Igcse2010 -osmosis & diffusion
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The document discusses various processes by which substances move in and out of cells, including osmosis, diffusion, and active transport. It provides definitions and descriptions of these key terms, examples of how they work, and sample exam questions testing understanding of these concepts.
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Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concentration. If a concentrated solution is separated from a dilute solution by a membrane that allows water but not other molecules to pass through, water will diffuse through the membrane from the dilute to the concentrated solution until concentrations equalize. Cell membranes are selectively permeable, allowing water and some molecules to diffuse across while blocking other molecules, regulating the movement of water and substances into and out of cells.
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The document discusses cell membranes and various methods of transport across membranes. It summarizes that cell membranes function to protect cells, control substances moving in and out, and maintain ion concentrations. The three main methods of transport across membranes are diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration, while osmosis is the passive transport of water across membranes. Active transport requires energy to transport molecules against a concentration gradient using ATP. The document then outlines experiments using dialysis tubing and solutions to demonstrate these transport methods.
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This document contains 18 multiple choice questions from previous years' biology exams focusing on cell structure and function. The questions cover topics like what contains DNA, the function of organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria, osmosis, the composition of cell membranes, and cell behavior in different solutions. Key organelles assessed include the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and plasma membrane.
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Diffusion and osmosis homework powerpoint
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration until evenly spread. All living cells rely on diffusion to obtain raw materials and remove waste through cell membranes. Osmosis is a type of diffusion where water specifically moves across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration to balance water levels on both sides of the membrane. This movement can cause cells to shrink or burst depending on their environment.
Cells Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concentration. Adding salt to water lowers the concentration of water, causing water to diffuse out of a cell placed in the solution. This would cause the cell to shrivel up. Conversely, placing a cell in pure water would cause water to diffuse into the cell through osmosis, causing the cell to swell up.
Osmosis, diffusion, active transport
The cherries lose their fleshy juicy texture because water moves out of the cherry cells into the hypertonic sugar solution by osmosis, causing the cherry cells to shrink and become plasmolysed.
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Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concentration. If a concentrated solution is separated from a dilute solution by a membrane that allows water but not other molecules to pass through, water will diffuse through the membrane from the dilute to the concentrated solution until concentrations equalize. Cell membranes are selectively permeable, allowing water and some molecules to diffuse across while blocking other molecules, regulating the movement of water and substances into and out of cells.
Pra050
The document provides 5 chemistry problems involving mole calculations, including calculating the mass of a given number of moles of a compound, the number of molecules in a given number of moles, the number of moles in a given number of molecules, and the number of molecules in a given mass. It also shows the answers to each calculation.
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The document discusses cell membranes and various methods of transport across membranes. It summarizes that cell membranes function to protect cells, control substances moving in and out, and maintain ion concentrations. The three main methods of transport across membranes are diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration, while osmosis is the passive transport of water across membranes. Active transport requires energy to transport molecules against a concentration gradient using ATP. The document then outlines experiments using dialysis tubing and solutions to demonstrate these transport methods.
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Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration until evenly spread. All living cells rely on diffusion to obtain raw materials and remove waste through cell membranes. Osmosis is a type of diffusion where water specifically moves across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration to balance water levels on both sides of the membrane. This movement can cause cells to shrink or burst depending on their environment.
Cells Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concentration. Adding salt to water lowers the concentration of water, causing water to diffuse out of a cell placed in the solution. This would cause the cell to shrivel up. Conversely, placing a cell in pure water would cause water to diffuse into the cell through osmosis, causing the cell to swell up.
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The cherries lose their fleshy juicy texture because water moves out of the cherry cells into the hypertonic sugar solution by osmosis, causing the cherry cells to shrink and become plasmolysed.
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Diffusion and osmosis student handout
1. Diffusion and osmosis are processes by which molecules and water move across selectively permeable membranes from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration. Diffusion is the random movement of all molecules, while osmosis specifically refers to the diffusion of water through a membrane.
2. Experiments were conducted using potato cores and onion cells to observe the effects of osmosis when placed in solutions of varying sucrose concentration. As sucrose concentration increased outside the cells, water would move out of the cells by osmosis. This loss of water caused the cells to lose turgor pressure and shrink or plasmolyze.
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The experiment investigated the characteristics of a reverse osmosis membrane system with one, two, and three membranes. A calibration curve was generated to relate conductivity to salt concentration. For a single membrane, the water permeability was found to be 0.245 g/s-psi-m2 and the salt rejection coefficient was 0.879 on average. The salt mass transfer coefficient was 15.248 m/s. For two membranes, the second membrane had a lower rejection coefficient due to its more concentrated feed. The third membrane in a three membrane system had an even lower rejection coefficient. Overall, the rejection coefficient decreased as more membranes were added due to increasing feed concentration.
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The document provides instructions for preparing onion cells and cheek cells to view under a microscope. It outlines collecting a thin piece of onion skin or scraping the inside of one's cheek and placing it on a slide with stain before adding a coverslip. Students are asked to write up their method and draw and label what they see under the microscope in their notebooks. The document also includes an image and brief description of the parts of a light microscope.
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This lab report summarizes an experiment on osmosis in potato cells. Potato slices were placed in distilled water, tap water, and a salty solution to test how cell mass changes with solution concentration. The slice in salty water lost 9.09% mass, while slices in distilled and tap water gained 54.4% and 17% mass respectively, showing that water moves from lower to higher solute areas. However, limitations include a lack of control and uneven potato sizes. The conclusions are that solution concentration affects water movement through cell membranes, but the missing control prevents validating the initial hypothesis.
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3. The exam is designed to take 1 hour and 15 minutes to complete and includes diagrams to aid understanding of the questions.
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Aprevised osmosis lab
This experiment uses dialysis tubing to investigate osmosis, the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane due to differences in solute concentration. Solutions of varying sucrose concentrations are placed in dialysis bags that are then immersed in distilled water. The change in mass of each bag is measured after 30 minutes to determine how water movement is affected by the relative concentrations of the solutions separated by the membrane. Graphs of the results are analyzed to explain the relationship between solute concentration and water movement through osmosis.
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This experiment studied the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on plant cells. In the experiment, onion epidermal cells were placed in distilled water (hypotonic), 0.5M sucrose solution (isotonic), and 1.0M sucrose solution (hypertonic), and observed under a microscope. The cells placed in distilled water became turgid and large, while the cells in the more concentrated sucrose solutions shrank or crenated. When the cells from the hypertonic solution were returned to distilled water, they regained their turgid appearance. This demonstrated how cell shape is affected by the relative concentrations of solutions on either side of the cell membrane.
Laporan Praktikum Difusi Osmosis dan Plasmolisis
Ringkasan dari dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang percobaan permeabilitas dan plasmolisis membran sel pada sel tumbuhan.
2. Percobaan dilakukan dengan mengamati sel epidermis Allium cepa dan daun Rhoeo discolor dalam berbagai larutan.
3. Hasilnya menunjukkan pengaruh suhu dan jenis larutan terhadap permeabilitas membran sel.
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1) The experiment investigated how the surface area of dialysis tubing filled with starch affected the rate of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane when submerged in an iodine solution.
2) It was predicted that tubes with larger surface areas would diffuse more quickly, resulting in darker colors, while tubes with smaller surface areas would diffuse more slowly, remaining lighter.
3) The results supported this, as the tube with the largest average surface area of 193.75mm produced the darkest color, while the smallest average surface area of 34mm produced the lightest color.
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The document summarizes an experiment that investigates how temperature affects the rate of diffusion between water and 25% salt water. The experiment uses dialysis tubing to hold water and measures the change in mass at different temperatures over time. It is predicted that as temperature increases, osmotic diffusion will occur faster due to increased particle collisions. The experiment collects data on the initial mass and final mass of the dialysis tubing exposed to salt water at varying temperatures to calculate the percent change in mass and determine if temperature affects diffusion rate.
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This document describes an experiment investigating how the concentration of sucrose solutions affects the rate of osmosis in potato cylinders. Potato cylinders were placed in solutions of varying sucrose concentration (0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%) and their change in mass over 30 minutes was measured. The results showed that as the concentration of sucrose increased, the potato cylinders lost more mass, indicating the rate of osmosis increased. This supported the hypothesis that increasing the concentration difference between the solution and potato would increase the rate of water moving from the potato into the solution.
BSC1005 Biology General Chapter 6 1 Chapter 6 Cel.docx
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Chapter 6: Cell Energy, Transport and Enzymes
1) Many of the enzymes that control a deep-sea firefly squid's ability to produce light energy from chemical energy are located
A) in membranes.
B) in the nucleus.
C) within chloroplasts.
D) outside of cells.
E) within mitochondria.
2) The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of
A) a phospholipid bilayer with embedded carbohydrates.
B) two layers of phospholipids with protein sandwiched between them.
C) a protein bilayer with embedded phospholipids.
D) carbohydrates, proteins, and phospholipids that can drift in the membrane.
E) individual proteins and phospholipids that can drift in a phospholipid bilayer.
3) Membrane phospholipids
A) have hydrophobic heads that face the center of the membrane and are shielded from water.
B) have hydrophilic tails that face outward and are exposed to water.
C) often have "kinks" in their tails caused by the presence of a double bond between carbons.
D) remain fluid because they are tightly packed against one another.
E) form impermeable layers for cells.
4) The cholesterol associated with animal cell membranes
A) is attached to membrane proteins and extends into the watery environment surrounding the cell.
B) helps to stabilize the cell membrane at body temperature.
C) makes the cell membrane fluid at room temperature.
D) is an abnormality resulting from a diet high in cholesterol.
E) helps solidify the membranes when the room temperature is below freezing.
5) A major function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane is to
A) glue cells together to form tissues.
B) allow the cells of an embryo to sort themselves into tissues and organs.
C) attach the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton.
D) help the cell resist swelling.
E) help the cell retain its shape.
6) When physicians perform an organ transplant, they choose a donor whose tissues match those of the recipient as closely as
possible. Which of the following cell components are being matched?
A) plasma membrane phospholipids
B) plasma membrane proteins
C) cell-surface carbohydrates
D) plasma membrane cholesterols
E) cytoskeletal elements
7) Most of the functions of a cell membrane are performed by
A) glycolipids.
B) proteins.
C) phospholipids.
D) cholesterol.
E) nucleotides.
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9) Relaying a message from a membrane receptor to a molecule that performs a specific function within a cell is called
A) signal transduction.
B) inhibition.
C) competition.
D) self-recognition.
E) selective permeability.
10) Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that
A) anything can pass into or out of a cell as long as the membrane is intact and the cell is healthy.
B) the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others.
C) glucose cannot ...
Bio f4 chap_3_movement_of_substances_across_the_plasma_membrane
The document discusses the movement of substances across the plasma membrane. It explains that the plasma membrane is selectively permeable and uses different transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and osmosis. Substances move in and out of cells through the plasma membrane to fulfill cellular needs like obtaining nutrients and exporting waste. The key structures that allow for movement are the phospholipid bilayer and embedded transport proteins.
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The document provides instructions for conducting an experiment to investigate the effect of different sucrose concentrations on osmosis in potato cells. The experiment involves measuring the change in mass of potato slices placed in distilled water and sucrose solutions of varying molarity (0.1M, 0.3M, and 0.5M). Students are guided through developing a hypothesis, experimental method, recording results in a table and graph, drawing a conclusion, and evaluating whether the experiment was a fair test.
Diffusion and osmosis student handout
1. Diffusion and osmosis are processes by which molecules and water move across selectively permeable membranes from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration. Diffusion is the random movement of all molecules, while osmosis specifically refers to the diffusion of water through a membrane.
2. Experiments were conducted using potato cores and onion cells to observe the effects of osmosis when placed in solutions of varying sucrose concentration. As sucrose concentration increased outside the cells, water would move out of the cells by osmosis. This loss of water caused the cells to lose turgor pressure and shrink or plasmolyze.
3. By calculating the water potential of the solutions using the formula Ψ = Ψ
ReverseOsmosisLabReport
The experiment investigated the characteristics of a reverse osmosis membrane system with one, two, and three membranes. A calibration curve was generated to relate conductivity to salt concentration. For a single membrane, the water permeability was found to be 0.245 g/s-psi-m2 and the salt rejection coefficient was 0.879 on average. The salt mass transfer coefficient was 15.248 m/s. For two membranes, the second membrane had a lower rejection coefficient due to its more concentrated feed. The third membrane in a three membrane system had an even lower rejection coefficient. Overall, the rejection coefficient decreased as more membranes were added due to increasing feed concentration.
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Tor is an anonymous communication network that allows users to securely communicate on the internet without revealing their location or identity. It works by routing a user's communications through a series of relay servers run by volunteers all around the world, making it difficult to trace the origin or destination of the communications. Tor protects users' privacy and anonymity through its onion routing technique which encrypts and then randomly bounces communications through multiple nodes. While Tor provides anonymity, it can also be used for illegal activities which presents challenges for its widespread adoption and use.
Osmosis project of chemistry
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. Cell membranes allow water to pass through but not larger molecules like sugars. This process is important for plants to absorb water and minerals. In this experiment, carrot tissue will be placed in solutions of varying strengths and weighed to measure how much water enters through osmosis.
1 p9 onion cells 291110
The document provides instructions for preparing onion cells and cheek cells to view under a microscope. It outlines collecting a thin piece of onion skin or scraping the inside of one's cheek and placing it on a slide with stain before adding a coverslip. Students are asked to write up their method and draw and label what they see under the microscope in their notebooks. The document also includes an image and brief description of the parts of a light microscope.
Ib biology lab_report_sample
This lab report summarizes an experiment on osmosis in potato cells. Potato slices were placed in distilled water, tap water, and a salty solution to test how cell mass changes with solution concentration. The slice in salty water lost 9.09% mass, while slices in distilled and tap water gained 54.4% and 17% mass respectively, showing that water moves from lower to higher solute areas. However, limitations include a lack of control and uneven potato sizes. The conclusions are that solution concentration affects water movement through cell membranes, but the missing control prevents validating the initial hypothesis.
Plasmolysis
The epidermal cells of an onion peel were observed before and after plasmolysis. After plasmolysis, the protoplasm shrank away from the cell wall. The cell wall prevented the cell from bursting due to the shrinkage of the protoplasm during plasmolysis.
Igcse2010 fernando enzymes
1. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed.
2. Enzymes have specific active sites that allow them to bind to particular substrate molecules. The enzyme-substrate complex leads to products of the reaction.
3. Many factors affect enzyme activity, including temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentration. Most enzymes function best within a narrow range of temperature and pH.
Biologi f4 sbp akhir tahun 2008
1. The document is a biology exam paper for Form 4 students in Malaysia. It contains 50 multiple choice questions related to topics in biology.
2. The questions cover a range of topics including cell structure and function, transport mechanisms, enzymes, cell division, genetics, respiration, photosynthesis, and human physiology.
3. The exam is designed to take 1 hour and 15 minutes to complete and includes diagrams to aid understanding of the questions.
Experiment 2 transport of materials across cell membranes and plant cell wate...
The document describes experiments measuring diffusion of plant pigments and osmosis in plant cells. Four plant specimens were tested by placing pieces in water, heated water, vegetable oil, or heated oil to observe diffusion of pigments. Results showed lipidsoluble pigments like carotenoids and flavonoids diffused more quickly through oil. A separate experiment on plasmolysis in onion, apple, and spiderwort cells observed changes when placed in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions, showing effects of osmosis. A third experiment determined the sucrose concentration causing plasmolysis in spiderwort cells to estimate their solute concentration.
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References: Campbell, et. al., Biology
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Onion and cheek cell lab
This lab document outlines procedures for observing plant and animal cells under a microscope. Students will examine onion and cheek cells stained with iodine. For the onion cell lab, students will slice an onion, apply iodine stain, and observe the cells under low, medium, and high powers of a microscope, drawing and labeling their observations. For the cheek cell lab, students will rub the inside of their cheek with a toothpick, stir the toothpick in iodine stain, observe the stained cheek cells under the microscope, and draw and label their observations. Students will then analyze their results and write a conclusion describing what was done in the lab and what was discovered about plant and animal cells.
Aprevised osmosis lab
This experiment uses dialysis tubing to investigate osmosis, the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane due to differences in solute concentration. Solutions of varying sucrose concentrations are placed in dialysis bags that are then immersed in distilled water. The change in mass of each bag is measured after 30 minutes to determine how water movement is affected by the relative concentrations of the solutions separated by the membrane. Graphs of the results are analyzed to explain the relationship between solute concentration and water movement through osmosis.
132441402 chapter-3-movement-of-substances-across-the-plasma-membrane
This experiment studied the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on plant cells. In the experiment, onion epidermal cells were placed in distilled water (hypotonic), 0.5M sucrose solution (isotonic), and 1.0M sucrose solution (hypertonic), and observed under a microscope. The cells placed in distilled water became turgid and large, while the cells in the more concentrated sucrose solutions shrank or crenated. When the cells from the hypertonic solution were returned to distilled water, they regained their turgid appearance. This demonstrated how cell shape is affected by the relative concentrations of solutions on either side of the cell membrane.
Laporan Praktikum Difusi Osmosis dan Plasmolisis
Ringkasan dari dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang percobaan permeabilitas dan plasmolisis membran sel pada sel tumbuhan.
2. Percobaan dilakukan dengan mengamati sel epidermis Allium cepa dan daun Rhoeo discolor dalam berbagai larutan.
3. Hasilnya menunjukkan pengaruh suhu dan jenis larutan terhadap permeabilitas membran sel.
Diffusion lab
1) The experiment investigated how the surface area of dialysis tubing filled with starch affected the rate of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane when submerged in an iodine solution.
2) It was predicted that tubes with larger surface areas would diffuse more quickly, resulting in darker colors, while tubes with smaller surface areas would diffuse more slowly, remaining lighter.
3) The results supported this, as the tube with the largest average surface area of 193.75mm produced the darkest color, while the smallest average surface area of 34mm produced the lightest color.
Independent Research Osmosis Lab
The document summarizes an experiment that investigates how temperature affects the rate of diffusion between water and 25% salt water. The experiment uses dialysis tubing to hold water and measures the change in mass at different temperatures over time. It is predicted that as temperature increases, osmotic diffusion will occur faster due to increased particle collisions. The experiment collects data on the initial mass and final mass of the dialysis tubing exposed to salt water at varying temperatures to calculate the percent change in mass and determine if temperature affects diffusion rate.
Osmosis lab report
This document describes an experiment investigating how the concentration of sucrose solutions affects the rate of osmosis in potato cylinders. Potato cylinders were placed in solutions of varying sucrose concentration (0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%) and their change in mass over 30 minutes was measured. The results showed that as the concentration of sucrose increased, the potato cylinders lost more mass, indicating the rate of osmosis increased. This supported the hypothesis that increasing the concentration difference between the solution and potato would increase the rate of water moving from the potato into the solution.
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BSC1005 Biology General Chapter 6 1 Chapter 6 Cel.docx
BSC1005 Biology General
Chapter 6
1
Chapter 6: Cell Energy, Transport and Enzymes
1) Many of the enzymes that control a deep-sea firefly squid's ability to produce light energy from chemical energy are located
A) in membranes.
B) in the nucleus.
C) within chloroplasts.
D) outside of cells.
E) within mitochondria.
2) The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of
A) a phospholipid bilayer with embedded carbohydrates.
B) two layers of phospholipids with protein sandwiched between them.
C) a protein bilayer with embedded phospholipids.
D) carbohydrates, proteins, and phospholipids that can drift in the membrane.
E) individual proteins and phospholipids that can drift in a phospholipid bilayer.
3) Membrane phospholipids
A) have hydrophobic heads that face the center of the membrane and are shielded from water.
B) have hydrophilic tails that face outward and are exposed to water.
C) often have "kinks" in their tails caused by the presence of a double bond between carbons.
D) remain fluid because they are tightly packed against one another.
E) form impermeable layers for cells.
4) The cholesterol associated with animal cell membranes
A) is attached to membrane proteins and extends into the watery environment surrounding the cell.
B) helps to stabilize the cell membrane at body temperature.
C) makes the cell membrane fluid at room temperature.
D) is an abnormality resulting from a diet high in cholesterol.
E) helps solidify the membranes when the room temperature is below freezing.
5) A major function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane is to
A) glue cells together to form tissues.
B) allow the cells of an embryo to sort themselves into tissues and organs.
C) attach the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton.
D) help the cell resist swelling.
E) help the cell retain its shape.
6) When physicians perform an organ transplant, they choose a donor whose tissues match those of the recipient as closely as
possible. Which of the following cell components are being matched?
A) plasma membrane phospholipids
B) plasma membrane proteins
C) cell-surface carbohydrates
D) plasma membrane cholesterols
E) cytoskeletal elements
7) Most of the functions of a cell membrane are performed by
A) glycolipids.
B) proteins.
C) phospholipids.
D) cholesterol.
E) nucleotides.
BSC1005 Biology General
Chapter 6
2
9) Relaying a message from a membrane receptor to a molecule that performs a specific function within a cell is called
A) signal transduction.
B) inhibition.
C) competition.
D) self-recognition.
E) selective permeability.
10) Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that
A) anything can pass into or out of a cell as long as the membrane is intact and the cell is healthy.
B) the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others.
C) glucose cannot ...
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The document discusses the movement of substances across the plasma membrane. It explains that the plasma membrane is selectively permeable and uses different transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and osmosis. Substances move in and out of cells through the plasma membrane to fulfill cellular needs like obtaining nutrients and exporting waste. The key structures that allow for movement are the phospholipid bilayer and embedded transport proteins.
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1. The plasma membrane is a two-layered lipid bilayer structure made of phospholipid molecules with embedded protein molecules.
2. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a fluid structure where molecules can move freely. Different proteins and lipids give each membrane its specific permeability properties.
3. Transport across the membrane includes passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Osmosis involves the diffusion of water across the membrane from high to low concentration areas.
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Dr. Flo Oxley
In this lab unit, you will follow your eSciences ACC Lab Manual (posted in Blackboard: “Lab Manual”) to
learn about diffusion, osmosis, and how these processes work inside cells to support life.
This document will serve as your guide, sending you to the relevant lab activities and introductory
information found in the eSciences lab manual (pages for this unit are 68 - 81), or in the online replication of
the eScience lab manual uploaded to Blackboard for those of you who prefer to follow along online.
NOTE: I recommend that you read from this lab guide & report document first, going to the
eSciences manual materials only as directed. Students previously using the lab manual
have found that the additional background information provided in this document and the
step-by-step guidance through the eSciences lab materials to be beneficial.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION: DIFFUSION
Diffusion is the net movement of a solute away from an area of high concentration towards an area of lower
concentration. If you have ever watched tea diffusing from a tea bag, you are familiar with the process of
diffusion. You have watched the brown molecules leaving the tea bag until eventually the tea become
uniformly brown. This is sometimes referred to as solute molecules moving down their concentration
gradient.
Notice that I said that it is NET movement of a solute. This means that like all molecules in liquid and gas
phases, solute molecules move randomly in all directions. There is no driving force for sending a solute
molecule down its concentration gradient other than there is no way to prevent the random movement of
molecules. Eventually, the solute molecules will become totally randomized in their distribution throughout
the solvent.
What does diffusion have to do with biology? Virtually all movements of molecules into and out of, and
around the interior of the cell relies on diffusion of solutes. The removal of waste products from the cell
relies on the random movement of these molecules from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell.
Similarly, the uptake of vital nutrients relies on their diffusion from the outside to the inside of the cell. The
circulatory system speeds these processes up by sweeping nutrients into the vicinity of cells and sweeping
away waste products from the cells to be excreted elsewhere from the body.
Note that the diffusion of oxygen (a vital nutrient) and carbon dioxide (an ever-present waste product of
cellular respiration) are a part of this story. Diffusion is critical in the process of providing nutrients and
oxygen circulating in the bloodstream to cells. A cell must be close to a capillary, within100 microns from a
capillary, in order for these metabolites to diffuse to the cell quickly enough. If it is farther than that from the
cell, it will not receive the ...
Biology unit 2 cells exam everything you need to know and extra review questions
This biology exam review covers many topics about cell structure and function. It includes 50 multiple choice questions about cell theory, hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions, organelle structure and function, membrane transport mechanisms, and osmotic environments. Students are provided definitions and diagrams to learn the key parts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, plant and animal cells, endosymbiotic theory, and organelle functions. Membrane transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport are also defined.
Transport
The document discusses different types of transport across the cell membrane, including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. It also discusses active transport mechanisms like ion pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis. Key terms defined include isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions, as well as the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Transport
The document discusses different types of transport across the cell membrane, including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. It also discusses active transport mechanisms like ion pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis. Key terms defined include isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions, and how they relate to water movement across the cell membrane.
Movement of substances 2013
This document defines key transport processes in biology - diffusion, osmosis, and active transport - and provides examples of each in plants and humans. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration down a gradient. Osmosis is the specific case of diffusion where water moves through a semi-permeable membrane from high to low water potential. Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient and requires energy. The document discusses the roles of these processes in nutrient/gas exchange and describes demonstrations of osmosis in plant and animal cells under varying conditions.
1.4 Part 1 - Cell Transport
Membranes control the composition of cells through active and passive transport. Passive transport involves diffusion of substances down a concentration gradient and does not require energy. There are three main types of passive transport: simple diffusion of small molecules, osmosis of water molecules, and facilitated diffusion of larger molecules via membrane proteins. Active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient and requires energy. Membranes play a key role in cellular function by regulating what passes in and out of cells.
Important questions of biology class 9th
This document discusses several topics related to cell biology:
- A cell will swell if placed in a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules outside the cell than inside, due to osmosis.
- The endoplasmic reticulum transports materials within the cell but does not generate energy.
- Plasmolysis is the shrinkage of a cell placed in a hypertonic solution due to more water leaving the cell than entering.
- Lysosomes are called the "suicide bags" of the cell because their digestive enzymes can digest the entire cell under some conditions.
attachment.pptx
The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that isolates the cell's contents from the external environment and regulates what enters and exits the cell. It is composed of around 50% lipids and 50% proteins. The phospholipid bilayer is impermeable to water-soluble molecules but permeable to small nonpolar molecules. Passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis allow for movement of substances based on concentration gradients without energy input. Active transport mechanisms like the sodium-potassium pump and endocytosis/exocytosis require energy to move substances against gradients.
Movement of substances
This document discusses different modes of movement of substances across membranes, including diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It defines diffusion as the net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration down a gradient. Osmosis is defined as the net movement of water molecules from an area of higher water potential to lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane. Active transport is the movement of substances against a concentration gradient and requires energy. Examples of each process are provided. The effects of osmosis on plant and animal cells are also described.
3.1 movement in-and_out_of_cells-qp_igcse-cie-biology_
This document is a biology exam paper that tests students' understanding of movement in and out of cells through diffusion and osmosis. It contains 30 multiple choice questions about these topics, including questions about:
- The definition of active transport and how it differs from diffusion
- Experiments demonstrating diffusion and osmosis
- How gases like oxygen move in and out of cells in the lungs and leaves
- The effects of osmosis on plant and animal cells in different solutions
- How water is transported in plants
Students must select the best answer from the options provided to demonstrate their knowledge of the key concepts and processes.
Cell Membranes by Maryam Sarwar.ppt
This Presentation is on the topic of cell membrane. This will explain the structure and function of cell membrane.
Digestion transport and excretion
The document discusses various biological processes related to digestion, transport, and excretion. It includes topics like the levels of biological organization, different modes of nutrient acquisition like suspension feeding and substrate feeding, and membrane transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and aquaporins. It also covers organ system functions, comparing the digestive and excretory systems of carnivores and herbivores, as well as osmoregulation in fish and mammals.
2) In order to act as a barrier against unregulated exchange between t.docx
2) In order to act as a barrier against unregulated exchange between the interior of the cell and the immediate external environment of that cell, the cell membrane has evolved with the following properties: Answer a) a lipid bi-layer is arranged so that it has a hydrophilic exterior and a hydrophobic interior that limits the passage of polar molecules but not lipids. b) a lipid bi-layer is arranged so that it has a hydrophobic exterior and a hydrophilic interior that limits the passage of polar molecules but not lipids. c) a lipid bi-layer is hydrophobic and is covered in hydrophilic proteins which limit the passage of polar molecules but not lipids. d) a lipid bi-layer is completely impermeable except in the regions where protein channels exist. 3) Passive diffusion follows the laws of thermodynamics. It occurs because Answer a) the movement of molecules down its electrical gradient will decrease entropy. b) molecules will naturally move up their concentration gradients as described by th thermodynamic law of entropy. c) molecules move with their electro-chemical gradients toward greater entropy. d) molecules move with their electro-chemical gradients toward reduced entropy. NAME 4) While the laws of physics govern passive diffusion, there are still obstacles that restrict the passive movement of molecules. Which of the following restricts passive diffusion? a) particle concentration, particle size and particle location. b) particle charge, particle size and particle location. c) particle size, particle concentration and particle gradient. d) particle size, particle concentration and particle charge. 5) Facilitated diffusion can Answet a) increase the rate at which particles accumulate with in a cell until the particle concentration is at equilibrium between the inside and outside of the cell. b) increase the rate at which particles accumulate with in a cell until the particle concentration is increased within the cell. c) requires an energy source to allow entry of particles into the cell. d) requires a lipid based intermediate to act as the carrier. 6) Active transport Answer. a) requires that a concentration gradient must be formed because it is using energy derived from the cleavage of ATP. b) can produce a concentration gradient but only if there is co-transported molecule. c) requires a concentration gradient and the cleavage of ATP to reverse the process. d) can create a concentration gradient with the cleavage of ATP.
.
Chapter 4 notes new
This document summarizes different types of transport across cell membranes, including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, as well as active transport processes that require energy. Passive transport includes diffusion of substances down their concentration gradient and osmosis, where water diffuses through selectively permeable membranes. Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient using cellular energy in the form of ATP. It discusses specific examples of active transport like the sodium-potassium pump and endocytosis/exocytosis for larger molecules.
Cell transportnotes1
Cell membranes are selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass through but not others. Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration until evenly distributed. Osmosis is a type of diffusion where water moves through a selectively permeable membrane from higher to lower concentration. Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient and requires energy.
Cellular Transport
Cellular transport requires both passive and active mechanisms. Passive transport includes diffusion and osmosis, which move substances according to concentration gradients without energy input. Active transport moves substances against concentration gradients and requires ATP. Examples of active transport are endocytosis, which moves materials into the cell, and exocytosis, which moves materials out of the cell.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Juneteenth Freedom Day 2024 David Douglas School District
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
Igcse2010 -osmosis & diffusion
- 1. How substances get in and out of cells Mainly based on the exercises from http://www.biology-resources.com/biology-questions.html IGCSE Revision Questions http://biodeluna.wordpress.com
- 5. Which of the statements is an acceptable description of diffusion ? (i) The movement of water from a concentrated solution to a dilute solution across a partially permeable membrane. . (ii) The movement of a dissolved substance from a concentrated solution to a dilute solution across a partially permeable membrane. (iii) The movement of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution across a partially permeable membrane. (iv) The uptake of water by a living cell.
- 6. Which of the statements is an acceptable description of diffusion ? (i) The movement of water from a concentrated solution to a dilute solution across a partially permeable membrane. . (ii) The movement of a dissolved substance from a concentrated solution to a dilute solution across a partially permeable membrane. (iii) The movement of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution across a partially permeable membrane. (iv) The uptake of water by a living cell.
- 7. Definition of osmosis
- 9. Description of diffusion
- 11. Active transport
- 17. (a) a lower osmotic potential (water potential) than its own cytoplasm Plasmolysis (b) a higher osmotic potential (water potential) than its own cytoplasm.
- 19. When meat is salted, bacteria cannot grow on it. Suggest a reason for this.
- 20. When a cell is respiring aerobically, which two gases are likely to be diffusing in and out of the cell, and in which direction will they be diffusing?
- 24. water and iodine starch and glucose solutions A piece of dialysis (‘Visking’) tubing is knotted at one end water and iodine and filled with a 2 % starch solution mixed with a 10% glucose solution. The tube is immersed in.a test-tube of water to which iodine has been added. (a ) Predict what you will see after 30 minutes (i) in the starch and glucose solutions dialysis tube, (ii) in the test-tube, (iii) when you boil the liquid from the test-tube with Benedict's solution. (b) Give an explanation of these results.