The maritime industry is one of the largest on the planet, and ensuring operations at sea continue safely takes determined effort. The implementation of maritime security takes both knowledge and vigilance, and is essential to enhance security enforcement without slowing down the timely flow of international commerce. Maritime security is a specialized field in the marine sector, and safety officers must employ best practices to defend their vessel against both internal and external threats. These threats come in various forms, and each requires a different strategy for a proper defense. Security risks are not always malicious, but maintaining vessel safety is a constant priority. Maritime security is a general term for the protection of vessels both internally and externally. The areas from which ships and maritime operations need protecting include terrorism, piracy, robbery, illegal trafficking of goods and people, illegal fishing and pollution.Through supervision, inspection and proactive procedures, the marine industry does its best to minimize threats to maritime security, both malicious and accidental. And as the industry evolves and the marine sector grows, vigilance, enforcement and training will have to keep up with technology and increased opportunity for threats.Since 9 11, there’s been an increased focus on protecting the marine sector from terrorism and other similar attacks, both in port and at sea. Several state and international organizations have formed to help set standards for bettering maritime security. Since the marine sector is so vast and the massive amount of goods entering the country is difficult to screen, every precaution possible to minimizing malicious exploitation is critical.Security is not only the job of vessel safety officers, but the job of the crew as a whole, which is why it’s so crucial for companies to educate and train their employees so their vessels have a better chance of stopping security threats. Dr. Manoj Kumar "Maritime Security" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49714.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49714/maritime-security/dr-manoj-kumar
Indonesia Port Security - International Standards for Success - The Maritime ...Scott Bernat
Indonesia depends on its ports and maritime industry for economic growth. Adhering to international security standards like the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code and ISO 28000 supply chain standards increases safety, security and confidence in maritime trade. The ISPS Code and ISO 28000 were established to enhance protection against criminal and terrorist threats to ships, ports and supply chains. Implementing these standards highlights Indonesia's commitment to security excellence and supports its role in world trade.
Effectiveness of isps code in addressing maritime insecurity by caleb danladi...Danladi Caleb
Maritime security comes out as one of the essential issue in the modern society because of the social and political implication towards the achievement of growth and development
SECURITY TRAINING FOR SEAFARERS WITH DESIGNATED SECURITY DUTIES IMO MODEL COU...AnirbanMarine
BASED ON IMO MODEL COURSE 3.26 AN ATTEMPT TO EDUCATE OUR SEAFARERS ABOUT THE GROWING NEED TO LOOK AT THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH TODAY'S SHIPS OPERATE.
Security Training for Seafarers with designated Security dutiesAnirbanMarine
This document provides information on ship and port security training (STSDSD) for seafarers with designated security duties. It discusses the history and development of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code in response to terrorist attacks. It outlines the structure and purpose of the ISPS Code, current security threats, and definitions of security levels. It then details the security responsibilities of contracting governments, ship owners, ships, ports, and security officers. It provides an overview of key security documents, assessments, equipment, and actions required at different security levels.
This document discusses domestic ferry safety, particularly in the developing world. It notes that while international ferry safety has improved, domestic ferry safety in parts of the developing world remains poor, with frequent accidents resulting in large loss of life. Reasons for this include lack of regulations, weak regulatory enforcement, unsafe vessels, overloading of passengers and cargo, and poor rescue responses during accidents. The document calls for greater efforts to improve domestic ferry safety standards and enforcement in the developing world in order to reduce accidents and save lives.
DocomUSA provides comprehensive security systems and services to protect oil refineries and related infrastructure from terrorist threats. This includes security for land-based refineries and pipelines as well as maritime operations to secure oil tankers and ports from piracy and other threats. DocomUSA's security experts have military and law enforcement backgrounds and can provide services such as threat assessments, risk management, armed security teams, undercover investigations, and security system installations and testing to help clients achieve the most secure operations.
Commodore RS Vasan, Head of Strategy and Security Studies at the Center for Asia Studies, offers insights into challenges of piracy off Somalia and in the Asian Pacific region. He notes that piracy significantly impacts global trade by disrupting freight movements and trauma to seafarers. While strong military response has helped in the short term, long term solutions require addressing piracy's roots on land. Collaboration between nations and industries is needed to make anti-piracy efforts more effective and sustainable.
This document provides an overview of a training course on ship and port facility security based on the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code).
The training course covers: 1) the background and origins of the ISPS Code following terrorist attacks, 2) the key requirements and principles of the ISPS Code for ships and port facilities, and 3) the roles and responsibilities of different parties including contracting governments, administrations, companies, port facilities, ships, and recognized security organizations in implementing and overseeing compliance with the ISPS Code.
Indonesia Port Security - International Standards for Success - The Maritime ...Scott Bernat
Indonesia depends on its ports and maritime industry for economic growth. Adhering to international security standards like the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code and ISO 28000 supply chain standards increases safety, security and confidence in maritime trade. The ISPS Code and ISO 28000 were established to enhance protection against criminal and terrorist threats to ships, ports and supply chains. Implementing these standards highlights Indonesia's commitment to security excellence and supports its role in world trade.
Effectiveness of isps code in addressing maritime insecurity by caleb danladi...Danladi Caleb
Maritime security comes out as one of the essential issue in the modern society because of the social and political implication towards the achievement of growth and development
SECURITY TRAINING FOR SEAFARERS WITH DESIGNATED SECURITY DUTIES IMO MODEL COU...AnirbanMarine
BASED ON IMO MODEL COURSE 3.26 AN ATTEMPT TO EDUCATE OUR SEAFARERS ABOUT THE GROWING NEED TO LOOK AT THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH TODAY'S SHIPS OPERATE.
Security Training for Seafarers with designated Security dutiesAnirbanMarine
This document provides information on ship and port security training (STSDSD) for seafarers with designated security duties. It discusses the history and development of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code in response to terrorist attacks. It outlines the structure and purpose of the ISPS Code, current security threats, and definitions of security levels. It then details the security responsibilities of contracting governments, ship owners, ships, ports, and security officers. It provides an overview of key security documents, assessments, equipment, and actions required at different security levels.
This document discusses domestic ferry safety, particularly in the developing world. It notes that while international ferry safety has improved, domestic ferry safety in parts of the developing world remains poor, with frequent accidents resulting in large loss of life. Reasons for this include lack of regulations, weak regulatory enforcement, unsafe vessels, overloading of passengers and cargo, and poor rescue responses during accidents. The document calls for greater efforts to improve domestic ferry safety standards and enforcement in the developing world in order to reduce accidents and save lives.
DocomUSA provides comprehensive security systems and services to protect oil refineries and related infrastructure from terrorist threats. This includes security for land-based refineries and pipelines as well as maritime operations to secure oil tankers and ports from piracy and other threats. DocomUSA's security experts have military and law enforcement backgrounds and can provide services such as threat assessments, risk management, armed security teams, undercover investigations, and security system installations and testing to help clients achieve the most secure operations.
Commodore RS Vasan, Head of Strategy and Security Studies at the Center for Asia Studies, offers insights into challenges of piracy off Somalia and in the Asian Pacific region. He notes that piracy significantly impacts global trade by disrupting freight movements and trauma to seafarers. While strong military response has helped in the short term, long term solutions require addressing piracy's roots on land. Collaboration between nations and industries is needed to make anti-piracy efforts more effective and sustainable.
This document provides an overview of a training course on ship and port facility security based on the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code).
The training course covers: 1) the background and origins of the ISPS Code following terrorist attacks, 2) the key requirements and principles of the ISPS Code for ships and port facilities, and 3) the roles and responsibilities of different parties including contracting governments, administrations, companies, port facilities, ships, and recognized security organizations in implementing and overseeing compliance with the ISPS Code.
Piracy as a threat to maritime security by Caleb Danladi BakoDanladi Caleb
Piracy poses a serious threat to maritime security. It is defined by the UN as any illegal act of violence on the high seas. The major affected region is the Horn of Africa, where pirates threaten merchant vessels traveling through the Gulf of Aden and Somali waters. In response, the IMO introduced the ISPS Code in 2004 to establish security standards for ships and ports. Piracy involves armed robbery, drug smuggling, and creates insecurity for crews and trade. Jurisdictional issues between states make it difficult to prosecute perpetrators. New technologies and intelligence are needed to track vessels and combat piracy through improved maritime security.
Piracy as a threat to maritime security by Caleb Danladi BakoDanladi Caleb
Piracy poses a serious threat to maritime security. It is defined by the UN as any illegal act of violence on the high seas. The major affected region is the Horn of Africa, where pirates threaten merchant vessels traveling through the Gulf of Aden and Somali waters. In response, the IMO introduced the ISPS Code in 2004 to establish security standards for ships and ports. Piracy involves armed robbery, drug smuggling, and creates insecurity for sailors and trade. Jurisdictional issues between states make it difficult to prosecute perpetrators. New technologies and international cooperation are needed to combat piracy and ensure maritime security.
Respond with 250 wordsThe enactment of the Maritime Transportatmickietanger
Respond with 250 words:
The enactment of the Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA) and the Security and Accountability For Every Port Act (SAFE Port Act) changed the United States maritime industry. Port facilities and shipping companies were tasked to conduct security assessments and develop comprehensive security plans. Protecting American ports are a priority as they provide economic stability and growth to not only the United States, but the world. The safe movement of cargo is made possible through port facilities and operations, connecting the land with the sea.
There are hundreds of ports across the country serving all modes of maritime shipping, whether it’s containers, passengers, petroleum products, or dried goods. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, “most ports are characterized by a mixed ownership between private terminal operations and public port authorities” (2016, p. 63). Although there may be a variety of companies operating at a port, they are leasing the property or terminal, in which the port maintains ownership. Therefore, the port is responsible for creating and implementing a security plan, approved by the U.S. Coast Guard. This plan will identify access control, security, and response measures to a variety of threats, which could include chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons.
If a weapon of mass destruction (WMD) were to be used at a port, the results would be devastating; thousands of lives would be lost and damage and trade losses would cost billions. According to Nincic, “maritime attacks have tended to be fairly small in nature, consisting largely of bombings near port facilities” (2012, para. 2). Despite the fact that attacks have been “small”, it is quite important to note that they have occurred at port facilities, not on ships. With an increase in terrorist activities over the years, and the desire to cause physical and economic harm to the United States, a WMD attack must be taken seriously.
Emergency management plans, including the prevention, preparation, and response to a WMD attack must be detailed. The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) recognizes “the opening of a domestic port or waterway after a natural or human caused disaster is a complex challenge with a wide range of variables and coordination needs” (2015, para. 1). Due to the power and nature of a WMD attack, it is most likely that areas outside port facilities will be affected, but this discussion will focus on the port area. The U.S. Coast Guard Captain of the Port would be responsible for implementing the Area Maritime Security Plan as required by the Security and Accountability For Every Port Act, which would aid in the recovery of the maritime transportation system.
Such safety and emergency management plans would include information on the type of traffic the port typically handles, whether it’s commercial, pleas ...
Maritime Threats to Supply Chain NarrativeMar-John Cruz
Maritime threats to global supply chains come from both internal and external sources. Internally, theft and tampering can occur during stuffing and loading of cargo at manufacturing plants, warehouses, and ports. Externally, piracy in Southeast Asian waters has risen significantly in recent years, accounting for over 75% of global incidents. Natural disasters and climate change also threaten maritime supply chains, as storms are predicted to intensify due to rising sea temperatures. To address these challenges, governments and industry collaborate through organizations that promote information sharing and set security standards.
Top 10 Risks Covered in Marine Insurance.pptxkrishnaj38
Marine insurance provides protection for businesses involved in maritime activities from a variety of risks. The top 10 risks covered are natural disasters, piracy, collisions, cargo damage, pollution, salvage and wreck removal operations, war and political risks, acts of God, cyber risks, and regulatory and compliance risks. These risks can result in vessel damage, cargo losses, delays, and substantial financial costs. Marine insurance plays a crucial role in mitigating these risks and ensuring the financial resilience of maritime operations.
The document discusses a conference on energy security held in Abu Dhabi in May 2012. It focused on minimizing risks to development and infrastructure from criminality and terrorism. The author participated as a panel speaker and presented on energy security and securing oil, gas, and pipeline assets. It also lists several other topics and speakers. Overall it provided an opportunity for learning and networking for security professionals in the Middle East region.
SMi Group's 7th annual International Port Security 2016Dale Butler
The document announces an upcoming conference on international port security to be held in London on June 1st-2nd 2016. It will discuss developing strategies to protect seaports from external and internal threats. The conference will feature presentations from security experts at ports across four continents and regulatory updates from the IMO. Topics will include cyber security, emerging technologies, and examining critical issues facing port security. An interactive half-day pre-conference workshop on June 31st will focus on what is currently being done to enhance port security and what further measures could be taken.
Oliver Mills-Nanyn - Superyacht Crew Safety The BasicsOliver Mills-Nanyn
For seafarers, the vessel on which they work is both their place of employment and their home. While this vocation can be an exciting one, there are inherent dangers: in a seafaring role the risk of death, illness and injury are higher than those faced by the general population. This makes understanding and following the relevant safety precautions crucial.
The document discusses the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code. It was created by the International Maritime Organization to detect security threats and enhance maritime security. The code establishes requirements for ships and port facilities to implement security plans, appoint security officers, and follow protocols to manage risks like piracy, terrorism, and smuggling. It requires facilities and ships to control access, monitor activities, and ensure secure communications through measures specified in their plans. The ISPS Code aims to set an international framework for maritime security.
Maritime Economics: Maritime Security and Piracy by Chinazor Henry Mmeje.pptxMMEJEHENRYFORD
The protection of vessels both internally and externally. The areas from which ships and maritime operations need protecting include terrorism, piracy, cyber attacks, robbery, illegal trafficking of goods and people, illegal fishing and pollution etc.
Please respond to both students separately with a minimum of 150.docxleahlegrand
Please respond to both students separately with a minimum of
150
words each.
Original Post:
Explain the specific security challenges in the Port Maritime Environment, Risk-based Management, Megaports Initiative, and the Secure Freight Initiative.
Student Response
Cody
Port security planning is an essential component of daily port operations. This is important because without it, an attack would instantly shut down day to day activities. There are several important components that make up a complete port security plan. First, it must address the organization of security administration. Second, it has to identify and cover strategic goals. It must also address many other areas, such as personnel training. This is crucial because without properly trained people, with a clear organizational structure, the port simply cannot be properly secured. Ultimately, like all other areas of domestic security, our ports need to have cohesive plans for protection, just like the other areas of critical infrastructure. An attack on this sector would cause massive damage to both the shipping ability of the United States, and the economy. Our economy depends on the rapid processing of inbound and outbound shipping traffic.
Discuss the significance and purpose of the Secure Freight Initiative?
The Secure Freight Initiative is a program to install and operate nuclear detection equipment in foreign ports. “As part of the Department’s layered approach to port and container security, the initial phase of Secure Freight Initiative will deploy of a combination of existing technology and proven nuclear detection devices to six foreign port beginning in early 2007” (DHS, 2015). This initiative greatly enhances the security of the United States. It provides nearly real time information to US Customs and Border Protection officers and allows them to identify suspect freight before it reaches the United States mainland. In essence, this initiative allows for threats to be addressed before the suspect containers are even loaded onboard a ship for delivery to the United States. “All alarms from the radiation detection equipment for any container will continue to be resolved locally. For containers bound for the United States, we are working with host governments to establish protocols that ensure a swift resolution by the host government and may include instructing carriers not to load the container until the risk is fully resolved” (DHS, 2013) The Secure Freight Initiative provides a critical component of the United States protection strategies.
Cody
Chris
The planning of security at the nation’s ports is a very daunting task involving many key people and areas of management. As mentioned in this week’s lesson, when planning for the security of the ports it is very important to implement a thorough plan from day one until the completion of the build because it is much easier and less expensive to plan from the beginning rather than to go back an ...
Pirates are acts of loot taking place on the sea or the coast and are acted upon by
illegal maritime forces. Piracy is an international crime, piracy that directly threatens
the lives and lives of seafarers, strongly impacts maritime activity as well as economic
development [1]. The global damage caused by piracy is estimated at $ 6.6 to $ 6.9
billion through commercial fraud, loss of cargo or delay. Even pirates can cause
political instability due to state officials' corruption
YRM is a service of Main Raise Yachting designed for Yacht Owner, Captain and Yacht Operator Manager.
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Damian Gillespie1. How does port facility technology interface w.docxsimonithomas47935
Damian Gillespie
1. How does port facility technology interface with homeland security?
The interfacing technology of port facility and homeland security derived as a result from the terrorist attacks that took place on September 11th, 2001. Prior to then maritime operations were able to conduct business within its arena with minimal or no scrutiny from the federal government. The emphasis on port facilities to develop enhanced and more complex security technology was implemented upon signature of the Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD)-8 in December 2003. This directive required all federal agencies, private business and partners to these agencies to assist in strengthening America’s preparedness to prevent and respond to threats, whether it is man-made or all-hazard. It forced FSOs to step back and review their security plans from the overarching guidance provided by the DHS to address any threats to the homeland. In 2005 the National Strategy for Maritime Security addressed challenges and threat mitigations in the maritime domain. It also recognized the need for cohesive security measures between federal, states, local, tribal and private sector entities to align with federal programs. Although these collaborative efforts are nothing new for the port facility managers, the new oversight of port security posture requires plans to provide in depth emergent and response procedures to deter and minimize security incidents.
2. How does situational awareness and situational readiness affect port safety and emergency management?
Situational awareness and situational readiness highlights the important relationship between port FSP and technology management. Having the ability to obtain information and intelligence from multiple sources regularly to support operational decision making encompasses situational awareness. It promotes establishing pathways for addressing strengths and weakness in the port community, while giving FSOs an edge on developing mitigation tactics to avoid new and accurate threats. In basic terms, situational awareness means that FSO knows what is going on around their port. This information paves the way for situational readiness or preparedness. The information or intelligence obtain from being aware of the port’s surrounding then can be used to develop plans or procedures to handle unexpected events that may surface. The readiness comes from the port’s ability to development emergency operations and response plans to react or respond to particular events. These plans usually address incident prevention, personnel and property protection and how to respond with the appropriate human and physical resources. Situational readiness also comes with challenges that must be address and one those primary challenges are communication. A good FSO should have the ability to facilitate the implementation of procedures at a port facility through the Maritime Security Levels effectively. A breakdown on any level of commu.
Gabriel HarrellExplain the specific security challenges in the P.docxhanneloremccaffery
Gabriel Harrell
Explain the specific security challenges in the Port Maritime Environment, Risk-based Management, Megaports Initiative, and the Secure Freight Initiative.
There are a significant number of parts that make up Port Operations and even more security challenges that these different parts have to try and overcome. The greatest security challenge that is faced by every port is from terrorism. This is the case for the port maritime environment due to there being so many security infrastructure points that can target to include airports, bridges, tunnels, rail systems, inland rivers, industrial parks, world trade centers, shipyards, marinas, and other public port facilities (Christopher, 2014). These different infrastructure points are essential to the continued operations of the entire port maritime environment.
The concern for the security of ports against terrorism is that the same threats that face vulnerable land targets can strike the different infrastructure points that make up the port maritime environment. Just a few of these threats from terrorism on ports would include active shooters, the use of small vessels that are explosive-laden known as Water Borne Improvised Explosive Device, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and an attack that utilizes an aircraft or other vessel similar to the 9/11 attacks (DHS, 2015). This is where Risk Management comes into the picture for each individual port and the different infrastructure points at each individual port.
To utilize Risk Based Management is a daunting task that is an ever changing due to the different threats that arise such as the threat on the cyber security infrastructure of ports. Risk Based Management starts with the port security understanding the risks to port infrastructure that has to be identified, assessed, and managed (Christopher, 2014). Being able to determine these risk and threats and to have planning in place to mitigate their effects is essential in the continued uninterrupted operations of ports. One concept that is utilized to determine risk and to mitigate them is the Megaports Initiative.
One of the most effective security measures against terrorism is having partnerships and active communication between different agencies. The Megaports Initiative is a partnership that is between foreign customs and other law enforcement agencies, port authorities, terminal operators, and other relevant entities in partner countries that help to enhance detection capabilities for special nuclear and radioactive materials that are in cargo containers and traveling in the global maritime shipping network (NNSA, 2010). The initiative also is a partnership between the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the U.S. Department of State to counter nuclear and radiological threats to the United States and its international partners by installing radiation portal monitors (RPMs) to be able to scan containers that are high-risk that a ...
This document provides an overview of an advanced cruise ship security course that exceeds the requirements of the Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act of 2010. The 5-day course teaches skills related to crime prevention, detection, evidence preservation, and reporting. It was developed by Vincent McNally, who has experience in law enforcement, security, and academia. The course aims to provide knowledge for vessel security personnel to perform their duties according to the CVSSA through lectures, exercises, and practical scenario training.
The document provides an overview of Unit 1 which covers the management of shipping operations. It discusses 5 learning outcomes, including analyzing the role of port authorities in managing seaports. The role of port authorities involves complying with the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code, which establishes security measures to enhance ship and port security. Key aspects of the code include vessel and facility security assessments and plans, appointment of security officers, and regulations regarding security levels and alarm systems. The code aims to establish an international framework for cooperation on maritime security.
Cruising is one of the safest forms of holiday. The cruise industry is heavily regulated by organizations like the IMO and MCA that prioritize safety. All cruise ships, regardless of size, must meet stringent design and evacuation standards - like being able to evacuate passengers within 30 minutes. Between 2005-2011, over 223 million passengers were carried with only 6 passenger and 22 crew deaths from marine incidents. The industry constantly reviews incidents and implements new regulations and technology to improve safety further.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Piracy as a threat to maritime security by Caleb Danladi BakoDanladi Caleb
Piracy poses a serious threat to maritime security. It is defined by the UN as any illegal act of violence on the high seas. The major affected region is the Horn of Africa, where pirates threaten merchant vessels traveling through the Gulf of Aden and Somali waters. In response, the IMO introduced the ISPS Code in 2004 to establish security standards for ships and ports. Piracy involves armed robbery, drug smuggling, and creates insecurity for crews and trade. Jurisdictional issues between states make it difficult to prosecute perpetrators. New technologies and intelligence are needed to track vessels and combat piracy through improved maritime security.
Piracy as a threat to maritime security by Caleb Danladi BakoDanladi Caleb
Piracy poses a serious threat to maritime security. It is defined by the UN as any illegal act of violence on the high seas. The major affected region is the Horn of Africa, where pirates threaten merchant vessels traveling through the Gulf of Aden and Somali waters. In response, the IMO introduced the ISPS Code in 2004 to establish security standards for ships and ports. Piracy involves armed robbery, drug smuggling, and creates insecurity for sailors and trade. Jurisdictional issues between states make it difficult to prosecute perpetrators. New technologies and international cooperation are needed to combat piracy and ensure maritime security.
Respond with 250 wordsThe enactment of the Maritime Transportatmickietanger
Respond with 250 words:
The enactment of the Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA) and the Security and Accountability For Every Port Act (SAFE Port Act) changed the United States maritime industry. Port facilities and shipping companies were tasked to conduct security assessments and develop comprehensive security plans. Protecting American ports are a priority as they provide economic stability and growth to not only the United States, but the world. The safe movement of cargo is made possible through port facilities and operations, connecting the land with the sea.
There are hundreds of ports across the country serving all modes of maritime shipping, whether it’s containers, passengers, petroleum products, or dried goods. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, “most ports are characterized by a mixed ownership between private terminal operations and public port authorities” (2016, p. 63). Although there may be a variety of companies operating at a port, they are leasing the property or terminal, in which the port maintains ownership. Therefore, the port is responsible for creating and implementing a security plan, approved by the U.S. Coast Guard. This plan will identify access control, security, and response measures to a variety of threats, which could include chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons.
If a weapon of mass destruction (WMD) were to be used at a port, the results would be devastating; thousands of lives would be lost and damage and trade losses would cost billions. According to Nincic, “maritime attacks have tended to be fairly small in nature, consisting largely of bombings near port facilities” (2012, para. 2). Despite the fact that attacks have been “small”, it is quite important to note that they have occurred at port facilities, not on ships. With an increase in terrorist activities over the years, and the desire to cause physical and economic harm to the United States, a WMD attack must be taken seriously.
Emergency management plans, including the prevention, preparation, and response to a WMD attack must be detailed. The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) recognizes “the opening of a domestic port or waterway after a natural or human caused disaster is a complex challenge with a wide range of variables and coordination needs” (2015, para. 1). Due to the power and nature of a WMD attack, it is most likely that areas outside port facilities will be affected, but this discussion will focus on the port area. The U.S. Coast Guard Captain of the Port would be responsible for implementing the Area Maritime Security Plan as required by the Security and Accountability For Every Port Act, which would aid in the recovery of the maritime transportation system.
Such safety and emergency management plans would include information on the type of traffic the port typically handles, whether it’s commercial, pleas ...
Maritime Threats to Supply Chain NarrativeMar-John Cruz
Maritime threats to global supply chains come from both internal and external sources. Internally, theft and tampering can occur during stuffing and loading of cargo at manufacturing plants, warehouses, and ports. Externally, piracy in Southeast Asian waters has risen significantly in recent years, accounting for over 75% of global incidents. Natural disasters and climate change also threaten maritime supply chains, as storms are predicted to intensify due to rising sea temperatures. To address these challenges, governments and industry collaborate through organizations that promote information sharing and set security standards.
Top 10 Risks Covered in Marine Insurance.pptxkrishnaj38
Marine insurance provides protection for businesses involved in maritime activities from a variety of risks. The top 10 risks covered are natural disasters, piracy, collisions, cargo damage, pollution, salvage and wreck removal operations, war and political risks, acts of God, cyber risks, and regulatory and compliance risks. These risks can result in vessel damage, cargo losses, delays, and substantial financial costs. Marine insurance plays a crucial role in mitigating these risks and ensuring the financial resilience of maritime operations.
The document discusses a conference on energy security held in Abu Dhabi in May 2012. It focused on minimizing risks to development and infrastructure from criminality and terrorism. The author participated as a panel speaker and presented on energy security and securing oil, gas, and pipeline assets. It also lists several other topics and speakers. Overall it provided an opportunity for learning and networking for security professionals in the Middle East region.
SMi Group's 7th annual International Port Security 2016Dale Butler
The document announces an upcoming conference on international port security to be held in London on June 1st-2nd 2016. It will discuss developing strategies to protect seaports from external and internal threats. The conference will feature presentations from security experts at ports across four continents and regulatory updates from the IMO. Topics will include cyber security, emerging technologies, and examining critical issues facing port security. An interactive half-day pre-conference workshop on June 31st will focus on what is currently being done to enhance port security and what further measures could be taken.
Oliver Mills-Nanyn - Superyacht Crew Safety The BasicsOliver Mills-Nanyn
For seafarers, the vessel on which they work is both their place of employment and their home. While this vocation can be an exciting one, there are inherent dangers: in a seafaring role the risk of death, illness and injury are higher than those faced by the general population. This makes understanding and following the relevant safety precautions crucial.
The document discusses the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code. It was created by the International Maritime Organization to detect security threats and enhance maritime security. The code establishes requirements for ships and port facilities to implement security plans, appoint security officers, and follow protocols to manage risks like piracy, terrorism, and smuggling. It requires facilities and ships to control access, monitor activities, and ensure secure communications through measures specified in their plans. The ISPS Code aims to set an international framework for maritime security.
Maritime Economics: Maritime Security and Piracy by Chinazor Henry Mmeje.pptxMMEJEHENRYFORD
The protection of vessels both internally and externally. The areas from which ships and maritime operations need protecting include terrorism, piracy, cyber attacks, robbery, illegal trafficking of goods and people, illegal fishing and pollution etc.
Please respond to both students separately with a minimum of 150.docxleahlegrand
Please respond to both students separately with a minimum of
150
words each.
Original Post:
Explain the specific security challenges in the Port Maritime Environment, Risk-based Management, Megaports Initiative, and the Secure Freight Initiative.
Student Response
Cody
Port security planning is an essential component of daily port operations. This is important because without it, an attack would instantly shut down day to day activities. There are several important components that make up a complete port security plan. First, it must address the organization of security administration. Second, it has to identify and cover strategic goals. It must also address many other areas, such as personnel training. This is crucial because without properly trained people, with a clear organizational structure, the port simply cannot be properly secured. Ultimately, like all other areas of domestic security, our ports need to have cohesive plans for protection, just like the other areas of critical infrastructure. An attack on this sector would cause massive damage to both the shipping ability of the United States, and the economy. Our economy depends on the rapid processing of inbound and outbound shipping traffic.
Discuss the significance and purpose of the Secure Freight Initiative?
The Secure Freight Initiative is a program to install and operate nuclear detection equipment in foreign ports. “As part of the Department’s layered approach to port and container security, the initial phase of Secure Freight Initiative will deploy of a combination of existing technology and proven nuclear detection devices to six foreign port beginning in early 2007” (DHS, 2015). This initiative greatly enhances the security of the United States. It provides nearly real time information to US Customs and Border Protection officers and allows them to identify suspect freight before it reaches the United States mainland. In essence, this initiative allows for threats to be addressed before the suspect containers are even loaded onboard a ship for delivery to the United States. “All alarms from the radiation detection equipment for any container will continue to be resolved locally. For containers bound for the United States, we are working with host governments to establish protocols that ensure a swift resolution by the host government and may include instructing carriers not to load the container until the risk is fully resolved” (DHS, 2013) The Secure Freight Initiative provides a critical component of the United States protection strategies.
Cody
Chris
The planning of security at the nation’s ports is a very daunting task involving many key people and areas of management. As mentioned in this week’s lesson, when planning for the security of the ports it is very important to implement a thorough plan from day one until the completion of the build because it is much easier and less expensive to plan from the beginning rather than to go back an ...
Pirates are acts of loot taking place on the sea or the coast and are acted upon by
illegal maritime forces. Piracy is an international crime, piracy that directly threatens
the lives and lives of seafarers, strongly impacts maritime activity as well as economic
development [1]. The global damage caused by piracy is estimated at $ 6.6 to $ 6.9
billion through commercial fraud, loss of cargo or delay. Even pirates can cause
political instability due to state officials' corruption
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Damian Gillespie1. How does port facility technology interface w.docxsimonithomas47935
Damian Gillespie
1. How does port facility technology interface with homeland security?
The interfacing technology of port facility and homeland security derived as a result from the terrorist attacks that took place on September 11th, 2001. Prior to then maritime operations were able to conduct business within its arena with minimal or no scrutiny from the federal government. The emphasis on port facilities to develop enhanced and more complex security technology was implemented upon signature of the Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD)-8 in December 2003. This directive required all federal agencies, private business and partners to these agencies to assist in strengthening America’s preparedness to prevent and respond to threats, whether it is man-made or all-hazard. It forced FSOs to step back and review their security plans from the overarching guidance provided by the DHS to address any threats to the homeland. In 2005 the National Strategy for Maritime Security addressed challenges and threat mitigations in the maritime domain. It also recognized the need for cohesive security measures between federal, states, local, tribal and private sector entities to align with federal programs. Although these collaborative efforts are nothing new for the port facility managers, the new oversight of port security posture requires plans to provide in depth emergent and response procedures to deter and minimize security incidents.
2. How does situational awareness and situational readiness affect port safety and emergency management?
Situational awareness and situational readiness highlights the important relationship between port FSP and technology management. Having the ability to obtain information and intelligence from multiple sources regularly to support operational decision making encompasses situational awareness. It promotes establishing pathways for addressing strengths and weakness in the port community, while giving FSOs an edge on developing mitigation tactics to avoid new and accurate threats. In basic terms, situational awareness means that FSO knows what is going on around their port. This information paves the way for situational readiness or preparedness. The information or intelligence obtain from being aware of the port’s surrounding then can be used to develop plans or procedures to handle unexpected events that may surface. The readiness comes from the port’s ability to development emergency operations and response plans to react or respond to particular events. These plans usually address incident prevention, personnel and property protection and how to respond with the appropriate human and physical resources. Situational readiness also comes with challenges that must be address and one those primary challenges are communication. A good FSO should have the ability to facilitate the implementation of procedures at a port facility through the Maritime Security Levels effectively. A breakdown on any level of commu.
Gabriel HarrellExplain the specific security challenges in the P.docxhanneloremccaffery
Gabriel Harrell
Explain the specific security challenges in the Port Maritime Environment, Risk-based Management, Megaports Initiative, and the Secure Freight Initiative.
There are a significant number of parts that make up Port Operations and even more security challenges that these different parts have to try and overcome. The greatest security challenge that is faced by every port is from terrorism. This is the case for the port maritime environment due to there being so many security infrastructure points that can target to include airports, bridges, tunnels, rail systems, inland rivers, industrial parks, world trade centers, shipyards, marinas, and other public port facilities (Christopher, 2014). These different infrastructure points are essential to the continued operations of the entire port maritime environment.
The concern for the security of ports against terrorism is that the same threats that face vulnerable land targets can strike the different infrastructure points that make up the port maritime environment. Just a few of these threats from terrorism on ports would include active shooters, the use of small vessels that are explosive-laden known as Water Borne Improvised Explosive Device, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and an attack that utilizes an aircraft or other vessel similar to the 9/11 attacks (DHS, 2015). This is where Risk Management comes into the picture for each individual port and the different infrastructure points at each individual port.
To utilize Risk Based Management is a daunting task that is an ever changing due to the different threats that arise such as the threat on the cyber security infrastructure of ports. Risk Based Management starts with the port security understanding the risks to port infrastructure that has to be identified, assessed, and managed (Christopher, 2014). Being able to determine these risk and threats and to have planning in place to mitigate their effects is essential in the continued uninterrupted operations of ports. One concept that is utilized to determine risk and to mitigate them is the Megaports Initiative.
One of the most effective security measures against terrorism is having partnerships and active communication between different agencies. The Megaports Initiative is a partnership that is between foreign customs and other law enforcement agencies, port authorities, terminal operators, and other relevant entities in partner countries that help to enhance detection capabilities for special nuclear and radioactive materials that are in cargo containers and traveling in the global maritime shipping network (NNSA, 2010). The initiative also is a partnership between the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the U.S. Department of State to counter nuclear and radiological threats to the United States and its international partners by installing radiation portal monitors (RPMs) to be able to scan containers that are high-risk that a ...
This document provides an overview of an advanced cruise ship security course that exceeds the requirements of the Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act of 2010. The 5-day course teaches skills related to crime prevention, detection, evidence preservation, and reporting. It was developed by Vincent McNally, who has experience in law enforcement, security, and academia. The course aims to provide knowledge for vessel security personnel to perform their duties according to the CVSSA through lectures, exercises, and practical scenario training.
The document provides an overview of Unit 1 which covers the management of shipping operations. It discusses 5 learning outcomes, including analyzing the role of port authorities in managing seaports. The role of port authorities involves complying with the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code, which establishes security measures to enhance ship and port security. Key aspects of the code include vessel and facility security assessments and plans, appointment of security officers, and regulations regarding security levels and alarm systems. The code aims to establish an international framework for cooperation on maritime security.
Cruising is one of the safest forms of holiday. The cruise industry is heavily regulated by organizations like the IMO and MCA that prioritize safety. All cruise ships, regardless of size, must meet stringent design and evacuation standards - like being able to evacuate passengers within 30 minutes. Between 2005-2011, over 223 million passengers were carried with only 6 passenger and 22 crew deaths from marine incidents. The industry constantly reviews incidents and implements new regulations and technology to improve safety further.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49714 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2022 Page 1253
Trespassing
Security officers must make sure that when their
vessel is in port, no unauthorized personnel come
aboard and tamper with sensitive equipment. Even if
the documented crew members carry out vessel
operations correctly, a trespasser can tamper with
cargo rigging and other sensitive gear, which can lead
to severe consequences at sea.
Large-scale security measures concern things that can
happen on an international scale, usually as the result
of more malicious operations than individual crimes,
like terrorism, environmental crimes, smuggling and
trafficking.
Terrorist Threats
Modern advances in telecommunications and
international commercial logistics have increased the
range and avenues open to terrorists. Criminals
sometimes attempt to use marine shipping channels to
transport dangerous weapons and materials.
Terrorists use transportation avenues because they
can move goods and even people to advance their
cause, and the marine shipping industry is a prime
target. They use shipping industries in attempts to
damage global, political and economic security, as
well as the safety of citizens. Security officers must
be vigilant and knowledgeable about the pathways
terrorists can use to attack.
Since the maritime shipping sector is by nature an
international business, marine professionals must do
everything they can to protect their vessel and country
from these kinds of threats.
A side effect of increasing maritime trade and
economic globalization is that it will facilitate the
expansion of transnational crime. Trafficking in
drugs, arms and people is already big business, and
maritime shipping is a crucial method of
transport.[2,3]
International crimes will not disappear anytime soon,
and maritime security must help minimize their
spread. The more illegal cargo the shipping industry
can stop at the source, the less damage the shipment
will do once it reaches its destination — by keeping
the unlawful products and weapons out of the hands
of criminals.
With every shipping vessel carrying hundreds of large
containers, it’s difficult for security to check each one
thoroughly. Criminals know this, and use it to their
advantage. Smuggling networks will attempt to get
around security measures and the shipping industry
because its vastness and scale make it an easy target.
Smuggling is not exclusive to the shipping industry,
as criminals will sometimes attempt to use other types
of vessels to get their contraband past international
borders.
Just as the oceans are the highways by which we
transport a large number of our goods, they’re also
the highways for the import and export of illegal
items. Organized and international crime
organizations use the shipping industry to transport
large masses of their product, as we can see when we
look at the many large-scale drug busts throughout
the years. Not only do they smuggle drugs, but they
may also smuggle firearms and other illegal
technology that fetches a high price on the black
market.[4,5]
Piracy
Piracy may seem like an idea from the past, but large
ships carrying millions of dollars worth of cargo still
tempt criminals to attack ships. Today’s pirates and
criminals are usually well-organized and equipped
with advanced communication and equipment.
Ample training and experience in maritime security
can help crew members prepare for and deal with a
piracy attack safely.
Human Trafficking
Human trafficking is another one of the main issues
that face international marine security. Illegal
migration has been present in the maritime sector for
a long time — whether it’s people escaping political
unrest or unwilling people being trafficked. It’s
difficult for the marine industry to catch all the illegal
immigration, but proper marine security techniques
help minimize the problem.
Environmental Damage
Because large-scale commercial operations take place
in the ocean ecosystem, there will inevitably be
incidents that harm the environment. It’s the job of
marine security officers to help ensure that their
vessel’s operations harm the environment as little as
possible. Proper safety and security protocols are the
best strategies to avoid disasters, especially in the
petroleum industry.
Discussion
Some of the best practices a vessel security officer, or
VSO, carries out.
Regularly inspect the vessel: To monitor and
ensure security measures, every security officer
needs to be vigilant on their vessel and always be
looking for anything out of the ordinary.
Oversee maintenance to improve security: If
there’s anything aboard the ship that doesn’t
comply with best security measures, it’s the job of
officers to take care of it the right way.
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Manage the coordination and handling of cargo:
When loading and unloading cargo, a security
officer needs to make sure to do everything
according to protocol and ensure proper checks
take place, as well as inspection of vessel stores
and bunkers.
Proposing modifications: If there are any
modifications to the security plan for the vessel,
it’s the job of the VSO to suggest these to the
company security officer, so they can make a
company-wide change to improve security.
Report problems: If a vessel audit discovers
anything wrong, it’s the security officer’s job to
report it to the company safety officer so they can
promptly implement corrective actions.
Assuring security awareness and vigilance: It’s
not only the job of the VSO to monitor and be
vigilant about anything out of the ordinary, but
the role of other crew members as well. The
safety officer should inspire the crew to be on
alert and report potential threats.
Implement security training: It’s the job of safety
officers to train their crew members about how to
behave during normal operations and emergency
operations of security.
Report and record security incidents: Anytime
there’s something out of the ordinary, it’s the
security officer’s job to note and report their
findings to the senior security officer and the
company security cfficer.
Ensure screening programs: The VSO needs to
run screening programs like transportation worker
identification credential checks that clear crew
members to work around the vessel by passing
background tests.
Monitor security equipment: A security officer
must ensure security equipment is properly
operated, tested, calibrated and maintained.[6,7]
Supervise and support crew members: A vessel’s
security officer needs to make sure the crew
members are acting according to the securityplan
and regulations for their ship.
The maritime industry is undeniably evolving. And
with more and more operations being automated and
technology improving, security will inevitably change
too.
A lot of these improvements and advances are
addressing the problem of visibility in the supply
chain. Now, there are many points in the shipping
process where criminals have the opportunity to
infiltrate and exploit. But as technology and screening
processes advance, security officers will only be able
to identify these weak spots better and ensure security
for their vessels.
With these changes and updates to the maritime
industry, security officers will have to adapt as well
— especially in the field of cybersecurity.
Cybersecurity at sea means protecting the valuable
data a company holds that criminals can exploit —
including cargo information and employee details.
Cybercriminals can also hack the electronic systems
that control vessels, which can result in severe and
costly ramifications.
As technology evolves, maritime security and
protocols will need to change too, along with the
development of the requisite legal framework to
support new shipping methods.
One example of technological evolution within the
maritime industry is the push toward completely
automated shipping vessels. A vessel without crew
members, if perfected, would be much more cost-
efficient for shipping companies, and potentially
more resistant to security threats — if a ship didn’t
need crew members to operate it, limiting access to
the vessel could reduce the chance of piracy
significantly.
Two Norwegian companies have been working on
fully automatic ships, and expect to begin their
remote operation in 2020. These ships could interpret
real-time data based on information from other
vessels, ports, weather conditions and more to operate
at peak efficiency. However, these ships are still in
the testing phases, and companies will likely be slow
to adopt the fully automated ships because of
concerns about liability, cybersecurity and
safety.[8,9]
Results
Historically, the sea has been subject to different
concepts of law and power. The term mare nostrum
(our sea in Latin) was coined by the Romans in 30
BC to 117 AD as a term to describe its control of the
Mediterranean Sea. From this concept of the sealing
of a sea, the legal concept of mare clausum (closed
sea in legal Latin) was developed during the age of
discovery between the 15th and 17th century. The sea
became a restricted space, organised between
Portugal and Spain. Maritime activity was exclusively
reserved for the enhancement of national security
through naval military.[7] In 1609, Hugo Grotius, a
Dutch philosopher and jurist, published the book
mare liberum where he introduced the concept of the
free sea (mare liberum is translated to free sea in legal
Latin). In his book, Grotius laid out the foundation of
the freedom of navigation at sea. The sea was seen as
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international territory, where every nation was free to
conduct trade.[8]
Grotius’ concept of the free sea was superseded by
the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS). This international agreement first came
into effect in 1958 as the Convention on the High
Seas (UNCLOS I). The most recent agreement is
UNCLOS III, which is active since 1994. It now
includes various zones and jurisdictions, including
internal, territorial, and archipelagic waters. It further
defines the exclusive sovereign waters of a state
called contiguous zone, and the exclusive economic
zones (EEZs) in which a state has the sole
exploitation rights of resources like oil and fish. The
latter can be extended by the continental shelf, a
natural prolongation of the territory of the respective
state.[9] Maritime security has until then been mostly
concerned with interstate naval conflicts and piracy at
sea.The warship USS Cole after an attack in October
2000 while she was being refueled in Aden harbour,
Yemen
As a concept and agenda maritime security has
evolved since the late 1990s and early 2000s. In
particular concerns over terrorist attacks on port
facilities sparked new security interests in the
maritime domain. Notable events influencing the
maritime security paradigm are the USS Cole
bombing[10] in 2000 and the September 11 attacks in
2001.[7] Several states and international organisations
have since outlined maritime security strategies.
Many best practices and standards regarding physical
maritime security like the ISPS Code from 2002 as a
consequence of the attacks have been published by
regulating authorities or the maritime industry.[11] In
the light of the perceived terrorist threat, the scope of
the maritime security concept began to broaden from
the narrow focus on interstate military confrontation
to include other issues.[12]
It is in particular the surge of piracy during the early
2000s in Southeast Asia, off the coast of Somalia and
in West Africa which has triggered recognition for the
detrimental effects of maritime insecurities.[13] As a
result of the economic costs for world trade and the
physical threats to seafarers, maritime security gained
a significant increase of attention by the shipping
industry, insurers and policy makers around the
world.[4] Piracy was also the starting point of many
international relations scholars for approaching
maritime security as a concept.[7][13][14] In the
wake of the Mumbai Terrorist attack in November
2008, an Indian scholar even lamented the serious
lack of maritime vision in his government's policies
to preserve India's expanding interests, thereby
coining the catch-phrase "sea-blindness".[15]
One effect of piracy has been the development of
regional cooperation initiatives. In Southeast Asia for
example, the Regional Cooperation Agreement on
Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships
in Asia (ReCaap) has been initiated in 2004 and
includes now an Information Sharing Centre (ISC).
Besides maritime domain awareness (MDA) more
topics began to become subject of these cooperation
initiatives. The International Maritime Organization
Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCoC), adopted in 2009,
was originally an agreement on cooperation between
East African and Southwest Asian states to counter
piracy.[16] Since its revision and the complementary
Jeddah Amendment to the DCoC of 2017, it now also
includes other illicit maritime activities than piracy
like human trafficking or illegal, unreported and
unregulated fishing (IUU).[17]
Maritime security is facilitated at sea and in ports by
several international regulations and codes from the
International Maritime Organization.[18] The primary
Code is the International Ship and Port Facility
Security Code which entered into force in 2004.[19]
The United Nations Convention on the Laws of the
Sea (UNCLOS) which took place in 1984 gives a
framework to piracy prohibition.[20] Since 2008, the
United Nations Security Council edited some
Resolutions concerning the specific Somali case like
for example the 1846th in 2008 and the 1918th in
2010,[21] in order to make member countries put
piracy as a penal crime in their domestic legislation.
Those resolutions were ratified, but despite
ratification, few countries have applied that resolution
in their domestic law. In 2011, NATO put the
maritime security issue in its Alliance Maritime
Strategy objectives.[22] Despite the few countries
who applied UN resolutions focused on Somalia
piracy in their national legislation, many have created
national agencies or bureaus specialized in maritime
Security,[23] like the Maritime Security Agency[24]
in Pakistan. The first country to put the problem on
their agenda were the United States in 2004 with the
Maritime Security Policy. It marked the beginning of
United States' Maritime Security Operations, some
maritime military actions other than wars, charged to
detect and prevent illicit operations.[10]
Conclusions
The maritime security matrix looks at the semantic
relations between maritime security and other
maritime concepts (see also semiotics) using four
dimensions to relate and situate maritime security
topics in and to the general concept of ‘maritime
security’:
Marine environment (e.g. connected to marine
safety)
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Economic development (e.g. connected to blue
economy)
National security (e.g. connected to seapower)
Human security (e.g. connected to human
trafficking)[11]
A matrix may have each concept in a corner of a
square, maritime security being situated in the centre.
Depending on what is being analysed, concepts like
human trafficking can then be situated e.g. between
‘maritime security’, ‘human security’, and ‘economic
development’. Securitization is a framework of
international relations originally developed by Ole
Waever and Barry Buzan. Sometimes called the
Copenhagen School, securitization looks at who is
making claims (using some form of language) in the
name of security to carryout measures that would
otherwise not easily be justified and accepted. The
framework of practice theory enables to analyse what
kind of activities are actually conducted in the name
of security. Practice in this theory is seen as patterns
of doing and saying things that lead to the
implementation of maritime security measures.
According to Bueger five practices fit within the
conventional spectrum of maritime security:
Maritime domain awareness (MDA, see also
Information Sharing Centre (ISC))
Activities at sea (e.g. patrols, inspections,
exercises)
Law enforcement activities (e.g. arrests, trials and
prosecutions)
Coordination activities (e.g. forums, conferences,
harmonizing legal frameworks)
Naval diplomacy (e.g. capacity building, warfare)
This type of activity might not be associated with
maritime security, but rather with war or other
related concepts.[12,13]
These activities can be seen through two different
perspective. The focus can either be laid on what
activities belong to the everyday routine of maritime
security actors or on the measures that are done in
exceptional circumstances. [25]
References
[1] Bueger, Christian; Edmunds, Timothy
(November 2017). "Beyond seablindness: a
new agenda for maritime security studies".
International Affairs. 93 (6): 1293–1311.
doi:10.1093/ia/iix174.
[2] Siebels, Dirk (2020). Maritime Security in East
and West Africa: A Tale of Two Regions.
Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 19–24. ISBN
9783030226886.
[3] Bueger, Christian; Edmunds, Timothy
(November 2017). "Beyond seablindness: a
new agenda for maritime security studies".
International Affairs. 93 (6): 1295.
doi:10.1093/ia/iix174.
[4] Bueger, Christian (March 2015). "What is
maritime security?". Marine Policy. 53: 159–
164. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2014.12.005.
[5] Maritime Security - A comprehensive Guide
for Shipowners, Seafarers and Administrations.
Livingston: WitherbyPublishing Group and the
International Chamber of Shipping. 2021. p. 3.
ISBN 9781913997014.
[6] McNicholas, Michael (April 2016). Maritime
Security: An Introduction. Butterworth-
Heinemann.
[7] Klein, Natalie (May 2011). Maritime Security
and the Law of the Sea. Oxford University
Press. ISBN 9780199566532.
[8] Grotius, Hugo (2004). Armitage, David (ed.).
The Free Sea. Liberty Fund, Incorporated.
[9] Tanaka, Yoshifumi (2012). The International
Law of the Sea. Cambridge UK: Cambridge
University Press.
[10] Parfomak, Paul W.; Fritelli, John (2007).
Maritime Security: Potential Terrorist Attacks
and Protection Priorities.
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL33787.pdf:
Library of Congress Washington DC
Congressional Research Service. {{cite
book}}: External link in |location= (help)
[11] International Code for the Security of Ships and
of Port Facilities (ISPS Code)
[12] Peoples, Columba; Vaughan-Williams, Nick
(2015). Critical securitystudies, an introduction
(Second ed.). London, New York: NY:
Routledge.
[13] Onuoha, Freedom C. (September 2009). "Sea
piracy and maritime security in the Horn of
Africa: the Somali coast and Gulf of Aden in
perspective: feature". African SecurityReview.
18 (3): 31–44.
doi:10.1080/10246029.2009.9627540. S2CID
151661202.
[14] Bueger, Christian (September 2014). "Piracy
studies: Academic responses to the return of an
ancient menace". Cooperation and Conflict. 49
(3): 406–416. doi:10.1177/0010836713484117.
S2CID 144668470.
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[15] Khurana, Gurpreet S. India's Sea-blindness,
Indian Defence Review, Vol. 24.1 (January–
March 2009)
(http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/in
dias-sea-blindness/0/)
[16] Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCoC), 2009
[17] "Regional maritime piracy agreement
broadened to cover other illicit maritime
activity". International Maritime Organization
(IMO). 13 January 2017.
[18] STCW Maritime Security Regulations
[19] "Maritime Security". International Maritime
Organization. 2020-07-17.
[20] "Piracy Under International Law". www.un.org.
Retrieved 2017-10-06.
[21] "United Nations Documents on Piracy".
www.un.org. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
[22] "NATO - Alliance Maritime Strategy Official
Text". 2011-03-18. Retrieved 2017-10-05.
[23] "National Legislation on Piracy". www.un.org.
Retrieved 2017-10-09.
[24] NATO (2011-03-18). "Nato Official Text -
Maritime Security Agency". Nato.int. Retrieved
2017-10-05.
[25] Maritime Security - A comprehensive Guide
for Ship owners, Seafarers and Administrations.
Livingston: Wither by Publishing Group and
the International Chamber of Shipping. 2021. p.
7-11. ISBN 9781913997014.