1) The 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in Japan caused widespread damage, including over 6,000 deaths. It had massive impacts on infrastructure and the local economy. 2) Recovery of basic infrastructure services like water, gas and power took weeks to months to restore, while some transportation networks took over a year. 3) Both the direct economic losses and indirect losses on the local and national economy were estimated to be in the hundreds of billions of dollars. Some industries and communities in the affected areas struggled to fully recover even years later. 4) Complete recovery involves not just physical and economic dimensions, but also social and psychological recovery as people work to rebuild their lives and make sense of the traumatic event

1. When people feel recovered after disasters: Roles of economic recovery and sense making in affected societies Hirokazu TATANO Disaster Prevention Research Institute Kyoto University

2. What happened in 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Earthquakes?

3. Outline of Damage by the Hashin-Awaji Earthquake,1995 Casualties Death: 6306 Missing: 2 Injured: 41,527 Housing and Buildings Totally collapsed houses: 100,300 Half and partially collapsed houses: 214,000 Engineered buildings: 3,700 Bridges Road (Hanshin Expressway): 67 Railway: 32 Geotechnical Failures Embankment: 427 Landslides: 367 Water Customers without service: 1.2 million Restoration 82 days Gas Customers without service: 857,000 Restoration 85 days Electricity Customers without service: 2.6 million Outage of electric power: 2836 Mw Restoration time: 7 days Telecommunication Customers affected by Switchboard Malfunction: 235,000 Damaged Cable Line: 19,300 Direct Loss Private properties: ¥ 6.3 trillion Transportation : ¥ 2.2 trillion Lifelines: ¥ 0.6 trillion Others: ¥ 0.5 trillion ( Total: ¥ 9.6 trillion)

6. ◎ A quantitative observation of lifeline system functions (1) Damage was quantitatively very large. ・ Water: 1.2 million households; leaks: 3,600 in distribution mains; 134,000 in service pipes. ・ Gas:0.85 million customers; 5,188 breaks in low pressure distribution mains and 21,669 in service and in-house piping. ・ Power: 2.6million customers; ・ Highways: 250,000 vehicles/day; Hanshin Expwy.; 67collapses ・ Railways: 600,000 commuting passengers / day; 32collapses (Kameda, 2000)

7. (2) Functional restoration required a long time. ・ Water: 82 days; ・ Gas: 85 days ・ Power: 7 days ・ Highways: 20 months ・ Railways: 6 months (major lines) (Kameda, 2000)

8. (Kameda, 2000)

11. The reason for huge disaster in Kobe as compound effects of: ・ Very destructive near-field ground motions affected by specific source mechanism ・ Physical vulnerability of existing urban regions (buildings, lifelines and social infrastructures: Development of modern earthquake engineering technologies does not immediately lead to enhancement of urban seismic safety. ) ・ Social vulnerability (lack of effective emergency management systems, information systems, mechanism of technology implementation ) (Kameda, 2000)

13. GRP growth of the affected area is weaker than the others Hyogo Kobe City

14. Recovery demands vs. indirect losses Recovery demands Indirect losses Toyoda, 2006

18. Recovery timeline: when victims thought recovered

19. Citizen reinterpreted EQ positively after 10 years from the event Kimura, et. al. 2006 Yes No No idea