This document proposes a method to calculate the economic costs and benefits of using electric vehicles (EVs) for voltage control in a distribution system. It formulates the economic loss to EV owners from adjusting active and reactive power during charging. It also proposes calculating incentives for EV owners based on their voltage contribution. The incentives are designed to offset EV owners' losses and encourage participation in voltage control via EVs. A simulation is run on a sample distribution system to calculate incentives and costs under the proposed method. The goal is to determine incentive levels that make voltage control via EVs less costly than conventional methods.
Electric vehicle (EV) charging station powered by the scattered energy sources with DC Nanogrid (NG) provides an option for uninterrupted charging. The NG powered by the renewable energy sources (RES) of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy. When the excess power produced by the renewable energy stored in the local energy storage unit (ESU) utilized during shortage power from the renewable sources. During the overloading of NG and demand of energy in ESU; the mobile charging station (MCS) provides an uninterrupted charging. The MCS provides an option for battery swapping and vehicle to grid feasibility. The MCS required to monitor the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery. Monitoring of SOC and SOH related to the various battery parameters like voltage, current and temperature. A laboratory prototype is developed and tested the practical possibility of EV to NG and Internet of things (IoT) based monitoring of battery parameters.
Electric vehicle (EV) charging station powered by the scattered energy sources with DC Nanogrid (NG) provides an option for uninterrupted charging. The NG powered by the renewable energy sources (RES) of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy. When the excess power produced by the renewable energy stored in the local energy storage unit (ESU) utilized during shortage power from the renewable sources. During the overloading of NG and demand of energy in ESU; the mobile charging station (MCS) provides an uninterrupted charging. The MCS provides an option for battery swapping and vehicle to grid feasibility. The MCS required to monitor the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery. Monitoring of SOC and SOH related to the various battery parameters like voltage, current and temperature. A laboratory prototype is developed and tested the practical possibility of EV to NG and Internet of things (IoT) based monitoring of battery parameters.
This paper presents a real-time emulator of a dual permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board for supervision and observation purposes. In order to increase the reliability of the drive, a sensorless speed control method is proposed. This method allows replacing the physical sensor while guaranteeing a satisfactory operation even in faulty conditions. The novelty of the proposed approach consists of an FPGA implementation of an emulator to control the actual system. Hence, this emulator operates in real-time with actual system control in healthy or faulty mode. It gives an observation of the speed rotation in case of fault for the sake of continuity of service. The observation of the rotor position and the speed are achieved using the dSPACE DS52030D digital platform with a digital signal processor (DSP) associated with a Xilinx FPGA.
The emerging of inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) technology provides more opportunities for the electric vehicle (EV) battery to have a better recharging process. With the development of IWPT technology, various way of wireless charging of the EV battery is proposed in order to find the best solution. To further understand the fundamentals of the IWPT system itself, an ample review is done. There are different ways of EV charging which are static charging (wired), static wireless charging (SWC) and dynamic wireless charging (DWC). The review starts with a brief comparison of static charging, SWC and DWC. Then, in detailed discussion on the fundamental concepts, related laws and equations that govern the IWPT principle are also included. In this review, the focus is more on the DWC with a little discussion on static charging and SWC to ensure in-depth understanding before one can do further research about the EV charging process. The in-depth perception regarding the development of DWC is elaborated together with the system architecture of the IWPT and DWC system and the different track versions of DWC, which is installable to the road lane.
DYNAMIC STABILITY ENHANCEMENT IN MULTIMACHINE POWER SYSTEMS BY DIFFERENT FACT...IAEME Publication
Modern Power system are becoming increasingly stressed due to increasing demand of electricity and restriction on new transmission network .This effect of power network is that transmission power loss increases and decreasing power transmission capability of network. And also stability of synchronous alternator is lost. There are electronic based FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) devises is established to enhance the power transmitting capacity. A major important function of FACTS devises is to enhanced power transmission capacity of power system network without increasing power generation capacity of power system. Because system voltage is inversely proportional to transmission loses.
Recently, LCL has become amongst the most attractive filter used for grid-connected flyback inverters. Nonetheless, the switching of power devices in the inverter configuration creates harmonics that affect the end application behavior and might shorten its lifetime. Furthermore, the resonance frequencies produced by the LCL network contribute to the system instability. This paper proposes a step-by-step guide to designing an LCL filter by considering several key aspects such as the resonance frequency and maximum current ripple. A single-phase grid-connected flyback microinverter with an LCL filter was designed then constructed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Several different parameter variations and damping solutions were used to analyze the performance of the circuit. The simulation result shows a promising total harmonic distortion (THD) value below 5% and harmonic suppression up to 14%.
Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
Transmission lines react to an unexpected increase in power, and if these power changes are not controlled, some lines will become overloaded on certain routes. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can change the voltage range and phase angle and thus control the power flow. This paper presents suitable mathematical modeling of FACTS
devices including static var compensator (SVC) as a parallel compensator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding. A comprehensive modeling of SVC and HVDC bonding in the form of simultaneous applications for power flow is also performed, and the effects of compensations are compared. The comprehensive model obtained was implemented on the 5-bus test system in MATLAB software using the Newton-Raphson method, revealed that generators have to produce more power. Also, the addition of these devices stabilizes the voltage and controls active and reactive power in the network.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
Hybrid energy storage system control analogous to power quality enhancement o...IJECEIAES
Increasing nonlinear loads and power electronic converters lead to various power quality issues in microgrids (MGs). The interlinking converters (ILCs) can participate in these systems to harmonic control and power quality enhancement. However, ILC participation deteriorates the dc link voltage, system stability, and storage lifetime due to oscillatory current phenomena. To address these problems, a new control strategy for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects of the harmonic control operation of ILC. Specifically, battery and super-capacitor (SC) are used as HESSs that provide low and high power frequency load, respectively. The proposed strategy tries to compensate the current oscillation imposed by ILC with fuzzy control of HESS. In this method, a proportional-resonant (PR) controller integrated with harmonic compensator (HC) is employed to control the ILC for power quality enhancement and oscillatory current elimination. The main advantages of the proposed strategy are to reduce DGs power fluctuations, precise DC bus voltage regulation for generation and load disturbances, improved grid power quality under nonlinear load and transition conditions. The performance of the proposed method for isolated and grid-connected modes is verified using simulation studies in the MATLAB software environment.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
This paper presents a real-time emulator of a dual permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board for supervision and observation purposes. In order to increase the reliability of the drive, a sensorless speed control method is proposed. This method allows replacing the physical sensor while guaranteeing a satisfactory operation even in faulty conditions. The novelty of the proposed approach consists of an FPGA implementation of an emulator to control the actual system. Hence, this emulator operates in real-time with actual system control in healthy or faulty mode. It gives an observation of the speed rotation in case of fault for the sake of continuity of service. The observation of the rotor position and the speed are achieved using the dSPACE DS52030D digital platform with a digital signal processor (DSP) associated with a Xilinx FPGA.
The emerging of inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) technology provides more opportunities for the electric vehicle (EV) battery to have a better recharging process. With the development of IWPT technology, various way of wireless charging of the EV battery is proposed in order to find the best solution. To further understand the fundamentals of the IWPT system itself, an ample review is done. There are different ways of EV charging which are static charging (wired), static wireless charging (SWC) and dynamic wireless charging (DWC). The review starts with a brief comparison of static charging, SWC and DWC. Then, in detailed discussion on the fundamental concepts, related laws and equations that govern the IWPT principle are also included. In this review, the focus is more on the DWC with a little discussion on static charging and SWC to ensure in-depth understanding before one can do further research about the EV charging process. The in-depth perception regarding the development of DWC is elaborated together with the system architecture of the IWPT and DWC system and the different track versions of DWC, which is installable to the road lane.
DYNAMIC STABILITY ENHANCEMENT IN MULTIMACHINE POWER SYSTEMS BY DIFFERENT FACT...IAEME Publication
Modern Power system are becoming increasingly stressed due to increasing demand of electricity and restriction on new transmission network .This effect of power network is that transmission power loss increases and decreasing power transmission capability of network. And also stability of synchronous alternator is lost. There are electronic based FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) devises is established to enhance the power transmitting capacity. A major important function of FACTS devises is to enhanced power transmission capacity of power system network without increasing power generation capacity of power system. Because system voltage is inversely proportional to transmission loses.
Recently, LCL has become amongst the most attractive filter used for grid-connected flyback inverters. Nonetheless, the switching of power devices in the inverter configuration creates harmonics that affect the end application behavior and might shorten its lifetime. Furthermore, the resonance frequencies produced by the LCL network contribute to the system instability. This paper proposes a step-by-step guide to designing an LCL filter by considering several key aspects such as the resonance frequency and maximum current ripple. A single-phase grid-connected flyback microinverter with an LCL filter was designed then constructed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Several different parameter variations and damping solutions were used to analyze the performance of the circuit. The simulation result shows a promising total harmonic distortion (THD) value below 5% and harmonic suppression up to 14%.
Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
Transmission lines react to an unexpected increase in power, and if these power changes are not controlled, some lines will become overloaded on certain routes. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can change the voltage range and phase angle and thus control the power flow. This paper presents suitable mathematical modeling of FACTS
devices including static var compensator (SVC) as a parallel compensator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding. A comprehensive modeling of SVC and HVDC bonding in the form of simultaneous applications for power flow is also performed, and the effects of compensations are compared. The comprehensive model obtained was implemented on the 5-bus test system in MATLAB software using the Newton-Raphson method, revealed that generators have to produce more power. Also, the addition of these devices stabilizes the voltage and controls active and reactive power in the network.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
Hybrid energy storage system control analogous to power quality enhancement o...IJECEIAES
Increasing nonlinear loads and power electronic converters lead to various power quality issues in microgrids (MGs). The interlinking converters (ILCs) can participate in these systems to harmonic control and power quality enhancement. However, ILC participation deteriorates the dc link voltage, system stability, and storage lifetime due to oscillatory current phenomena. To address these problems, a new control strategy for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects of the harmonic control operation of ILC. Specifically, battery and super-capacitor (SC) are used as HESSs that provide low and high power frequency load, respectively. The proposed strategy tries to compensate the current oscillation imposed by ILC with fuzzy control of HESS. In this method, a proportional-resonant (PR) controller integrated with harmonic compensator (HC) is employed to control the ILC for power quality enhancement and oscillatory current elimination. The main advantages of the proposed strategy are to reduce DGs power fluctuations, precise DC bus voltage regulation for generation and load disturbances, improved grid power quality under nonlinear load and transition conditions. The performance of the proposed method for isolated and grid-connected modes is verified using simulation studies in the MATLAB software environment.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
Как заработать на Programmatic Premium (RTB) с Between SSP?betweendigital
Как заработать на Programmatic Premium с Between SSP?
Between SSP - это интегрированная платформа для монетизации аудитории вебсайта с помощью технологии Programmatic
4 ключевых преимущества Between SSP перед другими SSP
- Автоматическая оптимизация дохода паблишера
- Продажа видео-инвентаря
- Поддержка Deal-ID
- Programmatic marketplace (Between.Premarket)
Grid reactive voltage regulation and cost optimization for electric vehicle p...nooriasukmaningtyas
Expecting large electric vehicle (EV) usage in the future due to environmental issues, state subsidies, and incentives, the impact of EV charging on the power grid is required to be closely analyzed and studied for power quality, stability, and planning of infrastructure. When a large number of energy storage batteries are connected to the grid as a capacitive load the power factor of the power grid is inevitably reduced, causing power losses and voltage instability. In this work large-scale 18K EV charging model is implemented on IEEE 33 network. Optimization methods are described to search for the location of nodes that are affected most due to EV charging in terms of power losses and voltage instability of the network. Followed by optimized reactive power injection magnitude and time duration of reactive power at the identified nodes. It is shown that power losses are reduced and voltage stability is improved in the grid, which also complements the reduction in EV charging cost. The result will be useful for EV charging stations infrastructure planning, grid stabilization, and reducing EV charging costs.
Reactive Power Assessment With And Without Electrical Vehicle.pptxSaif Shaikh
Modern power systems are suffering pressures from government, large industries and investors.
Especially when new type of loads is emerging, such as EVs. These new technologies make life easier and more comfortable. However, they also challenge the traditional power system. For example, with a large level of EV penetration, are there enough charging stations to facilitate EVs’ charging.
How the impact factors such as different load patterns, EVs’ [1]
charging locations and network topology affect this. This is becoming vital not only for power system
operators, but also for EVs’ users.
In this Project we have Developed mixed-integer programming model to determine the optimal reactive power assessment to charging station by considering types of loads.
We have also considered the impacts of limiting EV’s full state of charge on the total charge
energy for charging station planning.[6]
Nowadays, the recent and massive investments in electric mobility, mainly in Electric Vehicles (EVs) represents a new pattern in the transports sector, alternatively to the vehicles with Internal Combustion Engines (lCE).
In Electrical Vehicle charging system, when reactive power supply lower voltage, as voltage drops current must increase to maintain power supplied, causing system to consume more reactive power and the voltage drops further. If the current increase too much, transmission lines go off line, overloading other lines and potentially causing cascading failures.
The uncoordinated and random charging of EVs increases peak load, losses and voltage limit violations in the distribution system voltage deviations, overloading of distribution transformers
Consumers are normally charged for reactive as well as active power, this gives them an incentive to improve the load power factor by using shunt capacitors. Compensating devices are usually added to supply or absorb reactive power and thereby control the reactive power balance in a desired Manner.
In this project we have analyzed the impact of reactive power on grid with or without
EV charging we have analyzed percentage efficiency, voltage regulation, Sending and Receiving End (3 phase voltage and current, Active power, Reactive power, apparent power) on different load conditions we have noted different electrical parameters using MATLAB simulations with the
help of MATLAB simulation and we have observed the increase in reactive power effect
According that we have provided Assessment which will increase the efficiency of the system
Design of large scale ev charging stationOmarSakib810
Electric vehicles (EVs) are a key technology for reducing oil import reliance and reducing individual transportation's environmental impact. Electric vehicles have several advantages over traditional internal combustion engines, including lower local emissions, higher energy efficiency, and less reliance on oil. Yet there are significant barriers to the rapid adoption of electric cars, including the limitations of battery technology, high purchase costs, and the lack of recharging infrastructure. Electricity infrastructure will be required to satisfy the growing charging demand of PEVs to supply electricity for these vehicles. This paper investigates the possible effects of large-scale EV integration on the power supply system. The possible effects are bus voltage violation, transmission line overloading, reactive power violation etc. The effects of varying the number of EV loads on the power system are analyzed here. During this process, two types (Static analysis and dynamic analysis) of load flow analysis are performed. The tentative number of EV loads is found through the static analysis. In dynamic analysis, motor switching events are analyzed and the size of the EV charging station is finalized by them. This paper emphasizes the effect of the integration of EV loads on the system and also provides some suitable solutions to minimize those effects. The system used here is a prebuilt industrial network of 103 MW. The load flow analysis of this system has been thoroughly analyzed after each step. The results show that it is possible to design an uninterruptible large-scale EV charging station for this particular system with a specific number of EV loads.
Power quality disturbance mitigation in grid connected photovoltaic distribu...IJECEIAES
In the last twenty years, electric vehicles have gained significant popularity in domestic transportation. The introduction of fast charging technology forecasts increased the use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and electric vehicles (PHEVs). Reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) is essential for a distributed power generation system during the electric vehicle (EV) power penetration. This paper develops a combined controller for synchronizing photovoltaic (PV) to the grid and bidirectional power transfer between EVs and the grid. With grid synchronization of PV power generation, this paper uses two control loops. One controls EV battery charging and the other mitigates power quality disturbances. On the grid connected converter, a multicarrier space vector pulse width modulation approach (12-switch,
three-phase inverter) is used to mitigate power quality disturbances. A Simulink model for the PV-EV-grid setup has been developed, for evaluating voltage and current THD percentages under linear and non-linear and PHEV load conditions and finding that the THD values are well within the IEEE 519 standards
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Monitoring Health for the SDGs - Global Health Statistics 2024 - WHOChristina Parmionova
The 2024 World Health Statistics edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work. It also highlights the findings from the Global health estimates 2021, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Donate to charity during this holiday seasonSERUDS INDIA
For people who have money and are philanthropic, there are infinite opportunities to gift a needy person or child a Merry Christmas. Even if you are living on a shoestring budget, you will be surprised at how much you can do.
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Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
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2. nodes, P and Q are the active power and the reactive power
consumed at receiving node, R , X are the resistance and
reactance of feeder. This equation implies that the voltage at
receiving node can be controlled by P and Q .
B. Modeling of EV
In this paper, it is supposed that EV has inverter. In
principle, the inverter can control active and reactive powers
simultaneously. Therefore, an EV is modelled as a load which
can control active and reactive power consumption freely
within its capacity. Here, the discharge from the EV’s battery
is not considered in this paper.
C. PQ control
Fig.2 expresses the relationship between active power (P)
that EV battery charges and reactive power (Q) that EV
battery consumes. EV can control P and Q independently
within inverter capacity. If typical EVs prevailing nowadays
are connected to a distribution system for charging through
their inverter, EVs charge their battery by maximum inverter
capacity because EVs finish charging in the shortest possible
time. This charge method is called “normal charging”
hereafter. If EVs are penetrated massively, voltage drop in the
system by increase of charging power would be large.
On the other hand, in order to avoid voltage violation, PQ
control method proposed in previous studies reduce the
charging power and consume lead reactive power. By the
inverter equipped with the EV, PQ control adjusts the active
and reactive power while checking the voltage of EV’s node.
In general, since the voltage at the terminal of the system is
lower than other voltage, opportunities for PQ control at the
terminal increase. Therefore, instead of contributing to
voltage keeping more than other EVs, EVs in terminal of the
system take a long time to charge. As a result, EV in terminal
of system has insufficient amount of SOC, and the probability
of generating a convenience loss that mileage is limited is
higher than other EVs.
Thus, it is necessary to minimize the suppression of the
charging power for the reason why it leads to the convenience
loss. The detailed control method is described in [4]. As
shown in Fig.2, in this study, the amount of decrease of
charging power and reactive power by the PQ control are
defined P and Q .
III. ECONOMIC SYSTEM AT VOLTAGE CONTROL BY EVS
A. Economic System
If many EVs are installed in the distribution systems and
charged in nighttime when electricity prices cheaper than
other time, there is a possibility that voltage violation of the
lower limit occurs by increasing active power. In this study,
problem of voltage violation due to charging of EVs and the
counter measures against are discussed. Fig.3 is an image of
the comparison of the method proposed in this study with the
method taken by the conventional control voltage. Further, in
this paper, it is intended to propose a method for calculating
the incentive needed by PQ control. A cost taken in a
conventional voltage control and the comparison of two
voltage control methods would like to be a future work.
B. Expected Convenience Loss of EV owner
Since charging power is reduced by PQ control, the
charging time is longer than that by normal charge. As a
result, there is a possibility that EV owner sustain a
convenience loss such that the driving distance is limited
shorter. In this study, the cost to which is converted the
convenience loss is called as "economic loss" here after. As
for this it would be an important point to consider on the
economic loss whether SOC of EV can charge more than
the SOC level needed next day until the time to start using
EV. In this paper, the economic loss caused by the SOC level
at the time to start using EV is formulated. The relationship
between the economic loss and SOC level at the time to start
using EV is shown in Fig.4. Here, economic loss is
formulated by dividing three areas of SOC shown in Fig.4.
Figure 3. Comparison of voltage keeping method
EV DSO
Distribution
system
charging voltage control
conventional method
DSODistribution
system
voltage control
occurrence
of loss
EV
Compare
charging
incentive
cost
PQ control
Figure 2. The image of PQ control
P
leadQ
o
normal charge
adjust P and Q
Lower voltage
Higher
voltage
PQ control
⊿P
⊿Q
Figure 4. The loss at time to start using EV
SOC E[kWh]
economiclossLE[JPY]
EAi EBi
LAi
LBi
(1) (2) (3)
EFi
LCi
3. i : The i th EV [kWh]
AiE : SOC by which EV can drive to a the rapid charger [kWh]
BiE : SOC required for driving through one day [kWh]
FiE : SOC of full level [kWh]
AiL : Economic losses for that EV cannot be used through one
day [JPY]
BiL : Economic losses for using a rapid charger [JPY]
CiL : Economic loss associated with convenience loss by
limiting unscheduled driving [JPY]
Area (1) shown in Fig.3 means that SOC is not enough to
drive through one day. In this area, since EV owner cannot
use the EV and must use the other transportation, large
economic loss is generated. Area (2) means that since there is
a rapid charger within range of distance to the destination, EV
can drive to the rapid charge. In this area economic loss is
generated, such as rapid charging fee and waiting time for
charging. However, In order to use EV through a day, the
economic loss is lower than area (1) because EV can be used
through one day. Area (3) means that SOC is enough to drive
through a day but SOC is not full. In this area, the distance
which EV can drive related unscheduled driving is longer
than area (2), but shorter than full SOC. So the economic loss
in the area is generated. Here, area (1) and (2) are supposed to
be linear and area (3) is supposed to be a quadratic curve
based on the concept of utility in economics. Thus, formula
of economic loss is represented as equation (2). If SOC is
enough to drive one day's distance, economic loss become
smaller significantly.
(2)
The economic loss at the time to start using EV by the PQ
control is supposed to be as equation (3).The economic losses
by PQ control is obtained from the difference between
economic losses NCiL by SOC NCiE when normal charge is
executed and economic losses PQiL by SOC PQiE when PQ
control is executed. That is shown in Fig.5.
NCiPQii LLL ‐= (3)
C. Distribution Method of Incentive by PQ Control
In this study, it is assumed to receive an incentive from
DSO as value for the contribution of keeping voltage when
PQ control is executing. In general, the voltage of node which
is far from the power source is lowered by increasing in the
reactance and resistance of distribution line. As a result, the
amount of PQ control of EV at the terminal node is more than
other EVs. Therefore, the incentive which matches to the
amount of control has to be distributed. In this study, it is
assumed that DSO distributes a part of the costs reduced by
PQ control at a rate of each voltage contribution as an
incentive. The voltage contribution is the degree of voltage
improvement by PQ control of EV.
The voltage contribution )(tCi at a certain time is defined as
following equation (4), referring to equation (1)
)()()( tQXtPRtC iiiii (4)
Thus, the larger resistance iR and reactance iX of
distribution line are, the bigger voltage contribution )(tCi is.
If the amount of PQ control is same, the voltage contribution
by EV at a terminal node is large, and the incentive also
increases. In addition, amount of PQ control also varies
depending on the state of the system changing from time to
time. Therefore, after calculating the incentive each per unit
time, a total incentive in the charging period is calculated as
the sum of the incentive in the each time. The incentive iI is
calculated by the following equation (5).
∑
0
)(
T
t
tCFI ii
(5)
F :Incentive unit price [JPY /min]
T :Charging finish time ( 0t :Charging start time)
In this study, as a unit time supposed to be 1 minute, the
incentive is obtained by multiplying a sum of the contribution
by the incentive unit price at each minute. The benefit iG of
EV owner in one charging period is the difference between
economic losses iL by PQ control and incentive iI . iG is
calculated by equation (6).
iii LIG ‐= (6)
D. Determination of Incentive Unit Price
In the case when the incentive by PQ control is less
( 0iG ) and an economic loss of EV owner is generated and,
the possibility that EV owner does not execute PQ control is
high. As a result, the voltage cannot be kept. On the other
hand, if incentive unit price is set to be very high, DSO needs
the higher cost than conventional voltage keeping measures.
Therefore, it is necessary for DSO to determine the
appropriate incentive unit price F . By setting an appropriate
incentive unit, it is possible that the proposed voltage keeping
method by PQ control costs less than conventional voltage
control method.
AiL Aii EE
EiL )( Aii
AiBi
CiBi
Bi EE
EE
LL
L
BiiAi EEE
Ci
BiBi
iFi
L
EE
EE
2
FiiBi EEE
Figure 5. The loss by PQ control at time to start using EV
SOC E[kWh]
economicloss[JPY]
EPQi ENCi
LPQi
LNCi
Li
4. In this study, if the profit is generated by the PQ control,
EV owner is assumed to execute PQ control. In addition, it is
assumed that the cost needed by PQ control is the sum of
incentive paid to the EV owner. In order to gain a profit by
PQ control, EV owner needs the incentive iI which is the
same amount as the economic loss iL at least. The minimum
required incentive unit iF of EV owner i is calculated as
follows by equation (5) and equation (6).
∑
0=
)(
=
T
t
tC
L
F
i
i
i (7)
Since economic losses iL and amount of PQ control ( P
and Q ) are different depending on each EV, the minimum
required incentive unit iF is different in each EV. Therefore,
the DSO is supposed to determine the incentive unit F as the
maximum value of iF so that all EV owners obtain benefit by
PQ control.
)max( iFF (8)
IV. SIMULATION
A. Simulation Conditions
In order to calculate the cost needed by PQ control,
simulation is executed with distribution system model
consisted of 12 residential load and three EVs shown in Fig.6.
Three EVs are EV1, EV2 and EV3 respectively, as shown in
Fig 6. The impedance and resistance values are shown in
table 1.These values are per unit values which are from power
source to the residential load, which based on impedance of
the primary feeder.
All EVs introduced are assumed to have the
characteristics of Table 2. The economic loss due to SOC at
time to start using EV has the characteristics like Fig.7. In
this simulation, the time to start using EV is 3:00.
In this paper, we executed following two simulations.
First simulation is to calculating the incentive unit needed to
execute PQ control in the case assumed the load of one day.
Thus, proposed method of calculating incentive and changing
of charging power and reactive power by PQ control are
shown by this simulation. This is called as simulation 1.
In the system in which voltage violation is generated
every day by charging EV, the possibility that the cost needed
for PQ control become higher than that needed by
conventional method is high. Conversely, if the frequency of
voltage violation is few, the method by PQ control would be
more economic advantage than conventional method.
Therefore, in addition to calculation of cost through one day,
it is necessary to calculate the cost in a longer period.
Considering this, as another simulation, we calculate the cost
needed by PQ control in the case where the annual load is
assumed. This is called as simulation 2.
Lest the voltage violation is generated by only residential
load, the sending voltage from distribution substation is set to
be 6.6kV from 8AM to 10PM (heavy load period) and
6.35kV from 10PM to 8AM (light load period). Specific
conditions in each simulation are shown below.
1) Simulation 1
Assumed load curve of each residential load is shown in
Fig.8 (inductive reactive power is defined as positive and
active and reactive power of EV is not included).Fig.9
illustrates the time-sequential voltage profile in residential
which is farthest from the pole transformer.
TABLE I. RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE OF EACH RESIDENTIAL
residential
load No.
resistance
Ri [pu]
reactance
Xi [pu]
1, 7 17.8 6.5
2, 8 5.6 6.0
3, 9 16.2 4.4
4, 10 4.1 3.9
5, 11 14.7 2.3
6, 12 2.5 1.8
TABLE II. PARAMETER OF EVS
Value
Time to start charging st 23
Time of departure et 3
Capacity of inverter for EV S 3kVA
SOC of full level EF 15kWh
SOC by which EV can drive to a the rapid charger EA 2kWh
SOC required for driving through one day EB 4kWh
Economic losses for that EV cannot be used
through one day
LA 9600JPY
Economic losses for using a rapid charger LB 1300JPY
Economic loss associated with convenience loss by
limiting unscheduled driving
LC 1100JPY
Parameters
Figure 7. The economic loss at time to start using EV
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0 5 10 15
economicloss[JPY]
SOC [kWh]
Figure 6. Simulation system
service wire
(DV3.2)
service wire
(DV3.2)
residential load
residential load7
6 5 4 3 2 1EV1EV2EV3
9101112 8
secondary feeder(SV60)
5m 40m5m 40m 5m 40m
5m 40m5m 40m 5m 40m
pole
transformer
50m
secondary feeder(SV60)
50m
Figure 8. Daily Load curve of one residential load without EV
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00
ActiveamdReactive
power[kW,kvar]
Hour
active power reactive power
5. 2) Simulation 2
In [8], hourly residential average load data in every month
have been published as the maximum value of 1. In addition,
the annual average sum value of the residential power
consumption is shown in [9]. In this study, we assume a
yearly residential load as shown in Fig.10 on basis of [8]-[9].
Further, in order to calculate the number of days that the
voltage violation is occurred, it is assumed that the lead curve
of each month shown in Fig.10 is regarded as the load curve
of 15th
day. And load curves from 15th
day of a month to the
15th
day of next month changes at constant rate.
In this simulation, in order to compare annual cost with
EV spread level and the number of days in which voltage
violation occurs are calculated in three cases. Three cases are
that 3 EVs are connected shown in Fig.6, the residences from
No.1 to No.6 in Fig.6 have EVs and all 12 residences have
EVs. However, the number of voltage violation days is
obtained by counting the date in which the PQ control is
executed to keep voltage. That means voltage violation is
generated by only normal charge.
B. Calculation of Incentive Unit (Simulation 1)
Table 3 is the results of simulation based on the
conditions described in the previous section. Voltage
violation in EV3 is not occured by normal charge. However,
since voltage violation is occurred at the nodes that EV1 and
EV2 connect, EV1 and EV2 avoid voltage violation by
executing the PQ control. As a result, the economic losses by
PQ control are generated. However if incentive unit F is
equal to 0.036 [JPY/min] or more, owners of EV1 and EV2
obtain benefit positive iG . At this time, since the sum of
incentive distributed to each EV is 141 [JPY], the cost that
the DSO needs in order to avoid voltage violation is 141
[JPY]. The cost needed for PQ control and incentive unit
price F are obtained by executing such as this calculation.
On the other hand, in EV1, the relationship between the
charge and reactive power and charging time is illustrated in
Fig.11. Since residential load is relatively large at 23:00 as
shown in Fig.8, the amount of reactive power and reduced
charging power of the EV1 which is located on a terminal
node is large. However, because the residential load becomes
small after 1:00, the voltage of the node connected by EV1
and EV2 can be kept even with normal charge. Therefore, PQ
control is executed until 1:00 and economic losses by PQ
control is compensated by incentive from 23:00 to 1:00.
Fig.12 shows the relationship between incentive money
and time. Since P and Q are changed by the time, the
amount of incentive increase varies by each time. After 1:00,
because P and Q of equation (5) are zero, the amount of
incentive in each EV is not changed.
C. Yearly Cost Needed for PQ Control (Simulation 2)
In three case that the number of EV are 3,6 and 12
respectively shown in Ⅳ-A 2) ,the result of the number of
voltage violation days and annual cost needed to execute PQ
control is shown as table 4. When three EVs are connected,
although voltage violation is occured in 36 days, the amount
of PQ control is small. In this case, the needed cost is only
Figure 10. Yearly load curve of one residential load without
EV
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00
averageload[kW]
hour
Jan
Apr,Oct
Jul
Figure 11. Active and reactive power of EV1
P
leadQ
23:00
2.1
2.1
3
0
2.5
1.6 0:00
1:00
charging start
Figure 12. Incentive of PQ control
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00
IncentiveIi[JPY]
hour
EV1
EV2
TABLE III. RESULTS OF SIMULATION 1
Incentive unit
Fi [JPY/V2
]
Max(Fi)
Incentive
Ii [JPY]
Total cost
[JPY]
Charging
finish time
EV1 0.032 105 4:28
EV2 0.036 36 4:12
EV3 - 0 4:00
0.036 141
Figure 9. Voltage at each node without EV
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00
Voltage[V]
Hour
Minimum voltage level
6. 150 [JPY] per year. However, when the number of EV is six,
voltage violation is occured every day in the normal charge.
As the result, the needed annual cost is 6,903[JPY]. When
twelve EVs are connected, the needed annual cost exceeds
160,000 [JPY].
On the other hand, the cost needed to execute PQ control
per day with each number of EV is shown in Fig.13. In case
of three EVs, the cost is 0 [JPY] in most of days and since
voltage violation is occured in only January and February, the
annual cost is few. In case of six EVs, although the cost of
approximately 80 [JPY] per day is needed in January and July,
the voltage can be kept by a few cost in other season.
However, in case of 12 EVs, the cost which is exceeded 350-
650 [JPY] per day takes throughout the year. The reason why
the cost increase is two point. One is larger voltage drop by
increasing EVs. Another is that the EV owners needing
incentive increase.
Therefore, in the case of fewer EVs, the cost that the DSO
has to pay could be reduced more by PQ control than the cost
for conventional method to keep voltage. However, if EVs
are used in many residences, the possibility that the
conventional voltage method, such as installing SVR, is more
effective than PQ control would be high. However, this
simulation set up severe condition that SOC of all EVs is zero
before charging through yearly. Usually, it is rare to happen
like this severe condition. If SOC before charging start time is
set up more realistic, it is possible to keep the voltage with
less cost.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the economic loss of the owner of the EV by
PQ control is formulated and the method to evaluate the PQ
control from the viewpoint of cost is proposed. Then, the
needed costs of executing PQ control through one day or year
are calculated by implementing simulation in the distribution
system model. As a result, since the needed cost increases
with the number of EV, PQ control is considered particularly
effective in the diffusion stage of EV.
In future, comparing the cost of conventional method
and cost of the PQ control is an important subject.
Furthermore, considering whether PQ control is executed or
not based on EV owner's benefit and SOC of EV before
charging, we would like to propose a voltage control method
that benefit of DSO and EV owners are maximized.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is supported by the south Hokkaido Science
Promotion Foundation and Sakurai funds of the Institute of
Electrical Engineers of Japan.
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TABLE IV. RESULTS OF SIMULATION 2
3 36 150
6 365 6903
12 365 161500
number
of EV
number of voltage
deviation days
annual cost
[JPY]
Figure 13. Total cost of PQ control
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1 4 7 10 12
needcost[JPY/day]
month
3EV
6EV
12EV