This document summarizes and compares different anti-collision protocols used in RFID systems to address the problem of tag collisions when multiple tags respond simultaneously to a reader. It describes Pure ALOHA, Query Tree, and Multi-Slotted protocols, and evaluates their performance in terms of energy conservation based on simulations. The Multi-Slotted scheme showed the best performance with increased tag numbers, as it reduced energy consumption at both the reader and active tags compared to Pure ALOHA and Query Tree protocols.
Ijaems apr-2016-18 Simulation on probabilistic anti collision protocols of RF...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In RFID System, it is important to avoid tag collision for identifying tag faster. In this paper, we proposed concept of variable delay for tag estimation & identification. The scheme is based on the Multi-level dynamic framed ALOHA protocol. Simulation results indicate that the time delay is added to each tag for avoiding collision. The main advantage of this is the delay is in microseconds which will not create problem of more time consumption.
Traffic analysis is a process of great importance, when it comes in securing a network. This analysis can be classified in
different levels and one of most interest is Deep Packet Inspection (DPI). DPI is a very effective way of monitoring the network,
since it performs traffic control over mostly of the OSI model’s layers (from L3 to L7). Regular Expressions (RegExp) on the
other hand is used in computer science and can make use of a group of characters, in order to create a searching pattern. This
technique can be combined with a series of mathematical algorithms for helping the individual to quickly find out the search
pattern within a text and even replace it with another value.
In this paper, we aim to prove that the use of Regular Expressions is much more productive and effective when used for
creating matching rules needed in DPI. We design, test and put into comparison Regular Expression rules and compare it
against the conventional methods. In addition to the above, we have created a case study of detecting EternalBlue and
DoublePulsar threats, in order to point out the practical and realistic value of our proposal.
BIDIRECTIONAL LONG SHORT-TERM MEMORY (BILSTM)WITH CONDITIONAL RANDOM FIELDS (...ijnlc
This study investigates the effectiveness of Knowledge Named Entity Recognition in Online Judges (OJs). OJs are lacking in the classification of topics and limited to the IDs only. Therefore a lot of time is consumed in finding programming problems more specifically in knowledge entities.A Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) with Conditional Random Fields (CRF) model is applied for the recognition of knowledge named entities existing in the solution reports.For the test run, more than 2000 solution reports are crawled from the Online Judges and processed for the model output. The stability of the model is
also assessed with the higher F1 value. The results obtained through the proposed BiLSTM-CRF model are more effectual (F1: 98.96%) and efficient in lead-time.
Text independent speaker identification system using average pitch and forman...ijitjournal
The aim of this paper is to design a closed-set text-independent Speaker Identification system using average
pitch and speech features from formant analysis. The speech features represented by the speech signal are
potentially characterized by formant analysis (Power Spectral Density). In this paper we have designed two
methods: one for average pitch estimation based on Autocorrelation and other for formant analysis. The
average pitches of speech signals are calculated and employed with formant analysis. From the performance
comparison of the proposed method with some of the existing methods, it is evident that the designed
speaker identification system with the proposed method is superior to others.
Ijaems apr-2016-18 Simulation on probabilistic anti collision protocols of RF...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In RFID System, it is important to avoid tag collision for identifying tag faster. In this paper, we proposed concept of variable delay for tag estimation & identification. The scheme is based on the Multi-level dynamic framed ALOHA protocol. Simulation results indicate that the time delay is added to each tag for avoiding collision. The main advantage of this is the delay is in microseconds which will not create problem of more time consumption.
Traffic analysis is a process of great importance, when it comes in securing a network. This analysis can be classified in
different levels and one of most interest is Deep Packet Inspection (DPI). DPI is a very effective way of monitoring the network,
since it performs traffic control over mostly of the OSI model’s layers (from L3 to L7). Regular Expressions (RegExp) on the
other hand is used in computer science and can make use of a group of characters, in order to create a searching pattern. This
technique can be combined with a series of mathematical algorithms for helping the individual to quickly find out the search
pattern within a text and even replace it with another value.
In this paper, we aim to prove that the use of Regular Expressions is much more productive and effective when used for
creating matching rules needed in DPI. We design, test and put into comparison Regular Expression rules and compare it
against the conventional methods. In addition to the above, we have created a case study of detecting EternalBlue and
DoublePulsar threats, in order to point out the practical and realistic value of our proposal.
BIDIRECTIONAL LONG SHORT-TERM MEMORY (BILSTM)WITH CONDITIONAL RANDOM FIELDS (...ijnlc
This study investigates the effectiveness of Knowledge Named Entity Recognition in Online Judges (OJs). OJs are lacking in the classification of topics and limited to the IDs only. Therefore a lot of time is consumed in finding programming problems more specifically in knowledge entities.A Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) with Conditional Random Fields (CRF) model is applied for the recognition of knowledge named entities existing in the solution reports.For the test run, more than 2000 solution reports are crawled from the Online Judges and processed for the model output. The stability of the model is
also assessed with the higher F1 value. The results obtained through the proposed BiLSTM-CRF model are more effectual (F1: 98.96%) and efficient in lead-time.
Text independent speaker identification system using average pitch and forman...ijitjournal
The aim of this paper is to design a closed-set text-independent Speaker Identification system using average
pitch and speech features from formant analysis. The speech features represented by the speech signal are
potentially characterized by formant analysis (Power Spectral Density). In this paper we have designed two
methods: one for average pitch estimation based on Autocorrelation and other for formant analysis. The
average pitches of speech signals are calculated and employed with formant analysis. From the performance
comparison of the proposed method with some of the existing methods, it is evident that the designed
speaker identification system with the proposed method is superior to others.
Psychosocial Factors which Influence College Student’s Academic PathwayINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This research purpose is to identify psychosocial factors, which influence students decision for academic field. In this research there were used motivational questionnaire (identifying respondent’s portrait), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). These instruments were applied on a sample of 170 students of both sexes from the faculties located in Bucharest. The data are introduced and operationalized with the Microsoft Excel (2007) and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics, v.20). The research results identifies that family, personal skills influenced students’ academic filed. Also, it show that high self-esteem is correlated with high academic motivation and high motivation for earning. This is also confirmed by other studies where high self-esteem and strength is an important factor in the prediction of academic achievement in students (Mohammad, A. 2010).
Factors Affecting the Utilization or Non-Utilization of the Portfolio Assessm...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This study involved an investigation of the factors that affect the utilization or non-utilization of portfolio assessment in evaluating performance in mathematics of both college and high school students from De La Salle Lipa. Thirty-five teachers were asked to accomplish two validated brief surveys – one is for gathering information about their profile and the other is for probing into the different assessment tools they are using to evaluate the performance of their students in mathematics. Out of the 35 respondents, only 9 were using portfolio assessment either in the form of report of group project, open-ended questions, or draft, revised and final versions of students work on a complex mathematical problem. The demand for considerable time in planning instructional activities and development of grading rubrics or criteria were among the limiting factors identified by the 26 respondents for not using portfolio assessment. Among the alternative forms of assessment used by these teachers were KPUP (Knowledge, Process, Understanding and Product) Oriented, UbD (Understanding by Design) approach, and online assessment tools.
A two-storage model for deteriorating items with holding cost under infla...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
A deterministic inventory model has been developed for deteriorating items and Genetic Algorithms (GA) having a ramp type demands with the effects of inflation with two-storage facilities. The owned warehouse (OW) has a fixed capacity of W units; the rented warehouse (RW) has unlimited capacity. Here, we assumed that the inventory holding cost in RW is higher than those in OW. Shortages in inventory are allowed and partially backlogged and Genetic Algorithms (GA) it is assumed that the inventory deteriorates over time at a variable deterioration rate. The effect of inflation has also been considered for various costs associated with the inventory system and Genetic Algorithms (GA). Numerical example is also used to study the behaviour of the model. Cost minimization technique is used to get the expressions for total cost and other parameters.
If you are unable to find a church you can go to or you like a small group with a few people ; I would recommend the Church Channel .You can watch them on Satellite TV ,youtube or go their site .
Ce rapport décrit en détail l'éventail des cyber menaces auxquelles particuliers et entreprises sont confrontés. En nous fondant sur des sources de 2015, nous exposons ici nos remarques concernant les cas connus de malware détectés
par les systèmes de renseignement anti-menace. Nous identifions par ailleurs plusieurs évolutions et tendances clés dans ce domaine.
Elements vol 3 ed 2 new design for businessdes bate
the next in the elements series of e-zines - here looking at current trends in design, flat design, vintage and retro elements, handwritten, script and other fonts - downloadable design resources and more
A Family That Hacks Together, Interacts Together!Daniel Davis
Everyone's heard the old saying "A family thats plays together, stays together", right? Well this session is going to kick that up a notch and talk about getting the family to "hack" together. It starts out discussing the different forms of hacking a family might embrace. Along the way it highlights what supplies & equipment you might need, as well as suggesting the overall costs that one might expect to incur. It then takes a brief focus on safety and proper use of that equipment. The session finishes off with some tips and tricks that may help with both the hacks themselves, as well as getting the family to actually interact by joining in on the fun.
Grouping based radio frequency identification anti-collision protocols for d...IJECEIAES
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an important internet of things (IoT) enabling technology. In RFIDs collision occur among tags because tags share communication channel. This is called tag collision problem. The problem becomes catastrophic when dense population of tags are deployed like in IoT. Hence, the need to enhance existing dynamic frame slotted ALOHA (DFSA) based electronic product code (EPC) C1G2 media access control (MAC) protocol. Firstly, this paper validates through simulation the DFSA theory that efficiency of the RFID system is maximum when the number tags is approximately equal to the frame size. Furthermore, literature review shows tag grouping is becoming popular to improving the efficiency of the RFID system. This paper analyzes selected grouping-based algorithms. Their underlining principles are discussed including their tag estimation methods. The algorithms were implemented in MATLAB while extensive Monte Carlo simulation was performed to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. Results show that with higher tag density, fuzzy C-means based algorithm (FCMBG) outperformed traditional DFSA by over 40% in terms of throughput rate. The results also demonstrate FCMBG bettered other grouping-based algorithms (GB-DFSA and GBSA) whose tag estimation method are based on collision slots in terms slot efficiency by over 10% and also in terms of identification time.
Radio Frequency Identification RFID is a programmed innovation and helps machines or PCs to distinguish objects, record metadata or control singular focus through radio waves. Associating RFID reader to the terminal of Internet, the reader can distinguish, track and screen the articles appended with labels all inclusive, consequently, and progressively, if necessary. This is the supposed Internet of Things IOT . Radio Frequency Identification RFID is an innovation that utilizes correspondence through electromagnetic waves to trade information between a terminal and an electronic label joined to an article, with the end goal of ID and tracking Sapna Yadav | Pratibha Jha ""RFID Technology: An Overview"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23247.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23247/rfid-technology-an-overview/sapna-yadav
Energy efficient anti-collision algorithm for the RFID networksjournalBEEI
Energy efficiency is crucial for radio frequency identification (RFID) systems as the readers are often battery operated. The main source of the energy wastage is the collision which happens when tags access the communication medium at the same time. Thus, an efficient anti-collision protocol could minimize the energy wastage and prolong the lifetime of the RFID systems. In this regard, EPCGlobal-Class1-Generation2 (EPC-C1G2) protocol is currently being used in the commercial RFID readers to provide fast tag identification through efficient collision arbitration using the Q algorithm. However, this protocol requires a lot of control message overheads for its operation. Thus, a reinforcement learning based anti-collision protocol (RL-DFSA) is proposed to provide better time system efficiency while being energy efficient through the minimization of control message overheads. The proposed RL-DFSA was evaluated through extensive simulations and compared with the variants of EPC-Class 1 Generation 2 algorithms that are currently being used in the commercial readers. The results show conclusively that the proposed RL-DFSA performs identically to the very efficient EPC-C1G2 protocol in terms of time system efficiency but readily outperforms the compared protocol in the number of control message overhead required for the operation.
Psychosocial Factors which Influence College Student’s Academic PathwayINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This research purpose is to identify psychosocial factors, which influence students decision for academic field. In this research there were used motivational questionnaire (identifying respondent’s portrait), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). These instruments were applied on a sample of 170 students of both sexes from the faculties located in Bucharest. The data are introduced and operationalized with the Microsoft Excel (2007) and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics, v.20). The research results identifies that family, personal skills influenced students’ academic filed. Also, it show that high self-esteem is correlated with high academic motivation and high motivation for earning. This is also confirmed by other studies where high self-esteem and strength is an important factor in the prediction of academic achievement in students (Mohammad, A. 2010).
Factors Affecting the Utilization or Non-Utilization of the Portfolio Assessm...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This study involved an investigation of the factors that affect the utilization or non-utilization of portfolio assessment in evaluating performance in mathematics of both college and high school students from De La Salle Lipa. Thirty-five teachers were asked to accomplish two validated brief surveys – one is for gathering information about their profile and the other is for probing into the different assessment tools they are using to evaluate the performance of their students in mathematics. Out of the 35 respondents, only 9 were using portfolio assessment either in the form of report of group project, open-ended questions, or draft, revised and final versions of students work on a complex mathematical problem. The demand for considerable time in planning instructional activities and development of grading rubrics or criteria were among the limiting factors identified by the 26 respondents for not using portfolio assessment. Among the alternative forms of assessment used by these teachers were KPUP (Knowledge, Process, Understanding and Product) Oriented, UbD (Understanding by Design) approach, and online assessment tools.
A two-storage model for deteriorating items with holding cost under infla...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
A deterministic inventory model has been developed for deteriorating items and Genetic Algorithms (GA) having a ramp type demands with the effects of inflation with two-storage facilities. The owned warehouse (OW) has a fixed capacity of W units; the rented warehouse (RW) has unlimited capacity. Here, we assumed that the inventory holding cost in RW is higher than those in OW. Shortages in inventory are allowed and partially backlogged and Genetic Algorithms (GA) it is assumed that the inventory deteriorates over time at a variable deterioration rate. The effect of inflation has also been considered for various costs associated with the inventory system and Genetic Algorithms (GA). Numerical example is also used to study the behaviour of the model. Cost minimization technique is used to get the expressions for total cost and other parameters.
If you are unable to find a church you can go to or you like a small group with a few people ; I would recommend the Church Channel .You can watch them on Satellite TV ,youtube or go their site .
Ce rapport décrit en détail l'éventail des cyber menaces auxquelles particuliers et entreprises sont confrontés. En nous fondant sur des sources de 2015, nous exposons ici nos remarques concernant les cas connus de malware détectés
par les systèmes de renseignement anti-menace. Nous identifions par ailleurs plusieurs évolutions et tendances clés dans ce domaine.
Elements vol 3 ed 2 new design for businessdes bate
the next in the elements series of e-zines - here looking at current trends in design, flat design, vintage and retro elements, handwritten, script and other fonts - downloadable design resources and more
A Family That Hacks Together, Interacts Together!Daniel Davis
Everyone's heard the old saying "A family thats plays together, stays together", right? Well this session is going to kick that up a notch and talk about getting the family to "hack" together. It starts out discussing the different forms of hacking a family might embrace. Along the way it highlights what supplies & equipment you might need, as well as suggesting the overall costs that one might expect to incur. It then takes a brief focus on safety and proper use of that equipment. The session finishes off with some tips and tricks that may help with both the hacks themselves, as well as getting the family to actually interact by joining in on the fun.
Grouping based radio frequency identification anti-collision protocols for d...IJECEIAES
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an important internet of things (IoT) enabling technology. In RFIDs collision occur among tags because tags share communication channel. This is called tag collision problem. The problem becomes catastrophic when dense population of tags are deployed like in IoT. Hence, the need to enhance existing dynamic frame slotted ALOHA (DFSA) based electronic product code (EPC) C1G2 media access control (MAC) protocol. Firstly, this paper validates through simulation the DFSA theory that efficiency of the RFID system is maximum when the number tags is approximately equal to the frame size. Furthermore, literature review shows tag grouping is becoming popular to improving the efficiency of the RFID system. This paper analyzes selected grouping-based algorithms. Their underlining principles are discussed including their tag estimation methods. The algorithms were implemented in MATLAB while extensive Monte Carlo simulation was performed to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. Results show that with higher tag density, fuzzy C-means based algorithm (FCMBG) outperformed traditional DFSA by over 40% in terms of throughput rate. The results also demonstrate FCMBG bettered other grouping-based algorithms (GB-DFSA and GBSA) whose tag estimation method are based on collision slots in terms slot efficiency by over 10% and also in terms of identification time.
Radio Frequency Identification RFID is a programmed innovation and helps machines or PCs to distinguish objects, record metadata or control singular focus through radio waves. Associating RFID reader to the terminal of Internet, the reader can distinguish, track and screen the articles appended with labels all inclusive, consequently, and progressively, if necessary. This is the supposed Internet of Things IOT . Radio Frequency Identification RFID is an innovation that utilizes correspondence through electromagnetic waves to trade information between a terminal and an electronic label joined to an article, with the end goal of ID and tracking Sapna Yadav | Pratibha Jha ""RFID Technology: An Overview"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23247.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23247/rfid-technology-an-overview/sapna-yadav
Energy efficient anti-collision algorithm for the RFID networksjournalBEEI
Energy efficiency is crucial for radio frequency identification (RFID) systems as the readers are often battery operated. The main source of the energy wastage is the collision which happens when tags access the communication medium at the same time. Thus, an efficient anti-collision protocol could minimize the energy wastage and prolong the lifetime of the RFID systems. In this regard, EPCGlobal-Class1-Generation2 (EPC-C1G2) protocol is currently being used in the commercial RFID readers to provide fast tag identification through efficient collision arbitration using the Q algorithm. However, this protocol requires a lot of control message overheads for its operation. Thus, a reinforcement learning based anti-collision protocol (RL-DFSA) is proposed to provide better time system efficiency while being energy efficient through the minimization of control message overheads. The proposed RL-DFSA was evaluated through extensive simulations and compared with the variants of EPC-Class 1 Generation 2 algorithms that are currently being used in the commercial readers. The results show conclusively that the proposed RL-DFSA performs identically to the very efficient EPC-C1G2 protocol in terms of time system efficiency but readily outperforms the compared protocol in the number of control message overhead required for the operation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
RFID is not a new technology and has passed through many decades of use in military, airline, library, security, healthcare, sports, animal farms and other areas
A novel authenticated cipher for rfid systemsijcisjournal
In this paper, we present RBS (Redundant Bit Security) algorithm which is a low-complexity symmetric
encryption with a 132-bit secret key. In this algorithm redundant bits are distributed among plaintext data
bits to change the location of the plaintext bits in the transmitted data without changing their order. The
location of redundant bits inside the transmitted data represents the secret key between sender and
receiver. The algorithm provides integrity and authentication of the original data as well. The
implementation comparison of this algorithm with other algorithms confirms that it a good candidate for
resource-constraint devices such as RFID systems and wireless sensors.
Implementation of radio frequency identification technology in accessing info...eSAT Journals
Abstract In today’s fast paced world with an enhancement of technology and innovation, healthcare systems have become so advanced with their technologies to monitor health variations. The prominent issue common man faces today is the number hours we spend in queues. This problem is not just for hospitals, but applies to every sector such as education, restaurants, malls, etc. Besides the issue mentioned above, there is another concern that we face with traditional filing system that are followed in many organizations. Loss of information has come into the radar of research, with the advancement of technologies and various ways to access them. Preservation and security of confidential information and data is expensive and requires skill to maintain them. Technology enhancement has made RFID technology more affordable over the years and is still a secure way to control the information and the usage of this technology hasn’t been explored enough. This system can be implemented as a module in any management system or security based system to allow or restrict access to any information. In order to resolve the above issues we integrated a database to secure confidential information with an easy and user friendly interface to be used by the hospital staff. RFID cards can control the access and manipulation of data. The application software for desktops integrates a RFID reader to enable easier access of information from the database, in this case the medical records and patient data. In this paper we describe the successful implementation and integration of the RFID reader with the application and the methodology that has been implemented to achieve a successful outcome. Keywords: Health Care, Radio Frequency Identification Tags (RFID), Passive and Active Tags, Low Frequency Tags, High Frequency Tags, Ultra High Frequency Tags
A Survey: SMS Sending Through RFID SensorsEditor IJMTER
This paper throws light on combined working of RFID sensors along with SMS sending
technique. Paper is based how RFID sensors can sense data. Generally these data needs to be send
through some wired or wireless medium, But sometime we need to send such data in groupings or
indications directly from Sensors.
Design of Anti-collision Technique for RFID UHF Tag using VerilogIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents a proposed Reliable and Cost Effective Anti-collision technique (RCEAT) for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Class 0 UHF tag. The RCEAT architecture consists of two main subsystems; PreRCEAT and PostRCEAT. The PreRCEAT subsystem is to detect any error in the incoming messages. Then the identification bit (ID) of the no error packet will be fed to the next subsystem. The PostRCEAT subsystem is to identify the tag by using the proposed Fast-search Lookup Table. The proposed system is designed using Verilog HDL. The system has been successfully implemented in hardware using Field Programmable Grid Array (FPGA) SPARTAN 3E. Finally the RCEAT architecture is synthesized using xillins 13.3v. From the hardware verification results, it shows that the proposed RCEAT system enables to identify the tags without error at the maximum operating frequency of 180MHz. The system consumes 7.578 mW powers, occupies 6,041 gates and 0.0375 mm2 area with Data arrival time of 2.31 ns. Key words: FPGA,Spartan 3e,RCEAT,Verilog HDL,RFID tag,CRC.
Online testing in RFID Memories is a memory testing mechanism, where the memory can be tested simultaneously with the system operation. Hence, it has instant error detection. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) devices based on the correct operation of their memory for accurate identification of objects and delivery of transponder’s information. This paper presents the concurrent online test scheme for RFID memories based on Memory Built in Self Test (MBIST) architecture, the Finite State Machine (FSM) of transponder access scheme, Symmetric transparent version of March C-algorithm. Online test is achieved by modifying the transponder’s operation and access protocol to make use of the waiting time that transponders waste before being accessed. The solution of this paper was described in VHDL, area and timing results are simulated in Xilinx ISE 9.2i. Results show that the solution overhead is less than 0.1 %, while the timing performance allows testing up to 32-word blocks in a single waiting slot.
Table-Based Identification Protocol of Compuatational RFID Tags csandit
Computation RFID (CRFID) expands the limit of traditional RFID by granting computational
capability to RFID tags. RFID tags are powered by Radio-Frequency (RF) energy harvesting.
However, CRFID tags need extra energy and processing time than traditional RFID tags to
sense the environment and generate sensing data. Therefore, Dynamic Framed Slotted ALOHA
(DFSA) protocol for traditional RFID is no longer a best solution for CRFID systems. In this
paper, we propose a table-based CRFID tag identification protocol considering CRFID
operation. An RFID reader sends the message with the frame index. Using the frame index,
CRFID tags calculate the energy requirement and processing time information to the reader
along with data transmission. The RFID reader records the received information of tags into a
table. After table recording is completed, the optimal frame size and proper time interval is
provided based on the table. The proposed CRFID tag identification protocol is shown to
enhance the identification rate and the delay via simulations.
TABLE-BASED IDENTIFICATION PROTOCOL OF COMPUTATIONAL RFID TAGS cscpconf
Computation RFID (CRFID) expands the limit of traditional RFID by granting computational capability to RFID tags. RFID tags are powered by Radio-Frequency (RF) energy harvesting. However, CRFID tags need extra energy and processing time than traditional RFID tags to sense the environment and generate sensing data. Therefore, Dynamic Framed Slotted ALOHA (DFSA) protocol for traditional RFID is no longer a best solution for CRFID systems. In this paper, we propose a table-based CRFID tag identification protocol considering CRFID operation. An RFID reader sends the message with the frame index. Using the frame index, CRFID tags calculate the energy requirement and processing time information to the reader along with data transmission. The RFID reader records the received information of tags into a table. After table recording is completed, the optimal frame size and proper time interval is provided based on the table. The proposed CRFID tag identification protocol is shown to enhance the identification rate and the delay via simulations
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Governing Equations for Fundamental Aerodynamics_Anderson2010.pdf
Ijaems apr-2016-35 Comparative Analysis of Anti-Collision Protocols in RFID
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
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Comparative Analysis of Anti-Collision Protocols
in RFID
K.T. Patil1
, Sumeet Joshi2
, Abhishek Bhagwat3
, Dr. S.K. Narayankhedkar4
1,2,3
Smt. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, India
4
MGM College of Engineering and Technology, Navi Mumbai,India
Abstract— Radio Frequency Identification, abbreviated as
RFID which was originally invented as a replacement tool
for bar-code scanning and identification has now evolved
into a vital technology spanning across fields such as supply
chain management, shipping of goods, tracking and
identification, etc. However along with the widespread use of
RFID, the underlying problem of collision of readers, and
tags has been hampering the reliability, and integrity of
RFID; thus causing a problem in the further evolution and
future deployment of the same in new-born organizations.
This papers aims at surveying the various anti-collision
protocols which are designed and implemented in order to
curb one of the major encumbrances in RFID technology viz.
collision.
Keywords— RFID, Anti-collision, ALOHA protocols, Tree
protocols, Hybrid variants, Energy- efficient, MAS
protocol.
I. INTRODUCTION
RFID [Radio Frequency Identification] technology, which
provides efficient wireless object identification, is envisioned
to bridge the physical world and the virtual world. Many
large companies have set foot in this area, providing
hardware and software solutions as well as contributing to a
global standard. The major RFID technology providers
include Philips Electronic, Texas Instruments, IBM, Intel,
SAP, VeriSign, Sun Microsystems, and Alien. [1] Ubiquitous
tagging is a paradigm where every entity has a unique tag
associated resources. On the other hand, tags vary
significantly in their computational capabilities. They range
from dumb & passive tags, which respond only at reader
commands, to smart active tags, which have an on-board
micro-controller, transceiver, memory, and power supply. [3]
Among tag types, passive ones are emerging to be a popular
choice for large scale deployments due to their low cost. [4]
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Collision due to simultaneous tag responses is one of the key
issues in RFID systems [7]. It results in wastage of
bandwidth, energy, and increases identification delays. To
minimize collisions, RFID readers must use an anti-collision
protocol. To this end, this paper reviews state-of-the-art tag
reading or anti-collision protocols, and provides a detailed
comparison of the different approaches used to minimize
collisions, and hence help reduce identification delays. Such
review will be of great importance to researchers and
designers that are building RFID systems involving
interrogation zones with varying tag densities.
with it. Picture a scenario where everything in the world is
associated with, and can be identified using an electronic tag.
Such ubiquitous applications have become common in
multiple fields which are related to access
control, and security systems. The first traditional technology
to be replaced by RFID is the barcode system. RFID can do
everything that barcodes can, and much more. [2] RFID
systems consist of a reading device called a reader, and one
or more tags. The reader is typically a powerful device with
ample memory and computational
Tag
Fig. 1. Tag collision in RFID [3]
III. ANTI-COLLISION PROTOCOLS
Anti-collision protocols are critical to the performance of
RFID systems. Broadly, they can be categorized into, space
division multiple access (SDMA), frequency division
multiple access (FDMA), code division multiple access
(CDMA, and time division multiple access (TDMA).
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]
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Multiple Access/Anti-Collision Protocols
Fig. 2. Classification of Anti-Collision Protocols [3]
The protocols that we have considered for our survey are
Pure Aloha, Query tree and Multi slotted scheme with
assigned slots which is a hybrid protocol and a combination
of Aloha based and Tree based protocols. The description of
these protocols and their survey outcome is described in
detail as follows.
IV. PURE ALOHA PROTOCOL
In PA based RFID systems, a tag responds with its ID
randomly after being energized by a reader. It then waits for
the reader to reply with, i) a positive acknowledgment
(ACK), indicating its ID has been received correctly, or ii) a
negative acknowledgment (NACK), meaning a collision has
occurred. If two or more tags transmit, a complete or partial
collision occurs [10], which tags then resolve by backing off
randomly before retransmitting their ID. After simulating the
process of tag detection in RFID system we obtain the graphs
that show the energy conserved in the process.
Fig. 3. Through put obtain in Pure Aloha system [3]
V. QUERY TREE PROTOCOL
Tree based protocols were originally developed for multiple
access arbitration in wireless systems [16]. These protocols
are able to single out and read every tag, provided each tag
has a unique ID. All tree based protocols require tags to have
muting capability, as tags are silenced after identification. In
TS variants, tags require a random number generator and a
counter to track their tree position, thus making them costly
and computationally complex. Query tree algorithms
overcome these problems by storing tree construction
information at the reader, and tags only need to have a prefix
matching circuit. After simulating the process of tag
detection in RFID system we obtain the graphs that show the
energy conserved in the process.
Fig.4. Throughput for Query tree system
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VI. MULTI SLOTTED SCHEME PROTOCOL
The Multi-Slotted (MS) scheme works as follows. At each
node of the B-ary tree2, F slots are used to read tag
responses. Tags randomly choose a slot to respond. If all tags
with the prefix of the node are read successfully within the F
slots without collisions, the sub-trees of that node are not
queried further. If there is at least one collision in the
responses, sub-trees from that node are queried as before and
so on. Some tag IDs may be read without collision, but since
reader does not know to which sub trees the colliding tags
belong to, it still has to query all the sub-trees This is because
the reader has no way of telling the tags that were read, to
stop responding. These tags would thus still respond to
further queries until their prefix is ignored by future queries.
After simulating the process of tag detection in RFID system
we obtain the graphs that show the energy conserved in the
process.
VII. COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS
After simulation each of the above mentioned protocol
individually we obtained the reading for their performance.
Using the reading we obtained from the protocols we will
evaluate the performance of the above mentioned anti-
collision protocols with respect to the energy conservation
that each of the anti-collision protocol advocate. The graphs
below show the comparison of the anti-collision protocols
with respect to energy conservation.
Fig. 5. Comparative analysis of Pure aloha, QT and MS in
terms of energy conservation.
VIII. CONCLUSION
The approach of using multiple slots per node of a Binary
search tree to reduce collisions among tag responses was
presented to provide for energy-aware RFID tag arbitration
by the reader. Three different variants i.e. Pure aloha, query
tree and Multi slotted scheme were explored with the aim of
finding the one which was most efficient in trading off time
in exchange for reduced energy consumption. These
protocols, like the existing Query Tree protocol, are memory
less requiring the tags to store no state of the arbitration
process and offer guarantees on the time required to read all
tags. An analytical framework was developed to predict the
average case performance of these protocols for different
input parameters. The numerical evaluation of this
framework was further validated with the help of simulation.
All three protocols were shown to reduce energy
consumption at the reader as well as active tags. In this work
we explored the benefits of using a frame with multiple slots
per node of the binary tree. The frame size F, however, was
kept fixed at all nodes. As we query more levels, the number
of tags responding to a prefix keeps decreasing. This creates
an opening for designing a scheme that uses a decreasing
frame size F as we descend the tree. If done carefully, this
should preserve the energy savings at the reader and active
tags, while at the same time eliminating the number of
wasted time slots resulting in increased tag reading
throughput and even more energy savings at the reader. So
this analysis present to us an outcome indicating that with
increase in the tag number the energy consumption by the
pure aloha and query tree increases as compared to that of
the multi slotted scheme .
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4. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]
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