbers of users to identify the most efficient codes for interference mitigation.
Generation of Orthogonal Minimum Correlation Spreading Code for CDMA Systemidescitation
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is one of the
most promising tools for multiple access in future generation
wireless communication systems. In CDMA system, within
the specific bandwidth a large number of users could be served
by assigning specific code to each user. In this paper, an attempt
has been made to generate a novel orthogonal spreading code
to support a large number of users for CDMA system by
maintaining minimum correlation values between them. The
proposed “Orthogonal Minimum Correlation Spreading
Code” (OMCSC) would be able to provide a large number of
spreading codes by simultaneously reducing the effect of
M ultiple Access Interference (MAI) in CDM A system.
Moreover, the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the
proposed code has been compared with different existing codes
in order to establish the supremacy of the proposed code over
the others under multi-user scenario.
The document discusses bit error rate (BER) performance analysis of M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) for implementation of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). It analyzes the theoretical BER of M-QAM under different modulation orders and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The analysis shows that higher order M-QAM has higher BER than lower order M-QAM for the same SNR due to decreased symbol distances as the modulation order increases. It also discusses the use of M-QAM modulation in OFDM systems and outlines challenges in implementing higher order M-QAM for OFDM.
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in an MC-CDMA (Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access) system using SLM (Selected Mapping) technique. It first provides background on MC-CDMA and the issue of high PAPR reducing system efficiency. It then describes the SLM technique, which pseudorandomly modifies signal phases to select versions with lower PAPR. The paper aims to study PAPR reduction using SLM for different modulation schemes, generating binary phase sequences from a Hadamard matrix. It outlines the MC-CDMA system model and transmitter structure, and notes that oversampling is needed to accurately calculate P
Estimation and design of mc ds-cdma for hybrid concatenated coding in high sp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative Performance Assessment of V-Blast Encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA Wirele...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN
channel and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
Performances Concatenated LDPC based STBC-OFDM System and MRC Receivers IJECEIAES
This document presents a study on the performance of a low density parity check (LDPC) coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system using space time block coding (STBC) under various digital modulations and channel conditions. The system incorporates a 3/4 rate convolutional encoder and a LDPC encoder. At the receiver, maximum ratio combining is implemented for channel equalization. Simulation results show that the LDPC coded OFDM system outperforms an uncoded system, and provides lower bit error rates under binary phase shift keying modulation in an additive white Gaussian noise channel.
The document provides an overview of Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) systems and discusses several related research papers. It then summarizes 21 research papers on topics such as: implementing space-time coding and discrete wavelet transforms in MC-CDMA systems to improve performance; using wavelet packets as modulation waveforms to eliminate guard intervals; flexible MC-CDMA system designs; and evaluating the performance of different wavelet transforms in MC-CDMA communications. The document analyzes various techniques for enhancing the spectral efficiency and performance of MC-CDMA systems.
An investigation-on-efficient-spreading-codes-for-transmitter-based-technique...Cemal Ardil
This document summarizes research on efficient spreading codes for transmitter-based techniques to mitigate interference in time division duplex code division multiple access (TDD/CDMA) downlink systems. It investigates bitwise and blockwise multiuser transmission schemes that transfer complexity to the transmitter. Different spreading codes are evaluated based on correlation properties to determine suitability for techniques like precoding, pre-rake, and rake diversity. Performance is measured by bit error rate with varying numbers of users to identify the most efficient codes for interference mitigation.
Generation of Orthogonal Minimum Correlation Spreading Code for CDMA Systemidescitation
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is one of the
most promising tools for multiple access in future generation
wireless communication systems. In CDMA system, within
the specific bandwidth a large number of users could be served
by assigning specific code to each user. In this paper, an attempt
has been made to generate a novel orthogonal spreading code
to support a large number of users for CDMA system by
maintaining minimum correlation values between them. The
proposed “Orthogonal Minimum Correlation Spreading
Code” (OMCSC) would be able to provide a large number of
spreading codes by simultaneously reducing the effect of
M ultiple Access Interference (MAI) in CDM A system.
Moreover, the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the
proposed code has been compared with different existing codes
in order to establish the supremacy of the proposed code over
the others under multi-user scenario.
The document discusses bit error rate (BER) performance analysis of M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) for implementation of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). It analyzes the theoretical BER of M-QAM under different modulation orders and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The analysis shows that higher order M-QAM has higher BER than lower order M-QAM for the same SNR due to decreased symbol distances as the modulation order increases. It also discusses the use of M-QAM modulation in OFDM systems and outlines challenges in implementing higher order M-QAM for OFDM.
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in an MC-CDMA (Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access) system using SLM (Selected Mapping) technique. It first provides background on MC-CDMA and the issue of high PAPR reducing system efficiency. It then describes the SLM technique, which pseudorandomly modifies signal phases to select versions with lower PAPR. The paper aims to study PAPR reduction using SLM for different modulation schemes, generating binary phase sequences from a Hadamard matrix. It outlines the MC-CDMA system model and transmitter structure, and notes that oversampling is needed to accurately calculate P
Estimation and design of mc ds-cdma for hybrid concatenated coding in high sp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative Performance Assessment of V-Blast Encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA Wirele...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN
channel and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
Performances Concatenated LDPC based STBC-OFDM System and MRC Receivers IJECEIAES
This document presents a study on the performance of a low density parity check (LDPC) coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system using space time block coding (STBC) under various digital modulations and channel conditions. The system incorporates a 3/4 rate convolutional encoder and a LDPC encoder. At the receiver, maximum ratio combining is implemented for channel equalization. Simulation results show that the LDPC coded OFDM system outperforms an uncoded system, and provides lower bit error rates under binary phase shift keying modulation in an additive white Gaussian noise channel.
The document provides an overview of Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) systems and discusses several related research papers. It then summarizes 21 research papers on topics such as: implementing space-time coding and discrete wavelet transforms in MC-CDMA systems to improve performance; using wavelet packets as modulation waveforms to eliminate guard intervals; flexible MC-CDMA system designs; and evaluating the performance of different wavelet transforms in MC-CDMA communications. The document analyzes various techniques for enhancing the spectral efficiency and performance of MC-CDMA systems.
The document provides an overview of Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) systems and discusses previous research in this area. It then proposes a new complex orthogonal wavelet packet based MC-CDMA system to investigate its bit error rate performance over different modulation techniques on an AWGN channel. The key aspects covered are:
1) MC-CDMA allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously by spreading user symbols across several subcarriers using different code values.
2) Previous research explored combining MC-CDMA with techniques like space-time coding and discrete wavelet transforms to improve performance.
3) The proposed system uses wavelet packet modulation waveforms instead of sinusoidal ones to eliminate guard intervals
The document provides an overview of Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) systems and discusses previous research in this area. It then proposes a new complex orthogonal wavelet packet based MC-CDMA system to investigate its bit error rate performance over different modulation techniques on an AWGN channel. The key aspects covered are:
1) MC-CDMA allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously by spreading user symbols across several subcarriers using different code values.
2) Previous research explored combining MC-CDMA with techniques like space-time coding and discrete wavelet transforms to improve performance.
3) The proposed system uses wavelet packet modulation waveforms instead of sinusoidal ones to eliminate guard intervals
OfdmaClosed-Form Rate Outage Probability for OFDMA Multi-Hop Broadband Wirele...IJASCSE
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the rate outage probability for OFDMA multi-hop broadband wireless networks under Nakagami-m fading channels. The paper derives closed-form expressions for the rate outage probability, moment generating function, probability distribution function, and cumulative distribution function. It considers both single-hop and multi-hop network scenarios. For single-hop networks, the paper formulates an optimization problem to maximize total transmission rate while ensuring fairness for all users.
This document summarizes a research paper on using time-domain signal cross-correlation for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems applied to vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). It aims to address spectrum scarcity issues in VANETs by allowing vehicles to opportunistically access TV white space spectrum when licensed spectrum is unavailable. The time-domain symbol cross-correlation technique is analyzed for spectrum sensing performance over Rayleigh fading channels. Analytical expressions for average miss detection probability are derived and simulation results show the probability of miss detection decreases with increasing SNR and number of secondary users. The time-domain symbol cross-correlation method provides good spectrum sensing performance at low SNRs for cognitive radio in VANETs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
The document analyzes the performance of a proposed multi-level frequency hopping technique for CDMA systems. The technique divides the available bandwidth into multiple frequency bands, each containing multiple carrier frequencies. Symbols are represented by modulation codes that indicate the frequency within a band, while user codes determine which band to use. Analysis shows the method provides better spectral efficiency and supports more users at higher data rates than an existing FSK-based FH-CDMA scheme. Results demonstrate the proposed scheme achieves about 5% higher spectral efficiency and an error rate of 10-3 at 25dB Eb/N0.
1) The document presents an overview of relay technologies used in IEEE 802.16j and 3GPP LTE-Advanced standards.
2) It discusses different relay types (Type-I non-transparent and Type-II transparent), transmission schemes (Amplify and Forward, Selective Decode and Forward, Demodulation and Forward), and relay path selection methods (Centralized and Distributed pairing schemes).
3) MATLAB simulations show that using a simple relay transmission method can significantly reduce the required transmission power level compared to direct transmission, especially when the mobile station is moving away from the base station.
Successful interference cancellation with Blind Equalization method for MC-CD...IJTET Journal
Abstract— The increasing demand for wireless services has created the need for cost effective transmission techniques that can exploit scarce spectral resources efficiently. Inorder to achieve the high data rates needed to meet the quality of service requirements of future multimedia applications, MC-CDMA has been considered as good air-interface candidate, especially for the downlink. However, the user capacity of MC-CDMA system is essentially limited by interference. This interference can be mitigated by employing precoding techniques, IB-DFE based receivers and other efficient interference suppression techniques. In the proposed system, combined Iterative IA precoding at the transmitter with IB-DFE based processing at the receiver is suggested for MC-CDMA systems. The matrices for this nonlinear space-frequency equalizer are obtained by minimizing the overall MSE of all data streams at each subcarrier.
WARM WELCOME FROM HCL VELACHERY…….
HCL Learning is part of HCL Info Systems Ltd, India’s Premier information enabling company with an annual turnover of 15000 crores Leveraging on the 34 years of industry experience of HCL, with an objective to develop quality IT professionals to meet this ever expanding requirement of Hardware Networking and Software professionals for the IT sector, HCL has launched HCL Career Development Centre.
For any clarification,
contact Person
Mr.Senthilvel.S
9382207007
HCL Velachery -42
Effect of Interleaved FEC Code on Wavelet Based MC-CDMA System with Alamouti ...IJCSEIT Journal
In this paper, the impact of Forward Error Correction (FEC) code namely Trellis code with interleaver on
the performance of wavelet based MC-CDMA wireless communication system with the implementation of
Alamouti antenna diversity scheme has been investigated in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) as a function of
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) per bit. Simulation of the system under proposed study has been done in M-ary
modulation schemes (MPSK, MQAM and DPSK) over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel incorporating
Walsh Hadamard code as orthogonal spreading code to discriminate the message signal for individual
user. It is observed via computer simulation that the performance of the interleaved coded based proposed
system outperforms than that of the uncoded system in all modulation schemes over Rayleigh fading
channel.
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF VBLAST ENCODED 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA WIRELES...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN channel
and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
Analysis of MAC protocol for Cognitive Radio Wireless Sensor Network (CR-WSN)IRJET Journal
This document analyzes MAC protocols for cognitive radio wireless sensor networks (CR-WSNs). It begins with an introduction to cognitive radio and how combining it with wireless sensor networks can yield new networking capabilities. It then discusses various MAC protocol layers and focuses on the COGMAC protocol. COGMAC is a decentralized cognitive MAC protocol based on the multichannel preamble reservation scheme. The document outlines COGMAC's advantages over conventional MAC protocols and introduces an upgraded version called COGMAC+. COGMAC+ uses adaptive energy detection and random backoff schemes to improve performance. Finally, the document summarizes that cognitive radio can improve spectrum utilization and quality in sensor networks by exploiting multiple channel availability and overcoming issues from dense deployments.
11.signal strength based congestion control in manetAlexander Decker
This document discusses several algorithms and approaches for improving TCP performance in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using signal strength measurements:
1. TCP Venoplus is a cross-layer approach that uses signal strength information from the MAC layer to better distinguish between packet losses due to congestion versus random errors.
2. Other algorithms proposed include Link-RED and adaptive pacing to reduce the impact of wireless interference on TCP, as well as techniques to predict and avoid link failures before they occur such as gray zone prediction and multi-agent adaptive DSR.
3. Most of the algorithms aim to minimize unnecessary packet retransmissions when losses are due to non-congestion factors like mobility, thereby improving throughput
4..[26 36]signal strength based congestion control in manetAlexander Decker
This document discusses several algorithms and approaches for improving TCP performance in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using signal strength measurements:
1. TCP Venoplus is a cross-layer approach that uses signal strength information from the MAC layer to better distinguish between packet losses due to congestion versus random errors.
2. Other algorithms proposed include Link-RED to tune wireless link drop probability, adaptive pacing to improve spatial reuse, and algorithms to predict link failures and find stable routes using signal strength measurements.
3. Received signal strength is also used in algorithms to minimize broadcast storms and adapt MAC layer retransmissions to distinguish true link failures from false ones caused by interference.
4. Gray zone prediction and
Near-Far Resistance of MC-DS-CDMA Communication SystemsIDES Editor
In this paper, the near-far resistance of the minimum
mean square error (MMSE) detector is derived for the
multicarrier direct sequence code division multiple access
(MC-DS-CDMA) communication systems. It is shown that
MC-DS-CDMA has better performance on near-far resistance
than that of DS-CDMA.
Iterative network channel decoding with cooperative space-time transmissionijasuc
This document summarizes an iterative network-channel decoding scheme for cooperative space-time transmission with network coding. The scheme uses convolutional codes as network codes at the relay node and Reed-Solomon codes as channel codes at the user nodes. An iterative joint network-channel decoder exchanges soft information between convolutional code-based network decoder and Reed-Solomon code-based channel decoders. Extrinsic information transfer analysis is performed to investigate the convergence properties of the proposed iterative decoder.
Performance Comparison of Multi-Carrier CDMA Using QPSK and BPSK ModulationIOSR Journals
Abstract: MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) plays an important role in modern wireless communications. Modern communication required an efficient spectrum usage and capacity and throughput.MC-CDMA provided the solution of these problems. MIMO refers to links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver side. CDMA systems combined with multiple antennas is a promising technique, beyond 3G and 4G wireless communications. MIMO provides spatial diversity, which mitigates the fading. The usage of multiple antennas can significantly improve the performance of wireless communication system. This work also derives simulation through MATLAB of average bit error rate verses bit energy to noise ratio of multicarrier code division multiple access over Rayleigh channel using QPSK and BPSK modulation additive white Gaussian noise. Keywords: AWGN,BER,MC-CDMA, QPSK Modulation, Rayleigh Channel.
This document summarizes a research paper that compares the performance of two reactive routing protocols (AODV and DSR) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using the NS-2 simulator. It provides background on MANETs and describes the key mechanisms of AODV and DSR. The document then outlines the simulation setup, including mobility and traffic models, and the performance metrics used to evaluate and compare the protocols: packet delivery ratio, throughput, and average end-to-end delay.
Comparative Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols and Cluster Head Selection Te...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a kind of wireless network. It is a backbone of new generation advanced communication technology. MANET is an ideal applicant for rescue and emergency situation due to its independence of connected devices of fixed wires. This paper represents a work on trust based system in MANET cluster that can be used to improve the performance of the network even in the existence of not trusted nodes. In the cluster architecture, cluster head and gateway nodes form a communication for routing among neighbouring clusters. But selection of cluster head is the important problem in dynamic Ad-hoc network because cluster head work as coordinator in clustered architecture. In this work, some values have used correspond to the threshold values of forward packet and dropped packet of each node within the network cluster. These values have been used dynamically updated every time and the node is selected as cluster head. In this technique of selecting the node as cluster head, the node which has maximum trusted value is elected as cluster head and this information is updated in every node’s trusted table. After implementation of our desired work, the proposed Dynamic Trust Evaluation of Cluster Head (DTE-CH) technique is analysed with traditional routing protocols and traditional clustering technique viz. Highest Degree Algorithm. The simulation is done by using network simulator software on the basis of different performance metrics throughput, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, packet drop, average end to end delay and remain energy. Simulation result presents that proposed DTE-CH technique improves the performance of network as compare to most suitable existing AODV MANET protocol based technique as well as traditional highest degree clustering technique.
Compact Quad-band Antenna for WiMax Applicationijsrd.com
A single feed quad band compact rectangular microstrip antenna for Wi-max applications has been designed and developed. This antenna is incorporated by one c-shaped slot, one L-shaped slot & two I-shaped slot structure along the length on the patch. Four resonating frequencies are obtained at 2.5 GHz with return loss -25.01 dB, 3.5 GHz with return loss -17.9 dB, 4.9 GHz with return loss -25.74 dB and 5.8 GHz with return loss -28.32 dB. The size of the antenna has been reduced by 77.3% when compared to a conventional microstrip patch without slot. An extensive analysis of the return loss, radiation pattern and efficiency of the proposed antenna has been given in this paper. The characteristics of the designed structure is simulated by High frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software and implemented using RT DUROID dielectric substrate which has ϵr = 2.2 and h = 1.575mm. The proposed antenna leads to multi frequency operation makes it suitable for Wireless Communication applications.
The document provides an overview of Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) systems and discusses previous research in this area. It then proposes a new complex orthogonal wavelet packet based MC-CDMA system to investigate its bit error rate performance over different modulation techniques on an AWGN channel. The key aspects covered are:
1) MC-CDMA allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously by spreading user symbols across several subcarriers using different code values.
2) Previous research explored combining MC-CDMA with techniques like space-time coding and discrete wavelet transforms to improve performance.
3) The proposed system uses wavelet packet modulation waveforms instead of sinusoidal ones to eliminate guard intervals
The document provides an overview of Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) systems and discusses previous research in this area. It then proposes a new complex orthogonal wavelet packet based MC-CDMA system to investigate its bit error rate performance over different modulation techniques on an AWGN channel. The key aspects covered are:
1) MC-CDMA allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously by spreading user symbols across several subcarriers using different code values.
2) Previous research explored combining MC-CDMA with techniques like space-time coding and discrete wavelet transforms to improve performance.
3) The proposed system uses wavelet packet modulation waveforms instead of sinusoidal ones to eliminate guard intervals
OfdmaClosed-Form Rate Outage Probability for OFDMA Multi-Hop Broadband Wirele...IJASCSE
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the rate outage probability for OFDMA multi-hop broadband wireless networks under Nakagami-m fading channels. The paper derives closed-form expressions for the rate outage probability, moment generating function, probability distribution function, and cumulative distribution function. It considers both single-hop and multi-hop network scenarios. For single-hop networks, the paper formulates an optimization problem to maximize total transmission rate while ensuring fairness for all users.
This document summarizes a research paper on using time-domain signal cross-correlation for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems applied to vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). It aims to address spectrum scarcity issues in VANETs by allowing vehicles to opportunistically access TV white space spectrum when licensed spectrum is unavailable. The time-domain symbol cross-correlation technique is analyzed for spectrum sensing performance over Rayleigh fading channels. Analytical expressions for average miss detection probability are derived and simulation results show the probability of miss detection decreases with increasing SNR and number of secondary users. The time-domain symbol cross-correlation method provides good spectrum sensing performance at low SNRs for cognitive radio in VANETs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
The document analyzes the performance of a proposed multi-level frequency hopping technique for CDMA systems. The technique divides the available bandwidth into multiple frequency bands, each containing multiple carrier frequencies. Symbols are represented by modulation codes that indicate the frequency within a band, while user codes determine which band to use. Analysis shows the method provides better spectral efficiency and supports more users at higher data rates than an existing FSK-based FH-CDMA scheme. Results demonstrate the proposed scheme achieves about 5% higher spectral efficiency and an error rate of 10-3 at 25dB Eb/N0.
1) The document presents an overview of relay technologies used in IEEE 802.16j and 3GPP LTE-Advanced standards.
2) It discusses different relay types (Type-I non-transparent and Type-II transparent), transmission schemes (Amplify and Forward, Selective Decode and Forward, Demodulation and Forward), and relay path selection methods (Centralized and Distributed pairing schemes).
3) MATLAB simulations show that using a simple relay transmission method can significantly reduce the required transmission power level compared to direct transmission, especially when the mobile station is moving away from the base station.
Successful interference cancellation with Blind Equalization method for MC-CD...IJTET Journal
Abstract— The increasing demand for wireless services has created the need for cost effective transmission techniques that can exploit scarce spectral resources efficiently. Inorder to achieve the high data rates needed to meet the quality of service requirements of future multimedia applications, MC-CDMA has been considered as good air-interface candidate, especially for the downlink. However, the user capacity of MC-CDMA system is essentially limited by interference. This interference can be mitigated by employing precoding techniques, IB-DFE based receivers and other efficient interference suppression techniques. In the proposed system, combined Iterative IA precoding at the transmitter with IB-DFE based processing at the receiver is suggested for MC-CDMA systems. The matrices for this nonlinear space-frequency equalizer are obtained by minimizing the overall MSE of all data streams at each subcarrier.
WARM WELCOME FROM HCL VELACHERY…….
HCL Learning is part of HCL Info Systems Ltd, India’s Premier information enabling company with an annual turnover of 15000 crores Leveraging on the 34 years of industry experience of HCL, with an objective to develop quality IT professionals to meet this ever expanding requirement of Hardware Networking and Software professionals for the IT sector, HCL has launched HCL Career Development Centre.
For any clarification,
contact Person
Mr.Senthilvel.S
9382207007
HCL Velachery -42
Effect of Interleaved FEC Code on Wavelet Based MC-CDMA System with Alamouti ...IJCSEIT Journal
In this paper, the impact of Forward Error Correction (FEC) code namely Trellis code with interleaver on
the performance of wavelet based MC-CDMA wireless communication system with the implementation of
Alamouti antenna diversity scheme has been investigated in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) as a function of
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) per bit. Simulation of the system under proposed study has been done in M-ary
modulation schemes (MPSK, MQAM and DPSK) over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel incorporating
Walsh Hadamard code as orthogonal spreading code to discriminate the message signal for individual
user. It is observed via computer simulation that the performance of the interleaved coded based proposed
system outperforms than that of the uncoded system in all modulation schemes over Rayleigh fading
channel.
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF VBLAST ENCODED 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA WIRELES...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN channel
and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
Analysis of MAC protocol for Cognitive Radio Wireless Sensor Network (CR-WSN)IRJET Journal
This document analyzes MAC protocols for cognitive radio wireless sensor networks (CR-WSNs). It begins with an introduction to cognitive radio and how combining it with wireless sensor networks can yield new networking capabilities. It then discusses various MAC protocol layers and focuses on the COGMAC protocol. COGMAC is a decentralized cognitive MAC protocol based on the multichannel preamble reservation scheme. The document outlines COGMAC's advantages over conventional MAC protocols and introduces an upgraded version called COGMAC+. COGMAC+ uses adaptive energy detection and random backoff schemes to improve performance. Finally, the document summarizes that cognitive radio can improve spectrum utilization and quality in sensor networks by exploiting multiple channel availability and overcoming issues from dense deployments.
11.signal strength based congestion control in manetAlexander Decker
This document discusses several algorithms and approaches for improving TCP performance in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using signal strength measurements:
1. TCP Venoplus is a cross-layer approach that uses signal strength information from the MAC layer to better distinguish between packet losses due to congestion versus random errors.
2. Other algorithms proposed include Link-RED and adaptive pacing to reduce the impact of wireless interference on TCP, as well as techniques to predict and avoid link failures before they occur such as gray zone prediction and multi-agent adaptive DSR.
3. Most of the algorithms aim to minimize unnecessary packet retransmissions when losses are due to non-congestion factors like mobility, thereby improving throughput
4..[26 36]signal strength based congestion control in manetAlexander Decker
This document discusses several algorithms and approaches for improving TCP performance in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using signal strength measurements:
1. TCP Venoplus is a cross-layer approach that uses signal strength information from the MAC layer to better distinguish between packet losses due to congestion versus random errors.
2. Other algorithms proposed include Link-RED to tune wireless link drop probability, adaptive pacing to improve spatial reuse, and algorithms to predict link failures and find stable routes using signal strength measurements.
3. Received signal strength is also used in algorithms to minimize broadcast storms and adapt MAC layer retransmissions to distinguish true link failures from false ones caused by interference.
4. Gray zone prediction and
Near-Far Resistance of MC-DS-CDMA Communication SystemsIDES Editor
In this paper, the near-far resistance of the minimum
mean square error (MMSE) detector is derived for the
multicarrier direct sequence code division multiple access
(MC-DS-CDMA) communication systems. It is shown that
MC-DS-CDMA has better performance on near-far resistance
than that of DS-CDMA.
Iterative network channel decoding with cooperative space-time transmissionijasuc
This document summarizes an iterative network-channel decoding scheme for cooperative space-time transmission with network coding. The scheme uses convolutional codes as network codes at the relay node and Reed-Solomon codes as channel codes at the user nodes. An iterative joint network-channel decoder exchanges soft information between convolutional code-based network decoder and Reed-Solomon code-based channel decoders. Extrinsic information transfer analysis is performed to investigate the convergence properties of the proposed iterative decoder.
Performance Comparison of Multi-Carrier CDMA Using QPSK and BPSK ModulationIOSR Journals
Abstract: MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) plays an important role in modern wireless communications. Modern communication required an efficient spectrum usage and capacity and throughput.MC-CDMA provided the solution of these problems. MIMO refers to links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver side. CDMA systems combined with multiple antennas is a promising technique, beyond 3G and 4G wireless communications. MIMO provides spatial diversity, which mitigates the fading. The usage of multiple antennas can significantly improve the performance of wireless communication system. This work also derives simulation through MATLAB of average bit error rate verses bit energy to noise ratio of multicarrier code division multiple access over Rayleigh channel using QPSK and BPSK modulation additive white Gaussian noise. Keywords: AWGN,BER,MC-CDMA, QPSK Modulation, Rayleigh Channel.
This document summarizes a research paper that compares the performance of two reactive routing protocols (AODV and DSR) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using the NS-2 simulator. It provides background on MANETs and describes the key mechanisms of AODV and DSR. The document then outlines the simulation setup, including mobility and traffic models, and the performance metrics used to evaluate and compare the protocols: packet delivery ratio, throughput, and average end-to-end delay.
Comparative Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols and Cluster Head Selection Te...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a kind of wireless network. It is a backbone of new generation advanced communication technology. MANET is an ideal applicant for rescue and emergency situation due to its independence of connected devices of fixed wires. This paper represents a work on trust based system in MANET cluster that can be used to improve the performance of the network even in the existence of not trusted nodes. In the cluster architecture, cluster head and gateway nodes form a communication for routing among neighbouring clusters. But selection of cluster head is the important problem in dynamic Ad-hoc network because cluster head work as coordinator in clustered architecture. In this work, some values have used correspond to the threshold values of forward packet and dropped packet of each node within the network cluster. These values have been used dynamically updated every time and the node is selected as cluster head. In this technique of selecting the node as cluster head, the node which has maximum trusted value is elected as cluster head and this information is updated in every node’s trusted table. After implementation of our desired work, the proposed Dynamic Trust Evaluation of Cluster Head (DTE-CH) technique is analysed with traditional routing protocols and traditional clustering technique viz. Highest Degree Algorithm. The simulation is done by using network simulator software on the basis of different performance metrics throughput, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, packet drop, average end to end delay and remain energy. Simulation result presents that proposed DTE-CH technique improves the performance of network as compare to most suitable existing AODV MANET protocol based technique as well as traditional highest degree clustering technique.
Compact Quad-band Antenna for WiMax Applicationijsrd.com
A single feed quad band compact rectangular microstrip antenna for Wi-max applications has been designed and developed. This antenna is incorporated by one c-shaped slot, one L-shaped slot & two I-shaped slot structure along the length on the patch. Four resonating frequencies are obtained at 2.5 GHz with return loss -25.01 dB, 3.5 GHz with return loss -17.9 dB, 4.9 GHz with return loss -25.74 dB and 5.8 GHz with return loss -28.32 dB. The size of the antenna has been reduced by 77.3% when compared to a conventional microstrip patch without slot. An extensive analysis of the return loss, radiation pattern and efficiency of the proposed antenna has been given in this paper. The characteristics of the designed structure is simulated by High frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software and implemented using RT DUROID dielectric substrate which has ϵr = 2.2 and h = 1.575mm. The proposed antenna leads to multi frequency operation makes it suitable for Wireless Communication applications.
Implementation of Viterbi Decoder on FPGA to Improve Designijsrd.com
This document discusses the implementation of a Viterbi decoder on an FPGA to improve its design. It begins with an introduction to convolutional encoding and the Viterbi algorithm. It then describes the basic components of a Viterbi decoder including the branch metric unit, path metric unit, and survivor memory management unit. It discusses different techniques for Viterbi decoding including hard decision, soft decision, and various register exchange methods. It concludes that increasing the constraint length improves the decoder's performance and that traceback methods are more area efficient than register exchange methods for large constraint lengths.
UMTS ( UNIVERSAL MOBILES TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM)
les système 1G et 2G étaient considérés comme des système des téléphonies mobile
système 3G passage de la téléphonie la télécommunication
CDMA is a digital cellular standard that allows multiple users to access the same radio frequency channel simultaneously through the use of unique code sequences. Users are separated by spreading their transmitted signals across the frequency band using pseudo-random codes. CDMA provides advantages over other multiple access techniques like FDMA and TDMA such as increased capacity, soft handoffs between cells, and covert operation due to its noise-like signals. The IS-95 standard introduced CDMA to cellular networks and specified the use of orthogonal codes to separate signals and a 1.25 MHz channel bandwidth to support multiple simultaneous voice calls.
Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction in Mc Cdma System by Using Pulse Shapin...IOSR Journals
Abstract: One of the drawback of multicarrier code division multiple access (MC CDMA) is the high peak to
average power ratio (PAPR). In this paper A novel scheme based on pulse shaping described for PAPR
reduction. Here three different pulse shaping filters (Raised cosine, Sinc power pulse and Nyqist pulse) are
described for PAPR reduction in MC CDMA system. The method is based on the proper selection of the pulses
for shaping the different sub carriers of the MC CDMA modulation scheme. It is shown by computer simulation
that the scheme achieves the significant improvement in PAPR reduction in MC CDMA system. Its
implementation complexity is much low in comparison to the previous published methods. Thus pulse shaping
technique can be used not only to shape the spectrum of the transmitted signal but also to reduce its PAPR. In
computer simulation It is observed that by using nyquist pulse near about 6.8 db PAPR is obtained. Which is
considerable PAPR reduction than a PAPR value of Original MC CDMA signal
Keywords: MC CDMA, PAPR, PULSE SHAPING, BPSK
A simplified-single-correlator-rake-receiver-for-cdma-communicationsCemal Ardil
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a simplified single correlator RAKE receiver for CDMA communications. The receiver uses a single correlator and code generator, rather than multiple correlators as in conventional RAKE receivers. It spreads data using modified Walsh-Hadamard codes, which provide better uncorrelation between multipath signals. Simulation results showed the proposed receiver achieves lower bit error rates than conventional RAKE receivers when receiving multiple multipath signals.
Investigation and Analysis of SNR Estimation in OFDM systemIOSR Journals
Estimation of signal to noise ratio (SNR) of received signal and to transmit the signal effectively for
the modern communication system. The performance of existing non-data-aided (NDA) SNR estimation methods
are substantially degraded for high level modulation scheme such as M-ary amplitude and phase shift keying
(APSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).In this paper SNR estimation proposed method which uses
zero point auto-correlation of received signal per block and auto/cross- correlation of decision feedback signal
in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. Proposed method can be studied into two types;
Type 1 can estimate SNR by zero point auto-correlation of decision feedback signal based on the second
moment property. Type 2 uses both zero point auto-correlation and cross-correlation based on the fourth
moment property. In block-by-block reception of OFDM system, these two SNR estimation methods can be
possible for the practical implementation due to correlation based the estimation method and they show more
stable estimation performance than the earlier SNR estimation methods.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BARKER CODE BASED ON THEIR CORRELATION PROPERTY IN MU...ijistjournal
This document discusses performance analysis of Barker codes based on their correlation properties in a multi-user environment. It analyzes the auto-correlation and cross-correlation properties of long Barker codes. Barker codes have good auto-correlation properties and certain code pairs were found to have low cross-correlation, making them suitable for multi-user environments. The document also describes direct sequence spread spectrum modulation using pseudo-noise codes and the despreading process at the receiver.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BARKER CODE BASED ON THEIR CORRELATION PROPERTY IN MU...ijistjournal
Spread-spectrum communication, with its inherent interference attenuation capability, has over the years become an increasingly popular technique for use in many different systems. They have very beneficial and tempting features, like Antijam, Security, and Multiple accesses. This thesis basically deals with the pseudo codes used in spread spectrum communication system. The cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties of the long Barker Code are analyzed. It has been seen that the length of the code, autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties can help us to determine the best suitable code for any particular communication environment. We have tried to find out the code with suitable auto-correlation properties along with low cross-correlation values. Barker code has good auto-correlation properties and we have found the pairs with the low cross- correlation so that they can be used in multi-user environment.
This document presents an intelligent link adaptation scheme for OFDM systems that adapts coding, modulation, and power allocation to maximize throughput. It uses a fuzzy rule-based system to select the optimal modulation and coding scheme based on channel state information and quality of service requirements. It then uses a differential evolution algorithm to find the optimal power vector to transmit over OFDM subcarriers while satisfying total power and bit error rate constraints. The proposed scheme is shown through simulations to outperform conventional fixed schemes and adaptive schemes that only optimize a subset of parameters. Product codes and QAM are used as the coding and modulation schemes, respectively.
Performance Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM using Redundant Residue Number System IJECEIAES
Telecommunication industry requires high capacity networks with high data rates which are achieved through utilization of Multiple-Input-MultipleOutput (MIMO) communication along with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system. Still, the communication channel suffers from noise, interference or distortion due to hardware design limitations, and channel environment, and to combat these challenges, and achieve enhanced performance; various error control techniques are implemented to enable the receiver to detect any possible received errors and correct it and thus; for a certain transmitted signal power the system would have lower Bit Error Rate (BER). The provided research focuses on Redundant Residue Number System (RRNS) coding as a Forward Error Correction (FEC) scheme that improves the performance of MIMO-OFDM based wireless communications in comparison with current methods as Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) coders at the transmitter side or equalizers at receiver side. The Bit Error Rate (BER) performance over the system was measured using MATLAB tool for different simulated channel conditions, including the effect of signal amplitude reduction and multipath delay spreading. Simulation results had shown that RRNS coding scheme provides an enhancement in system performance over conventional error detection and correction coding schemes by utilizing the distinct features of Residue Number System (RNS).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ICI and PAPR enhancement in MIMO-OFDM system using RNS codingIJECEIAES
The Inter-Carrier-Interference (ICI) is considered a bottleneck in the utilization of Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems, due to the sensitivity of the OFDM towards frequency offsets which lead to loss of orthogonality, interference and performance degradation. In this paper Residue Numbers as a coding scheme is impeded in MIMO-OFDM systems, where the ICI levels is measured and evaluated with respect to conventional ICI mitigation techniques implemented in MIMO-OFDM. The Carrier-to-Interference Ratio (CIR), the system Bit-Error-Rate (BER) and the Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) for MIMO-OFDM system with Residue Number System (RNS) coding are analyzed and evaluated. The results had demonstrated a performance of transmission model with and without RNS.
Performance Analysis of DRA Based OFDM Data Transmission With Respect to Nove...IJERA Editor
In this paper, we have analyzed the performance characteristics of OFDM data transmission with regard to a new high speed RS decoding algorithm. The various characteristics identified are mainly speed and accuracy of the transmission irrespective of channel behaviour. We consider two cases viz. data transmission without error control and data transmission with error control. Each of these cases are duly analyzed and it is proven that high speed RS decoding algorithms can actually benefit OFDM data transmission for advanced communication systems only if implemented at the hardware (VLSI) level because of significant processing overhead involved in software based implementation even though the algorithm may have lower computational complexity.
Satellite Telemetry Data Transmission Immunity from the ASI and Jamming Using...IOSRJECE
In the satellite telemetry command, controlling the power of the uplink signal, radiated away from the Earth to the spacecraft and downlink signal, radiated toward the Earth form the spacecraft is very important. The Uplink is transmitted at high power because of the unlimited power, while downlink should be controlled in power because of limited spacecraft power resources. This results in a lower Power Spectral Density (PSD) for the downlink and higher PSD for the uplink, which in many cases the uplink power due to be strong enough to reach the satellites at GEO would often also violate the PSD limits in the other orbits satellite telemetry signals like LEO. In addition due to long distance between the Earth and satellite, the received signals at the both terrestrial and transponder receivers are extremely week and strongly influenced by intentional interference (like jamming) or inadvertent interferences (such as the ASI). Spreading spectrum can solve the PSD problems for both directions but consumes a wide bandwidth. Fortunately, signals can be distinguished by using different spreading codes, allowing for CDMA. The Pseudo Noise (PN) spreading codes allow using many satellites or users (located in one satellite) the same frequency with overlapping signals simultaneously and also range measurement as useful ability to track the spacecraft in the space by the expanding value of the PN codes (Doppler Shift).[1] This paper specially considers to satellite telemetry data transmission immunity from the interference using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) based on CDMA namely DS-CDMA (Direct Sequence-CDMA) by the unique properties correlation functions of the Gold and M-Sequence codes. Also the codes are examined in the fading channels, Reyleigh and AWGN, in terms of the BER vs. Eb/No to compare the practical results with theoretical values.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1) The document presents a simulation of an MC-CDMA system using MSK modulation over AWGN and Rayleigh channels.
2) It shows that the BER performance of the MC-CDMA system is affected by both the number of users and the channel type, with higher numbers of users and Rayleigh fading increasing the BER.
3) The results also show that for both channel types, the MC-CDMA system has better BER performance when using MSK modulation compared to BPSK modulation.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MC-CDMA SYSTEM OVER RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNELIJCSES Journal
Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is a well known technique for high speed
wireless data transmission .Two advanced technology was included in the MC-CDMA structure, such as
orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) and the code division multiple access (CDMA),so that it
benefits from the robustness of OFDM against multipath environment and from the capability of multiuser
multiplexing services that is achieved via (CDMA) system. MC-CDMA is a multicarrier spread spectrum
system which is classified as the candidate scheme for future mobile radio systems. In this paper MCCDMA
system, with Rayleigh fading channel and 16QAM array modulation, was simulated to investigate
the effects of different parameters on the system performance, such as processing gain; number of paths;
number of users; interleaving; and coding ratio.MC-CDMA performances can be considerably improved
by proper selection of these parameters. As expected, results show that MC-CDMA has a better performance over CDMA system.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Performance analysis of adaptive beamforming at receiver side by using lms an...Ijrdt Journal
The Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithm is an important member of the family of stochastic gradient algorithms. A significant feature of the LMS algorithm is its simplicity. The recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm recursively finds the filter coefficients for minimizing linear least squares cost function. Smart antenna generally refers to any antenna array. Beamforming is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. This spatial selectivity is achieved by using adaptive or fixed receive/transmit beam patterns. The improvement compared with an omnidirectional reception/transmission is known as the receive/transmit gain (or loss). In this study, fixed weight beamforming basics and maximum signal to interference ratio are given. The theoretical information of adaptive beamforming, LMS (Least Mean Square) and RLS (Recursive Mean Squares) algorithms are explained. Adaptive beamforming in recieve antenna is simulated by using LMS and RLS algorithms. Simulation results are discussed and explained.
Sensing of Spectrum for SC-FDMA Signals in Cognitive Radio NetworksIRJET Journal
The document proposes a technique for detecting spectrum used by interleaved single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) signals in cognitive radio networks. A metric is defined based on cyclostationary features to identify if subcarriers allocated to primary users are available for secondary users. The Neyman-Pearson test is used to examine two hypotheses (H0 and H1) representing the absence and presence of primary users. Simulation results show the proposed method outperforms existing techniques like autocorrelation of cyclic prefix and energy detection, with lower complexity but similar detection performance at low signal-to-noise ratios. The performance is evaluated under various conditions like number of users, pilot signals, window length, and block length
Computationally Efficient Multi-Antenna Techniques for Multi-User Two-Way Wire...IJECEIAES
In this work, we are interested in implementing, developing and evaluating multi-antenna techniques used for multi-user two-way wireless relay networks that provide a good tradeoff between the computational complexity and performance in terms of symbol error rate and achievable data rate. In particular, a variety of newly multi-antenna techniques is proposed and studied. Some techniques based on orthogonal projection enjoy low computational complexity. However, the performance penalty associated with them is high. Other techniques based on maximum likelihood strategy enjoy high performance, however, they suffer from very high computational complexity. The Other techniques based on randomization strategy provide a good trade-off between the computational complexity and performance where they enjoy low computational complexity with almost the same performance as compared to the techniques based on maximum likelihood strategy.
NEW BER ANALYSIS OF OFDM SYSTEM OVER NAKAGAMI-n (RICE) FADING CHANNELijcseit
Modern wireless communication systems support high speed multimedia services. These services require
high data rates with acceptable error rates. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a
capable candidate to solve this problem. In this paper, a new expression for the BER of OFDM system has
been derived over Nakagami–n (Rice) fading channels using characteristics function (CHF) approach. The
exact probability density function of first order of Nakagami-n (Rice) random vector is used to derive the
expression for the error rates of OFDM system. The BER derivation of Rician fading channel is slightly
more complex compared to the Nakagami–m distribution because the PDF of the Rician RV contains an
explicit term of a modified Bessel function of first kind. Earlier, this problem was solved by replacing the
Bessel function with its infinite series and exponential integral representation. Here we propose an integral
expression to remove the complexity of the expression.
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
Today with advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) the way the education is being delivered is seeing a paradigm shift from boring classroom lectures to interactive applications such as 2-D and 3-D learning content, animations, live videos, response systems, interactive panels, education games, virtual laboratories and collaborative research (data gathering and analysis) etc. Engineering is emerging with more innovative solutions in the field of education and bringing out their innovative products to improve education delivery. The academic institutes which were once hesitant to use such technology are now looking forward to such innovations. They are adopting the new ways as they are realizing the vast benefits of using such methods and technology. The benefits are better comprehensibility, improved learning efficiency of students, and access to vast knowledge resources, geographical reach, quick feedback, accountability and quality research. This paper focuses on how engineering can leverage the latest technology and build a collaborative learning environment which can then be integrated with the national e-learning grid.
Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
Ontological Model of Educational Programs in Computer Science (Bachelor and M...ijsrd.com
In this work there is illustrated an ontological model of educational programs in computer science for bachelor and master degrees in Computer science and for master educational program “Computer science as second competence†by Tempus project PROMIS.
Understanding IoT Management for Smart Refrigeratorijsrd.com
1) The document discusses a proposed design for an intelligent refrigerator that leverages sensor technology and wireless communication to identify food items and order more through an internet connection when supplies are low.
2) Key aspects of the proposal include using RFID to uniquely identify each food item, storing item and usage data in an XML database, monitoring usage patterns to determine reordering needs, and executing orders through an online retailer using stored payment details.
3) Security and privacy concerns with such an internet-connected refrigerator are discussed, such as potential hacking of personal information or unauthorized device control. The proposal aims to minimize human interaction for household management.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
Web Usage Mining: A Survey on User's Navigation Pattern from Web Logsijsrd.com
With an expontial growth of World Wide Web, there are so many information overloaded and it became hard to find out data according to need. Web usage mining is a part of web mining, which deal with automatic discovery of user navigation pattern from web log. This paper presents an overview of web mining and also provide navigation pattern from classification and clustering algorithm for web usage mining. Web usage mining contain three important task namely data preprocessing, pattern discovery and pattern analysis based on discovered pattern. And also contain the comparative study of web mining techniques.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes a review paper on performance and emission testing of a 4-stroke diesel engine using ethanol-diesel blends at different pressures. The paper reviews several previous studies that tested blends of 5-30% ethanol mixed with diesel fuel. The studies found that a 10-20% ethanol blend can improve brake thermal efficiency compared to pure diesel, while also reducing emissions like NOx and smoke. Higher ethanol blends required advancing the injection timing to allow the engine to run. Ethanol-diesel blends were found to have lower density, viscosity, pour point and higher flash point compared to pure diesel. Overall, ethanol shows potential as a renewable fuel to improve engine performance and reduce emissions when blended with diesel
Study and Review on Various Current Comparatorsijsrd.com
This paper presents study and review on various current comparators. It also describes low voltage current comparator using flipped voltage follower (FVF) to obtain the single supply voltage. This circuit has short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area as compare to other current comparators. The results of this circuit has obtained using PSpice simulator for 0.18 μm CMOS technology and a comparison has been performed with its non FVF counterpart to contrast its effectiveness, simplicity, compactness and low power consumption.
Reducing Silicon Real Estate and Switching Activity Using Low Power Test Patt...ijsrd.com
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Analysis of Residue Number System based PN sequence in AWGN channel
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com
Analysis of Residue Number System based PN sequence in AWGN
channel
Kalpesh G. jadav1
Khyati P. Vachhani2
1
PG Student, Electronics & Communication Engg. Department
2
Assistant Professor, Electronics & Communication Engg. Department
1,2
Kalol Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Kalol, Gujarat
Abstract— The successful use of CDMA technology is
based on the construction of large families of encoding
sequences with good correlation properties. This paper
discusses PN sequence generation based on Residue
Arithmetic with an effort to improve the performance of
existing interference-limited CDMA technology for mobile
cellular systems. All spreading codes with residual number
system proposed earlier did not consider external
interferences, multipath propagation, Doppler effect etc. In
literature the use of residual arithmetic in DS-CDMA was
restricted to encoding of already spread sequence; where
spreading of sequence is done by some existing techniques.
The novelty of this paper is the use of residual number
system in generation of the PN sequences which is used to
spread the message signal. The significance of cross-
correlation factor in alleviating multi-access interference is
also discussed. The RNS based PN sequence has superior
performance than most of the existing codes that are widely
used in DS-CDMA applications. Simulation results suggest
that the performance of the proposed system is superior to
many existing systems.
Keywords—Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple
Access (DS-CDMA), Multiple-Access Interference (MAI),
PN Sequence, Residue Number System (RNS).
I. INTRODUCTION
CODE-DIVISION MULTIPLE-ACCESS (CDMA) based
on Spread Spectrum (SS) has emerged as one of the most
important multiple access technologies for the second and
third generations (2G-3G) wireless communication systems.
IS-95, CDMA2000, UMTS-UTRA, WCDMA, and TD-
SCDMA [1] are few of the important mobile cellular
standards among many where they find applications. But the
current CDMA systems are still far from perfect. The
CDMA system is always considered as an interference-
limited system mainly due to the existence of multiple-
access interference (MAI) and multipath interference (MI).
Many problems of a communication system based on
CDMA technology stem from the unitary spreading
codes/sequences, which includes two sub-categories, one
being the orthogonal codes, such as Walsh-Hadamard codes
and orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes, and
the other being pseudo-random or pseudo-noise (PN)
sequences, such as Gold sequences, Kasami sequences, m-
sequences, etc [1], [2].
Pseudo-Random CDMA codes have been found to be more
suitable for their use in many wireless applications since
orthogonal CDMA codes usually perform extremely bad if
they are used for asynchronous channel transmissions where
as other category of CDMA codes offer relatively uniform
performance for their operation in both synchronous and
asynchronous channels. But PN sequences are statistically
uncorrelated, and the sum of a large number of PN
sequences results in MAI [2]. Pseudo Noise (PN) sequence
genera-tors generate PN codes which appear random yet
they are completely deterministic in nature with a small set
of initial conditions. The security of the concerned system is
hence undesirably compromised at times. Practically the
quality of transmission takes a toll as the number of users
increases for a given code length. In this context this paper
presents a PN sequence generator based on Residue
Arithmetic which counters the said limitations.
RNS were introduced in field of DS-CDMA by many
researchers as early as late 90s [3], [4]. In conventional
systems, due to the carry forward required by the weighted
number system, a bit error may affect all the bits of the
result. In [3], [5] a parallel communication scheme based on
RNS, which is a non-weighted carry-free number system,
was proposed. The symbol to be transmitted is transformed
to RNS representation, mapped into a set of orthogonal
sequences and are transmitted in parallel. Error control was
also incorporated in this paper using redundant RNS
(RRNS) code. For bandwidth efficiency a modulation
technique by combining RNS representation, PSK/QAM
modulation and orthogonal modulation was proposed in [6].
The error control properties of RRNS were exploited in [7]
to be used as channel codes for protecting the speech bits. In
[8] residue arithmetic is used for representing the symbol to
be transmitted. Redundant residue arithmetic system based
multi-carrier DS-CDMA (MC/DS - CDMA) dynamic
multiple access scheme has been proposed in [9] for
dynamically accessing the frequency spectrum available for
Cognitive Radio communication. All references basically
points to a parallel communication scheme where the
symbol to be transmitted by each user is represented in
residue arithmetic and an inverse RNS transform block is
used at the receiver to get back the symbol. But generation
of PN sequences and use of these to spread message signals
for multiple user transmission has never been investigated.
Spreading codes with good cross correlation
properties have great significance in multi-user DS-CDMA.
RNS has received wide attention due to its robust signal
processing properties, however this paper discusses on the
design of spreading sequence based on residue arithmetic.
RNS number is represented by remainders when invariably
divided by a set of numbers or divisors. According to the
2. Analysis of Residue Number system based PN sequence in AWGN channel
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 2/2013/0062)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 2
Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT), if this set of divisors is
all co-primes to each other, then the residue representation
of any number is unique provided the number is within the
range R, where R is product of all the numbers in the set of
divisors [10]. Since the divisor set is not limited, extension
of the set of divisors leads to increase in the number bits in
the bit representation of residue number. This property of
Residue Arithmetic is exploited here to generate the PN
Sequence. It provides a large family of spreading codes with
a specific cross-correlation threshold for the system under
consideration. Sequences can be generated with different
spread factor, and for various cross-correlation threshold
values to take care of MAI. The generated sequences can
then be put into DS-CDMA system for performance analysis
under different loading scenarios. Hence the system has
been evaluated in AWGN channel.
RNS were introduced in field of DS-CDMA by
many researchers as early as late 90s by Lie Liang Yang and
Lajos Hanzo. In conventional systems, due to the carry
forward required by the weighted number system, a bit error
may affect all the bits of the result. In the proposed a parallel
communication scheme based on RNS, which is a non-
weighted carry-free number system. The symbol to be
transmitted is transformed to RNS representation, mapped
into a set of orthogonal sequences and are transmitted in
parallel. Error control was also incorporated in this paper
using redundant RNS (RRNS) code. Performance of the
same system over busty communication channels is done by
Madhukumar and Chin.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
The WCDMA downlink transmission is prone to self-
interference caused by the loss of orthogonally between
spreading codes due to multipath propagation There are
several techniques for interference cancellation and
multiuser detection that improves the performance and
capacity of the downlink WCDMA system]. Most of these
techniques are designed at the expense of higher receiver
complexity and with OVSF codes derived from Walsh
Hadamard code. Construction methods of OVSF-ZCZ
sequences have been proposed to mitigate interference due
to multipath propagation. Since the number of OVSF-ZCZ
sequences is limited, various assignment algorithms are
required to meet the demand of large number of users. The
use of Orthogonal Variable Spreading Code (OVSF) code
requires that a dedicated rate matching algorithm to be used
in the transceivers. This algorithm consumes a great amount
of hardware and software resources and increases
computation load and processing latency. In the OVSF code
generation tree structure, the codes in the upper layer with
lower spreading factor blocks the codes in the lower layer
with higher spreading factor. i.e., fewer users can be
accommodated in a cell. These issues indeed demand for the
existing code replacement. In this context this theses
presents a Channelization code based on Residue Arithmetic
which counter the said limitations. RNS is already used in
the design of decimation filters for WCDMA receivers.
III. BASICS OF RNS
Residue number systems are based on the congruence
relation as: two integers, a and b are said to be congruent
modulo m if m divides exactly the difference of a and b; it is
common, especially in mathematics tests, to write a ≡ b(mod
m) to denote this. Thus, for example, 10 ≡ 7(mod 3), 10 ≡
4(mod 3), 10 ≡ 1(mod 3) and 10 ≡ −2 (mod 3). The number
m is a modulus or base, and its values exclude unity
produces only trivial congruence. If q and r are the quotient
and remainder, respectively, of the integer division of a by
m, that is, a = q ∗ m + r then, by definition, a ≡ r (mod m).
The number r is said to be the residue of a with respect to m,
and is denoted by r = |a|m. The set of m smallest values, {0,
1, 2, 3... (m − 1)} That the residue may assume is called the
set of least positive residues modulo m. Consider a set {m1,
m2...mn}, of n positive and pair wise relatively prime
moduli. Let R be the product of the moduli. Then every
number X < R has a unique representation in the residue
number system. A partial proof of this is as follows.
Suppose X1 and X2 are two different numbers with the
same residue set, then
|X1|mi = |X2|mi ⇒ |X1 − X2|mi = 0…………. (1)
Therefore X1 and X2 are the Least Common Multiple
(LCM) of mi. But if the mi are relatively prime, then their
LCM is R, and it must be that X1 and X2 is a multiple of
R. So it cannot be that X1 < R and X2 < R. Therefore,
the set {|X |mi : 1 ≤ i ≤ n} is unique and may be taken as the
representation of X and such a representation can be written
in the form <x1,x2…xn> where xi= |X |mi , and relationship
between X and its residues can be indicated by writing
X=<x1,x2…xn> . The number R is called the dynamic range
of the RNS because the number of numbers that can be
represented is R.
IV. STANDARD PN SEQUENCES
Maximal Length Sequence: Pseudo Random BinaryA.
Sequences (PRBSs), also known as pseudo noise, Linear
Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) sequences or maximal
length bi- nary sequences (m sequences), are widely used
in digital communications. This sequence is generated
using a shift register and modulo-2 adders. Certain outputs
of the shift register are modulo-2 added and the adder output
is fed back to the register. An m-stage shift register can
generate a maximal length sequence of 2m -1 bits. Only
certain outputs, or taps, can generate maximal length
sequences [13].
For CDMA spreading code, we need a random
sequence that passes certain “quality” criterion for
randomness. These criterions are
1. The number of runs of 0’s and 1’s is equal. We
want equal number of two 0’s and 1’s, a length of three 0’s
and 1’s and four 0’s and 1’s etc. This property gives us a
perfectly random sequence.
2. There are equal number of runs of 0’s and 1’s. This
ensures that the sequence is balanced.
3. The periodic autocorrelation function (ACF) is
nearly two valued with peaks at 0 shifts and is zero
elsewhere. This allows us to encrypt the signal effectively
Gold Sequence: Gold Sequence was proposed by RobertB.
Gold. These are constructed by modulo-2 addition of two
m-sequences of the same length generated from Shift
3. Analysis of Residue Number system based PN sequence in AWGN channel
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 2/2013/0062)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com
313
Register Generator (SRG) with each other. These code
sequences are added chip by chip through synchronous
clocking. Thus, for a Gold sequence of length m = 2l
− 1,
one uses two linear feedback shift register (LFSR), each of
length m = 2l
− 1. Choosing LFSRs appropriately, Gold
sequences give better cross correlation properties than
maximum length LSFR sequences [14].
Kasami Sequence: Kasami sequence sets are one of theC.
important types of binary sequence sets because of their
very low cross-correlation. For sequence generation, a
sequence A0 is formed from an m-sequence A by
decimating A by 2n/2
+ 1. It can be verified that the
resulting A0 is an m-sequence with period 2n/2
− 1. Now,
by taking N = 2n
− 1 bits of sequences A and A0, a new set
of sequences is formed by adding, modulo-2, the bits from
A and the bits from A0 and all 2n/2
− 2 cyclic shifts of the
bits from A0. By including A in the set, a set of 2n/2 binary
sequences of length N = 2n
− 1 is obtained [15].
V. RNS SEQUENCE GENERATION PROCESS.
To generate RNS based PN sequence first we have to
generate Moduli set for given Spreading factor β. Here we
take Spending factors multiple of 8 to be compatible with
binary arithmetic. There are two methods for selection of
moduli one is Consecutive and other is expontial here we
use consecutive moduli selection. Once we generate moduli
set next step is to calculate range which is relatively large
and computation is large for each member in range so we
randomly select some members and generate RNS
representation of that members. Then we convert those into
Binary Sequences of eight bit for each residue of two digits.
In this way we generate pn sequences based on RNS
arithmetic.
Now Next task is to select those sequences which
satisfy required cross correlation threshold for given
application. For this we have to calculate CF for Each other
for all generated sequences and only consider those
sequences which satisfy our criteria and discard other put
selected sequences into primal pool for online use during
real operation.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We design RNS PN sequence generator based on above
discussion in matlab and Generate Some RNS PN sequences
for Different value of cross correlation (CF) and spending
factor also compared with other existing Sequences like
gold ML. For simulation We considered spreading factors
β=8 and Generate RNS and Other Sequences and generate
cross correlation matrix for RNS, ML sequence and Gold
Sequence and Found that RNS based PN sequences Having
Better Cross correlation as shown In Figures(Results) see fig
1-3
Figure 1: Correlation Matrix for GOLD sequence
Figure 2: Correlation Matrix for ML sequence
Figure 3: Correlation Matrix for RNS sequence
Our next phase is to check whether this Better cross
correlation Properties will affect in System Performance to
check this we use direct sequence CDMA and use RNS coed
as Spreading Code in CDMA transmitter and at Receiver
side same RNS code for Dispreading Data. Here we use
AWGN channel as Transmission Channel Which adds a
white nose into transmitted cdma signal. At receiver side we
recovered transmitted signal and calculate Bit Error rate for
Given Signal to noise ratio per bit (Eb/No). We Compare
RNS sequence with GOLD and ML sequences for β=8 and
for RNS sequence CF=0.25 which is shown in fig 4. Next
we vary Cross correlation and Spreading Factor and plot
BER curve of RNS sequences in CDMA AWGN channel
which is shown in fig 4 and fig 5.
Figure 4: BER performance versus the Number of Active
Users with spreading factor, β = 8 for Maximal Length
Sequence, Gold Sequence and RNS based PN Sequence
4. Analysis of Residue Number system based PN sequence in AWGN channel
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 2/2013/0062)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com
314
Figure 5: Performance Comparison of DS-CDMA system
with cross correlation threshold, CF, 0.20 and 0.10 for β =
128
Figure 6: Performance Comparison of DS-CDMA system
with cross correlation threshold, CF, 0.20 and β = 128 for
varying active users
VII. CONCLUSION
RNS sequences having Better Cross correlation Properties
than other existing sequences also it has very large dynamic
range compared to other sequences so we can accommodate
more users Using RNS sequences simulation results show
RNS has less BER for given spreading factor. Simulation
Results also States that as we go from CF=0.20 To CF=0.10
we get Better Performance so we can say that Cross
correlation properties are reflected on System Performance
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