The document discusses various biological processes related to digestion, transport, and excretion. It includes topics like the levels of biological organization, different modes of nutrient acquisition like suspension feeding and substrate feeding, and membrane transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and aquaporins. It also covers organ system functions, comparing the digestive and excretory systems of carnivores and herbivores, as well as osmoregulation in fish and mammals.

1. Digestion Transport and Excretion

2. Biological Levels of Organization? … .remember these? Biosphere, Biome, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism, System, Organ…… Histology … .what does it mean?

3. Direct Exchange What is being exchanged? …between what two things?

4. Indirect Exchange 1. Why is this indirect exchange? 2. How is it different than direct exchange?

5. How Do Organisms Obtain Food from their Environment? Suspension Feeding, ….(also known as “Filter Feeding”)

6. Substrate Feeder How is this different than Suspension Feeding?

7. Fluid Feeder Symbiosis? …parasitism? …commensalism? …mutualism?

8. Bulk Feeder

10. Anabolic or Catabolic? Hydrolysis? Digestion? Where would these processes occur in your body?

13. What structure is marked by the arrows? How do you know this to be true?

14. Concept Check Two molecules that can cross a lipid bilayer without help from membrane proteins are O 2 and CO 2 . What properties of the O 2 and CO 2 molecules allow them to diffuse across cell membranes? Hint: Are the molecules polar? …non-polar?

15. The Fluid Mosaic Model… (What ‘s a “Mosaic”?)

16. What is this arrangement of macromolecules called?

17. Write captions for a) ….and b)

29. What is “carnivory”? What is herbivory? Explain how each alimentary canal is well adapted to a) carnivory …and b) herbivory

30. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8edk6nGMwMs

31. Sarcodines… no, it’s not an island in the Mediterranean http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA

32. Osmosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kkPiRT2ewVA

33. Concept Check If a Paramecium were to swim from a hypotonic environment to an isotonic one, would the activity of its contractile vacuole increase or decrease? Why?

34. Write a caption for diagram…use these terms: Kinetic energy Diffusion Semi-permeable membrane Osmotic balance

35. Concept Check This diagram represents osmosis of water across a semipermeable membrane. The U-tube on the right shows the results of the osmosis. What could you do to level the solutions in the two sides of the right hand U-tube? Add more water to the left hand side. Add more water to the right hand side. Add more solute to the left hand side. Add more solute to the right hand side. 0

36. Answer This diagram represents osmosis of water across a semipermeable membrane. The U-tube on the right shows the results of the osmosis. What could you do to level the solutions in the two sides of the right hand U-tube? c) Add more solute to the left hand side. 0

37. Intrinsically speaking…what is an intrinsic membrane protein?

38. Concept Check Why would water molecules need a transport protein (aquaporin) to move rapidily and in large quantities across a cell membrane?

39. What kind of proteins are these proteins? Write a caption for the picture…

40. Hmmm…this reminds me of something we have already discussed… … something about the action of a certain hormone/enzyme?

41. How Insulin Works Insulin binding to the insulin receptor induces a signal transduction cascade which allows the glucose transporter (GLUT4) to transport glucose into the cell.

42. Explain how this diagram shows selective permeability of proteins.

45. Thermoregulation

46. Endothermy

47. Perch-Freshwater Fish Osmoregulation

48. Cod: Saltwater Fish

49. Gill arch Direction of water flow Operculum (gill cover) Gill arch Blood vessels Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood Lamella Gill filaments Water flow between lamellae Blood flow through capillaries in lamella Countercurrent exchange Blood flow in simplified capillary, showing % O 2 Diffusion of O 2 from water to blood Water flow, showing % O 2 100 70 40 15 5 30 60 80

50. Gill arch Direction of water flow Operculum (gill cover) Gill arch Blood vessels Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood Lamella Gill filaments Water flow between lamellae Blood flow through capillaries in lamella Countercurrent exchange Blood flow in simplified capillary, showing % O 2 Diffusion of O 2 from water to blood Water flow, showing % O 2 100 70 40 15 5 30 60 80 Gill arch Direction of water flow Operculum (gill cover) Gill arch Blood vessels Gill filaments

51. Gill arch Blood vessels Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood Lamella Gill filaments Water flow between lamellae Blood flow through capillaries in lamella Countercurrent exchange Blood flow in simplified capillary, showing % O 2 Diffusion of O 2 from water to blood Water flow, showing % O 2 100 70 40 15 5 30 60 80

54. n/a > 99% 50% (approx.) % NaCl < 0.1% 3.5% 1.0% Total Solute Concentration Fresh Water Ocean Water Salmon Body Fluids

55. Excretion

58. High NaCl concentration in the medulla promotes reabsorption of water Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) regulates the amount of water excreted by the kidneys Blood filtrate is refined to urine through reabsorption and secretion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Bowman’s Capsule and Proximal Tubule Animation: Collecting Duct Animation: Effect of ADH Animation: Loop of Henle and Distal Tubule