Ijciet 10 01_089

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp. 958-969, Article ID: IJCIET_10_01_089
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=01
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
IMPACT OF PIRACY ON MARITIME
TRANSPORT AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
FOR PREVENTION
Cuong Manh Nguyen and Tien Quoc Le
Vietnam Maritime University, Haiphong city, Vietnam
ABSTRACT
Pirates are acts of loot taking place on the sea or the coast and are acted upon by
illegal maritime forces. Piracy is an international crime, piracy that directly threatens
the lives and lives of seafarers, strongly impacts maritime activity as well as economic
development [1]. The global damage caused by piracy is estimated at $ 6.6 to $ 6.9
billion through commercial fraud, loss of cargo or delay. Even pirates can cause
political instability due to state officials' corruption.
Key words: illegal maritime, Piracy
Cite this Article: Cuong Manh Nguyen and Tien Quoc Le, Impact Of Piracy on
Maritime Transport and Technical Solutions for Prevention. International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(01), 2019, pp. 958–969
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=01
1. INTRODUCTION
Pirates are acts of loot taking place on the sea or the coast and are acted upon by illegal maritime
forces. Piracy is an international crime, piracy that directly threatens the lives and lives of
seafarers, strongly impacts maritime activity as well as economic development [1]. The global
damage caused by piracy is estimated at $ 6.6 to $ 6.9 billion through commercial fraud, loss
of cargo or delay. Even pirates can cause political instability due to state officials' corruption.
According to statistics, 90% of world trade is carried out by sea transport [2]. Meanwhile, the
data show that from 2007 to September 2012 there are 2,083 cases (equivalent to 30
cases/month, 370 cases/year). The "hotspot" areas of piracy are located in Somalia, the Gulf of
Aden, and South-East Asia.

Figure 1. Strait of Malacca - High-risk areas are attacked by pirates in Southeast Asia
Pirates were born in the 300 BC when people began to sail offshore; the late seventeenth-
early eighteenth century is considered the era of piracy when the period has a series of seizures.
The piracy was openly held, and the number of robberies increased rapidly [3]. After that
golden age, pirates were active in the waters of the Indian Ocean, the Pacific, the offshore
waters of Somalia, the Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea. But since 1994, the
establishment of the WTO has led to rapid economic development and free trade in which
ocean freight is the most significant volume of goods in the world [4]. Especially for countries
with coastal lines, ocean freight is considered to be a huge advantage. But with this
development is the pirates' worrying growth. Between 1994 and 2002, more than 2,000 piracy
cases worldwide caused about $ 15 billion in damages each year, and the two most hotspots
for piracy were Somali and regional waters East Sea [5].
Figure 2. Somali pirate operating area

Impact Of Piracy on Maritime Transport and Technical Solutions for Prevention
However, thanks to the efforts of the countries joining the WTO, especially the countries
with large navies such as Russia, America, have helped to trade goods and travel at sea become
more favorable also Such as reducing economic losses for participating countries [6]. Besides
the development strategies of the maritime industry, the use of bio-fuel and protection of
marine environmental pollution are attracting much attention to aim at the "Green shipping"
[7-23]. Currently, the world classifies two types of pirates based on their activities: armed
robbers and ghosts. These two types of robberies are considered pirates, but they have very
different ways of operating [24-29]. While the armed robbery is armed and terroristic, the ghost
ship acts extremely sophisticatedly and, in recognition of these two types of robberies, we come
to the same traits. Their prominence, as well as the active area of each type of robbery, is
classified as followed:
1.1. Armed robbery
• Grounds: Usually located in places far from central areas, uninhabited islands, areas
not regularly inspected by the government. Some regions may be named, such as
the islands of Indonesia, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean, or Somalia
• Manpower: Mainly local people are knowledgeable in the area, armed with
weapons such as guns, grenades, etc.
• Vehicles: Use high-speed canoes and boats to avoid scans of radar boats as well as
quickly and easily reach cargo ships to control crew on board.
• Use high-speed trains close to merchant ships, cruise ships, and boat captains and
ship them to their area. Select the types of goods that can be handled and unloaded
in the country and neighboring countries. Accompanying the looting of terrorism is
the trafficking of illicit drugs and illicit drugs in countries around the world.
• The most famous for this type of terrorist piracy is the Somali region - from the
Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean and vice versa, South America, some of the
archipelago of Indonesia in the Southeast ASIAN.
1.2. Ghost ships
This is a very sophisticated form of piracy, which is a ship registered and flagged properly, but
these ships carry pirates. When the pirates capture the ship, cargo on the whole ship is taken to
the ghost ship, which will be shipped to the sea after shipment without any difficulty from the
ship. Security forces. Through analysis and evaluation, maritime security forces find that ghost
ships typically have the following characteristics:
• Over 15 - 20 years of use
• Initial registration information is abnormal
• Ships arrive at slow ports for loading and unloading
• The owner or operator is always the only one
Famous for the use of this ghost is the Chinese or Chinese pirate group in Guangzhou,
Shanghai, Fujian. They operate by information obtained through brokerage or moderator in
Southeast Asia [32]. Therefore, their main area of activity is in the Pacific Ocean, in which the
East Sea is fertile soil for the pirates.
The activities of these two types of pirates, despite the same purpose, are the looting of
ocean-going ships, but the way they operate is extremely different. While the primary activity
of armed pirates is to loot goods and take hostages for ransom, robberies are mostly flushed
into the water or transported to neighboring countries for consumption [33]. The pirate ships

are incredibly sophisticated and cunning. This type of piracy is extremely dangerous both
regarding how it works and how it is plundered, but it does not work alone, but it operates in
an organized, commanded manner and receives shore support. It acts as a sophisticated criminal
organization, with intelligence, coordinated attacks, and individual attacks [34]. Some also
have their vessels and have a network of contacts to resell stolen goods to large buyers already
agreed upon. In general, pirates are armed with more aggressive and reckless weapons, Not
only do they steal, but they also take the ransom for ransom, which can be considered a terrorist
crime meanwhile, although not as aggressive as armed pirates pirate ships ghost activities are
very sophisticated and very difficult to grasp. This is piracy that is more prone to fraud, the
goods they target are also extremely rare, mainly mineral and petroleum, especially oil and gas.
2. THE IMPACT OF PIRACY ON INTERNATIONAL MARITIME
TRANSPORT
a) Piracy directly threatens the lives and property of the crew
Recent piracy is mostly using piracy weapons such as submachine guns, grenade launchers or
ammunition. This has led to a growing trend in violence at sea. They are piracy-ready when
they are ready to use their weapons to suppress the crew and to kill people without fear when
the crew members intend to protest [35]. In addition to the risk of casualties, crew members
who experience robbery can experience a mental disorder, many of whom are unrecoverable,
many fear being removed. The shortage of manpower for the maritime industry is not only in
Vietnam but around the world.
Also, the cost of shipping costs, the cost of insurance for ships will increase. Parallel to
rising transportation costs, maritime competition is likely to decline. In addition, high-capacity
shipowners will not invest in upgrading their ships as piracy is on the rise. Instead, they will
seek to sell their vessels in return for capital. This invisibility makes small shipping companies
disappear, and instead, only the world's major shipping companies are involved in shipping
that monopolizes shipping. And this monopoly makes the maritime industry not only in
Vietnam but also in the world cannot develop.
b) Piracy reduces the ability of shipping countries to trade by sea for shipping
According to IMB calculations, annual piracy costs $ 13-15 billion globally. This is a big risk
for international traffic and trade. If a well-known country is pirated shipping, it will adversely
affect its trade so that the country can be ostracized by shipping [36]. According to statistics
from 2008-2009, the number of piracy around the world increased by 11%, half of which were
caused by Somali pirates. And according to many experts' predictions, in the flat world of
today, the piracy will continue to occur especially in hot areas like Somalia or the South China
Sea.

Figure 3. Yearly statistics of piracy incidents worldwide since 1948
(Source: IMO)
c) Causing political instability
Pirates are the main cause of political instability in every country. A major corrupt state is
responsible for the formation of ghost ships. That is why in South-East Asia, South America
or Somalia are areas, where there are many pirates while developed countries like Russia and
US are not pirates, are raging [37]. And reported, the country of political instability will
undermine the national flag-bearers.
Figure 4. Flag State whose vessels attacked six or more time January – June 2018

d) Environmental hazards
In the case of piracy attacking ships carrying raw materials or oil, the consequences will be
extremely unpredictable. The worst case is that the oil spill is not only polluting the marine
environment, but also affecting the resources, marine resources, and coastal lowlands.
3. THE IMPACT OF PIRACY ON VIETNAM
According to the Vietnam Maritime Administration, the situation of maritime security in
general and piracy in Southeast Asia, in particular, are complicated. In particular, piracy tends
to increase sharply in the Sulu Sea area - Celebes in the southern Philippines and the east coast
of Sabah in Malaysia, with aggressive and aggressive ways of attacking ships, acting on life-
threatening, beatings, kidnapping, and murdering crew members. These are very dangerous
areas that local and international authorities regularly warn ship management companies and
officers and crew on board. Particularly for the Vietnamese fleet, from November 2016 to
3/2017, two piracy cases occurred in the area mentioned above, causing serious consequences
(killing one crewmember, one missing crew member, 11 crew members were abducted, some
crew members were beaten to injury, many were robbed or destroyed). Most recently, on March
5, 1977, the Phu An 268, while traveling through the Turtle Islands of the Philippines, was
pursued by pirate ships; But due to the well-executed measures taken by the vessel, the pirates
were unable to reach the ship and had to withdraw. In addition, a number of Vietnamese vessels
have also fallen victim to piracy.
On October 3, 2014, the Sunrise 689 was robbed in the Singapore area, leaving 18 crew
members detained for six days, Lost 2.000m3 of oil. On 13/12/2014, VP Asphalt 2 was also
robbed in the Singapore area, leading to the death of a Vietnamese crewman. On 11/11/2016,
Royal 16 ship of Royal Maritime Corporation was robbed in the Philippines. On February 19,
2017, Giang Hai ship and 17 crew members on the journey to transport cement from Indonesia
to the Philippines, when approaching Sulu Island, were attacked by armed pirates. The pirate
group arrested 7 of the 17 people on board, including the captain, two vice-captains, two
mechanics, two sailors. The remaining crew members were not injured, but the ship was
smashed many devices and floated on the sea. In November 2017, the Philippine Navy rescued
the crew successfully, but only three survived.
Piracy has affected Vietnam very heavily. The first is economic if the piracy situation
happens regularly, the shipping lines are forced to increase shipping costs. This will greatly
affect the economy of Vietnam as well as the world because we know that 90% of goods in the
world shipped by sea. Pirates also focus on oil tankers, so the threat of piracy is also a threat to
energy security. Pirates also lead to other criminal crimes such as smuggling and multinational
crime. All these issues will be the danger of destabilizing the political security of each nation
as well as the entire region. Especially with a country with the long sea like Vietnam, maritime
transportation is a very developed and invested industry, but with the increase as well as the
aggressiveness and aggressiveness of the pirates, the economy Of Vietnam is facing many
difficulties. Especially, Vietnam's oil tankers have been targeted by many pirates in the East
Sea. So what can be done to prevent this piracy?
4. THE SOLUTION FOR PREVENTION OF PIRACY
a) Secure-ship
Electric barriers around the ship are not lethal but serve only to combat piracy. The 9,000 volts
fence is used to infiltrate the fence. It will be shocked by electric shock (not dead), and the
result is that the robbers cannot break into the ship. And when it enters the fence, the light goes

on, and the whistle goes off [38]. Fences can be folded easily and lowered quickly when
needed. In particular, there are doors open very easily in the case of picking up navigators,
lowering the escalator or dropping lifeboats and lifeboats.
Figure 5. Example of a warning sign in Somalia, which states
When necessary, the crew member can remove and reassemble the fence. As the vessel
approaches the active piracy area, the crew can install the fence in only a few hours. When the
ship leaves the area of danger, the captain can decide to leave or take off if the ship encounters
bad weather [39]. The remote control system can control all functions of the system without
wires. This system has been tested in the marine environment in many different seas including
the 7th wave when seawater covers the deck. Use of this protection system has several
purposes: to prevent those who want to break into the ship; Prevent and avoid attacks by
bandits; Avoid those who flee the train; Protection of crew and passengers; Control the
boarding and secretly send reports to the Piracy Center.
Figure 6. Secure-Ship is a 9000-volt electrifying fence
The Secure-Ship system meets the requirements for IMO ship protection measures and can
be installed on waterborne vehicles: Ships (except flammable cargo ships); Military ships;
Offshore supply vessels; Self-propelled barges and cruise ships. This system is being installed

widely in European countries, especially in the Netherland, the system is a system that is
extremely developed.
b) Cruise tracking and recording system - ShipLoc
The piracy prevention center has coordinated with the satellite tracking operator to set up a
ship tracking system known as the ShipLoc system. This system outlines the ship's voyage as
well as port movement by recording the position of the vessel. There are many ships installed
with this system. ShipLoc provides ship owners and ship managers with global alert and ship
cruise control and fully meets IMO requirements for Ship Security Alert Systems (SSAS). The
device will transfer the alarm messages from the ship to the shore in the event of piracy or
terrorist attack on the vessel) (Article XI-2/6 SOLAS was adopted by IMO in December 2002
and takes effect from 2 stages. Paragraphs (July 1, 2004, and July 1, 2006) stipulate that all
vessels over 500 GT must be equipped with SSAS [40]. A small transmitter and low cost can
be hiding on the ship. For safety reasons, the crew is not known to have installed this transmitter
and its location. With ShipLoc and a networked computer, the ship owner knows exactly where
his ships are. The ShipLoc system will be very useful in the event of a ship being hijacked or
kidnapped. It can also be a management device for tracking the cruise of ships around the
world.
ShipLoc works with two functions:
• Notice of parameters from the ship: Report of the ship from 6 to 24 times/day on
the screen; Track ship location whenever and wherever; Track ship speed, position,
and direction of a cruise ship; Tracking information about the weather where the
train is traveling (wind, waves, pressure ...).
• Sending alarm messages: When the emergency button is pressed, the alarm message
will be sent immediately to the ship owner and the competent authorities (Piracy
Control Center and flag authorities).
• ShipLoc is exploited independently and automatically, including GPS receivers for
the position, direction, and speed of ships; Argo's generator and battery for use in
case of power failure. If the ship is equipped with both ShipLoc and Secure-Ship
systems, it will be effective in preventing and preventing piracy.
Figure 7. Operating principle of Ship Loc

c) Anti-pirate water hoses system against pirates
Anti-pirate water hoses are controlled by high-pressure cold sea water and remain active until
the vessel is safe and the pump is turned off [41]. The water jets are completely efficient, with
a rotation speed of 3 to 6 round per minute
Figure 8. Water hoses system
To reduce the maximum of water pressure drop, a block has been installed to limit the water
spray on the upside. The sprinklers can be installed as either permanent or portable solutions
and without additional chemicals or steam.
c) Non-Lethal Slippery Foam
A foaming machine may be used, but it must be provided in addition to the FFE-Fire Fighting
Equipment list. Foamers are effective as it is disoriented and very slippery making it difficult
for the pirates to climb the ship.
5. SOLUTIONS PROPOSED BY THE VIETNAM MARITIME
ADMINISTRATION TO PREVENT PIRACY
Review and propose competent agencies to amend and supplement the legal documents related
to maritime security, including the prevention and fight against piracy and theft of ships;
To promulgate documents guiding ship owners and ship management companies to take
measures to prevent and combat piracy and armed robbery against seagoing ships. Coordinate
with concerned agencies and units such as the Consular Department of the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, the Marine Police, the Border Guard Command, the Ministry of Defense, the Anti-
terrorist Department of the Ministry of Public Security and the Post Check Vietnam to take
measures to assist ship owners and crew when attacked by pirates. In some piracy cases, in
addition to liaising and coordinating with foreign agencies and organizations to request
assistance, search and rescue of Vietnamese ships, the Vietnam Maritime Bureau has also sent
officials Directly to other countries to assist ship owners and crew members in handling and
handling cases. Participating in the ReCAAP - Member Conference of the Executive Council
of the Anti-Piracy Information Center and Armed Robbery Against Boats in Asia. The
Government, the relevant ministries and branches of Vietnam have also made some concrete

measures to help Vietnamese crewmen and ship-owners in piracy prevention and combat.
However, up to now, these solutions are not strong enough to prevent or completely stop piracy
for our fleet. Stakeholders have agreed on the issue of piracy, armed robbery of the seafarers is
committed to working together to improve the effectiveness of anti-piracy. Sea and armed
robbery against the seagoing ship, contributing to the assistance of seafarers and ship-owners
to reassure them when cruising through high-risk areas of piracy; minimizing the damage of
people and property when the ship encounters pirates.
6. CONCLUSION
Facing increasingly complex piracy and a significant impact on the maritime security of the
region, threatening the development of shipping, countries in the region have taken appropriate
steps in the fight against piracy, armed robbery such as cooperation in sharing information
against piracy, joint patrols and achieved certain results. However, to have comprehensive and
specialized solutions in the fight against piracy and armed robbery in the region, in the coming
time, countries should step up international cooperation to Jointly build the legal corridor and
law enforcement capacity, organize patrols and workshops to share experiences and comment
on issues that exist different perspectives. At the same time, the parties also need to improve
their cooperation in protecting ships.
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