The document describes an experiment where bread was exposed to light or no light to determine the effect on mold growth. Over a 6 day period, the bread exposed to no light grew more mold than bread exposed to light, contrary to the hypothesis. The purpose of the experiment was to observe mold growth under different light conditions, and the results showed that mold grew more in the absence of light.
SMi Presents the 5th Annual Conference on
Pharmaceutical Microbiology 20 - 21 JAN 2016
Pioneering new techniques for the prevention
detection and management of microorganisms
دورة مختصرة عن المعمل الميكروبيولوجى ودوره فى شركات ومصانع الادوية
المحتوى :
- Introduction to Microbiology
- Microbiology lab. Overview
- Microbiology Lab. Role
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology
- Microbiological tests for pharmaceuticals
الميكروبيولوجى ببساطة
isolation and characterization of pgpr from paper mill effluent infested areaijtsrd
Paper and pulp industry are considered as 17th most polluting industry due to its highly coloured and toxic wastewater discharge in the environment. A number of heavy metals get mixed within the agricultural soil through the paper mill discharge. These heavy metals are potent phytotoxic and they have huge negative impact on plant health. To minimize these impacts and to improve crop health deliberate application of chemical fertilizers is very common in present days but these chemical fertilizers are destroying the soil and plant health tremendously. In this situation rhizosphere researches suggest the concept of the application of PGPR. The group of root colonizing bacteria which enhance plant growth and development are called Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria PGPR . This group of bacteria improve plant’s growth by direct as well as indirect mechanisms. These mechanisms involve IAA production, siderophore production, soil structure formation, decomposition of organic matter, solubilization of minerals, degrading organic pollutants, biocontrol of seed borne pathogens etc. In present study we have focused on isolation and characterization of PGPRs from paper mill effluent infested soil. Ananya Roy Chowdhury "Isolation and Characterization of PGPR from Paper Mill Effluent Infested Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd32930.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/32930/isolation-and-characterization-of-pgpr-from-paper-mill-effluent-infested-area/ananya-roy-chowdhury
The document advertises and provides an agenda for the 6th Annual Conference on Pharmaceutical Microbiology taking place January 17-19, 2017 in London. It will feature presentations and workshops on topics such as endotoxin testing, rapid microbial detection methods, environmental monitoring, and contamination control. Registration discounts are available before certain dates.
The document describes a Pharmaceutical Microbiology course offered at a Faculty of Pharmacy. The 45-lecture course covers topics such as quality control and assurance in pharmaceutical manufacturing, microbial production and assay methods, and laboratory procedures including microbial identification, antimicrobial testing, and assays of antibiotics, vitamins, and amino acids. Assessment includes assignments, presentations, midterm and final exams. The course aims to explain the application of microbiology in pharmaceuticals and teach skills used in quality control laboratories.
1) The document discusses an experiment to find the best conditions for growing mold on sliced bread. Humidity, airflow, and darkness were hypothesized to support fungal growth.
2) Bread samples were placed in bags representing control, humidity, airflow, and darkness conditions and observed over 12 days. Humidity, with 2 tbsp of water added, showed the clearest mold growth after 4 days.
3) Previous research found that high humidity between 100-80% best supported growth of common bread spoilage fungi like Penicillium. Oxygen scavenging and directional microwaves can inhibit mold growth and extend bread shelf life.
Introduction to Pharmaceutical microbiologyambadasbk
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms. Pharmaceutical microbiology applies these concepts to pharmaceutical operations. Some key areas where microbiology is important in pharmacy include pharmaceutical production, medical devices, and cosmetics. The history of microbiology began with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microorganisms in the 1600s and important figures like Louis Pasteur, who disproved spontaneous generation, and Robert Koch, who linked specific bacteria to particular diseases. Microbiology has many applications including antibiotic production, enzyme production, sterilization, and testing of pharmaceuticals.
The document describes an experiment where bread was exposed to light or no light to determine the effect on mold growth. Over a 6 day period, the bread exposed to no light grew more mold than bread exposed to light, contrary to the hypothesis. The purpose of the experiment was to observe mold growth under different light conditions, and the results showed that mold grew more in the absence of light.
SMi Presents the 5th Annual Conference on
Pharmaceutical Microbiology 20 - 21 JAN 2016
Pioneering new techniques for the prevention
detection and management of microorganisms
دورة مختصرة عن المعمل الميكروبيولوجى ودوره فى شركات ومصانع الادوية
المحتوى :
- Introduction to Microbiology
- Microbiology lab. Overview
- Microbiology Lab. Role
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology
- Microbiological tests for pharmaceuticals
الميكروبيولوجى ببساطة
isolation and characterization of pgpr from paper mill effluent infested areaijtsrd
Paper and pulp industry are considered as 17th most polluting industry due to its highly coloured and toxic wastewater discharge in the environment. A number of heavy metals get mixed within the agricultural soil through the paper mill discharge. These heavy metals are potent phytotoxic and they have huge negative impact on plant health. To minimize these impacts and to improve crop health deliberate application of chemical fertilizers is very common in present days but these chemical fertilizers are destroying the soil and plant health tremendously. In this situation rhizosphere researches suggest the concept of the application of PGPR. The group of root colonizing bacteria which enhance plant growth and development are called Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria PGPR . This group of bacteria improve plant’s growth by direct as well as indirect mechanisms. These mechanisms involve IAA production, siderophore production, soil structure formation, decomposition of organic matter, solubilization of minerals, degrading organic pollutants, biocontrol of seed borne pathogens etc. In present study we have focused on isolation and characterization of PGPRs from paper mill effluent infested soil. Ananya Roy Chowdhury "Isolation and Characterization of PGPR from Paper Mill Effluent Infested Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd32930.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/32930/isolation-and-characterization-of-pgpr-from-paper-mill-effluent-infested-area/ananya-roy-chowdhury
The document advertises and provides an agenda for the 6th Annual Conference on Pharmaceutical Microbiology taking place January 17-19, 2017 in London. It will feature presentations and workshops on topics such as endotoxin testing, rapid microbial detection methods, environmental monitoring, and contamination control. Registration discounts are available before certain dates.
The document describes a Pharmaceutical Microbiology course offered at a Faculty of Pharmacy. The 45-lecture course covers topics such as quality control and assurance in pharmaceutical manufacturing, microbial production and assay methods, and laboratory procedures including microbial identification, antimicrobial testing, and assays of antibiotics, vitamins, and amino acids. Assessment includes assignments, presentations, midterm and final exams. The course aims to explain the application of microbiology in pharmaceuticals and teach skills used in quality control laboratories.
1) The document discusses an experiment to find the best conditions for growing mold on sliced bread. Humidity, airflow, and darkness were hypothesized to support fungal growth.
2) Bread samples were placed in bags representing control, humidity, airflow, and darkness conditions and observed over 12 days. Humidity, with 2 tbsp of water added, showed the clearest mold growth after 4 days.
3) Previous research found that high humidity between 100-80% best supported growth of common bread spoilage fungi like Penicillium. Oxygen scavenging and directional microwaves can inhibit mold growth and extend bread shelf life.
Introduction to Pharmaceutical microbiologyambadasbk
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms. Pharmaceutical microbiology applies these concepts to pharmaceutical operations. Some key areas where microbiology is important in pharmacy include pharmaceutical production, medical devices, and cosmetics. The history of microbiology began with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microorganisms in the 1600s and important figures like Louis Pasteur, who disproved spontaneous generation, and Robert Koch, who linked specific bacteria to particular diseases. Microbiology has many applications including antibiotic production, enzyme production, sterilization, and testing of pharmaceuticals.
Biofilms are difficult to detect using traditional methods like culturing and can evade detection. A new method called fouling cell analysis directly detects biofilms using infrared spectroscopy to analyze the biofilm exopolymer without removing it from surfaces. Fouling cell analysis can track changes in biofilm chemistry over time and monitor the impact of cleaning methods by measuring reductions in infrared absorption peaks. Biofilms become highly resistant to cleaning and can survive harsh conditions like high temperatures and disinfectants, highlighting the need for direct biofilm detection methods.
This document describes a 6-in-1 product that provides hospital-grade disinfection, eliminates odors, kills mold and mildew, eliminates allergens, kills and prevents biofilms, and can be used as a no-rinse sanitizer. It works by using chlorine dioxide to selectively oxidize viruses, bacteria, and other microbes. It is effective against a wide range of pathogens and does not require personal protective equipment.
52.Screeing of industrial production of CellulaseAnnadurai B
1) The study screened 73 microorganism species for their ability to produce cellulase enzymes. Alternaria, Bacillus, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Fusarium and Penicillium showed good cellulase production.
2) Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus terreus produced the highest amounts of cellulase. Maximum enzyme production of 1.76 U/ml was achieved by A. terreus at 30°C, pH 5.0 over 6 days of incubation.
3) Supplementing the culture medium with plant waste materials like banana leaves, rice husk, and wheat bran further improved cellulase production, with 6% supplementation
Screening, identification and isolation of cellulolytic fungiDr. sreeremya S
Cellulase assay for Enzyme production
The activity of -glucosidase ( G), total
cellulase (FPase) and endoglucanase
(CMCase) was studied as cellulolytic
activity. Filter paper activity (FPase) for
total cellulase activity in the culture filtrate
was determined according to the standard
method (Eveleigh DE et al.2009). CMCase
(carboxy methyl cellulase) activity was
assayed using Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS)
method (Mandels and Weber, 1969).
Introduction to Basic Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyChittaranjan Das
Contains basic of pharmaceutical microbiology and major microflora in the cleanroom. Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. Common microorganisms in the cleanroom and diseases they produce. Biofilm in the pharmaceutical cleanroom.
ABSTRACT- The development of human civilization throughout history has led to growing disruption of the natural
balance and the occurrence of different types of pollution. Environmental pollution with petroleum and petrochemical
products has been recognized as significant and serious problem. Diesel engine oil, which is one of the major products of
crude oil, constitutes a major source of pollution in our environment. Therefore diesel engine oil can enter into the
environment through wrecks of oil tankers carrying diesel oil, cleaning of diesel tanks by merchants, war ships carrying
diesel oil and motor mechanics. In present study the microorganisms utilising petrol and diesel oil as carbon source were
isolated and investigation of their characteristics towards the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), which is now a
days well known as biodegradable polymer.
Key Words- Petrol and Diesel oil contamination, Bioremediation, Biodegradable bacterial polymer, Sudan
Black B staining, 16sr RNA sequencing
Selection of plant species
Selection of mother plant for collection of explant
Explant
Surface sterilization
Media composition for various objectives (Callus, somatic embryo, shoot etc)
Genetic fidelity
Acclimatization (Primary hardening, secondary hardening, field transfer)
This document summarizes a study that screened 40 plant extracts for antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The study aimed to screen extracts from plants traditionally used to treat tuberculosis and other infections in Sudan. The screening identified 5 extracts that showed distinct antimicrobial properties against M. tuberculosis through high-throughput screening using luciferase to determine bacterial growth and confirmation of inhibition through CFU plating and analysis of bacterial growth. The extracts warrant further study to evaluate their potential as sources of new anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Biodegradation of Profenofos Pesticide by Efficient Bacillus Cereus and Klebs...ijsrd.com
The objective of this study to examine potential for the degradation Profenofos pesticide by the bacteria and finding the optimum conditions of bacteria. The growth of the pesticide degrading bacteria was assessed in Mineral salt broth containing 25mg of pesticide at different level temperature levels (25°C,30°C, 35°C & 40°C) and pH levels ( pH 5, pH 6, pH 7 & pH 8) .The maximum growth rate of bacteria was recorded at 35°C and pH 6. Among the tow bacteria the bacteria Bacillus cereus utilized the pesticides effectively and showed maximum growth. Profenofos pesticide was biological degradable.
All clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi tested were capable of biofilm formation in vitro. The optimized conditions for maximum biofilm formation were adherence test medium incubated at 37°C and 150 rpm for 48 hours. Of the Salmonella Typhi isolates tested, 61% were very strong biofilm producers, 29% were strong producers, and 11% were moderate producers. For Salmonella Paratyphi isolates, 69% were very strong producers, 23% were strong producers, and 8% were moderate producers. The ability of these clinical isolates to form biofilms is concerning from a public health perspective as it could facilitate transmission to new hosts and cause disease.
The document describes experiments conducted to isolate, characterize, and identify an unknown species of bacteria collected from soil in Flagstaff, Arizona. A series of tests were performed on the isolated bacteria, including Gram staining, endospore staining, catalase testing, carbohydrate testing, and more. Results of the tests were used to compare the unknown bacteria to known species in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology in order to identify the bacteria. Preliminary analysis indicated the bacteria were adapted to the alkaline soil and climate conditions of Flagstaff's high altitude location.
Microbiology is the study of microbes that infect humans and cause disease. Sensitivity testing helps determine the most effective antibiotic to treat an infection by testing which antibiotics can inhibit or kill the bacteria causing the infection. The sensitivity test involves culturing bacteria from a sample, identifying the bacteria species, and exposing it to different antibiotics to see which ones prevent its growth. This helps doctors select the appropriate antibiotic for treatment.
1. The document describes a procedure for isolating antibiotic-producing fungi from soil samples through serial dilution and culture techniques. Various culture media are listed that can be used to selectively grow fungi.
2. The serial dilution method is used to isolate fungi from soil samples. Samples are diluted across test tubes and aliquots are plated on potato dextrose agar to promote fungal growth.
3. Once isolated, pure cultures of fungi can be grown in broth culture to produce secondary metabolites like antibiotics over one week for analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and its branches and applications. It discusses the history and founders of microbiology, including Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, and Robert Koch. It outlines the branches of pure and applied microbiology. It also describes several important applications of microbiology in pharmaceuticals, including the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vaccines, and biosurfactants, as well as uses in disease diagnosis, industrial waste treatment, plant growth promotion, sterile product preparation, and sterilization.
This document summarizes screening techniques for industrially important microorganisms. It discusses primary and secondary screening. Primary screening involves isolating microorganisms of interest from environmental samples using selective media and techniques like dye indicators or crowded plates. Secondary screening further evaluates isolates for commercial value by identifying useful metabolites and determining optimal growth conditions. Examples provided are screening for organic acid, antibiotic, and extracellular metabolite producers. Secondary screening of antibiotic-producing Streptomyces involves measuring inhibition zones against test organisms.
Making products using food waste (autosaved)nomin borhuu
This document discusses yeast taxonomy and growth conditions. It begins by describing the structure of yeast cells and their main macromolecular components. It then covers the chemical composition of yeast cells, noting their protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and mineral content. The document also discusses yeast taxonomy, classifying yeast under the kingdom of fungi. It notes that yeast reproduction generally occurs through budding. The final section covers the conditions necessary for yeast multiplication and growth, such as nutrients, temperature, pH, and oxygen levels.
This document provides an overview of industrial microbiology. It discusses the history of industrial microbiology beginning with Pasteur's work demonstrating the role of microbes in fermentation. It also describes characteristics of industrial microbes, fermentation processes, sterilization, genetic manipulation techniques, major products including primary and secondary metabolites, and waste disposal methods. The key applications of microbes include production of enzymes, organic acids, antibiotics, and other pharmaceuticals on an industrial scale.
Biofilms are difficult to detect using traditional methods like culturing and can evade detection. A new method called fouling cell analysis directly detects biofilms using infrared spectroscopy to analyze the biofilm exopolymer without removing it from surfaces. Fouling cell analysis can track changes in biofilm chemistry over time and monitor the impact of cleaning methods by measuring reductions in infrared absorption peaks. Biofilms become highly resistant to cleaning and can survive harsh conditions like high temperatures and disinfectants, highlighting the need for direct biofilm detection methods.
This document describes a 6-in-1 product that provides hospital-grade disinfection, eliminates odors, kills mold and mildew, eliminates allergens, kills and prevents biofilms, and can be used as a no-rinse sanitizer. It works by using chlorine dioxide to selectively oxidize viruses, bacteria, and other microbes. It is effective against a wide range of pathogens and does not require personal protective equipment.
52.Screeing of industrial production of CellulaseAnnadurai B
1) The study screened 73 microorganism species for their ability to produce cellulase enzymes. Alternaria, Bacillus, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Fusarium and Penicillium showed good cellulase production.
2) Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus terreus produced the highest amounts of cellulase. Maximum enzyme production of 1.76 U/ml was achieved by A. terreus at 30°C, pH 5.0 over 6 days of incubation.
3) Supplementing the culture medium with plant waste materials like banana leaves, rice husk, and wheat bran further improved cellulase production, with 6% supplementation
Screening, identification and isolation of cellulolytic fungiDr. sreeremya S
Cellulase assay for Enzyme production
The activity of -glucosidase ( G), total
cellulase (FPase) and endoglucanase
(CMCase) was studied as cellulolytic
activity. Filter paper activity (FPase) for
total cellulase activity in the culture filtrate
was determined according to the standard
method (Eveleigh DE et al.2009). CMCase
(carboxy methyl cellulase) activity was
assayed using Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS)
method (Mandels and Weber, 1969).
Introduction to Basic Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyChittaranjan Das
Contains basic of pharmaceutical microbiology and major microflora in the cleanroom. Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. Common microorganisms in the cleanroom and diseases they produce. Biofilm in the pharmaceutical cleanroom.
ABSTRACT- The development of human civilization throughout history has led to growing disruption of the natural
balance and the occurrence of different types of pollution. Environmental pollution with petroleum and petrochemical
products has been recognized as significant and serious problem. Diesel engine oil, which is one of the major products of
crude oil, constitutes a major source of pollution in our environment. Therefore diesel engine oil can enter into the
environment through wrecks of oil tankers carrying diesel oil, cleaning of diesel tanks by merchants, war ships carrying
diesel oil and motor mechanics. In present study the microorganisms utilising petrol and diesel oil as carbon source were
isolated and investigation of their characteristics towards the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), which is now a
days well known as biodegradable polymer.
Key Words- Petrol and Diesel oil contamination, Bioremediation, Biodegradable bacterial polymer, Sudan
Black B staining, 16sr RNA sequencing
Selection of plant species
Selection of mother plant for collection of explant
Explant
Surface sterilization
Media composition for various objectives (Callus, somatic embryo, shoot etc)
Genetic fidelity
Acclimatization (Primary hardening, secondary hardening, field transfer)
This document summarizes a study that screened 40 plant extracts for antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The study aimed to screen extracts from plants traditionally used to treat tuberculosis and other infections in Sudan. The screening identified 5 extracts that showed distinct antimicrobial properties against M. tuberculosis through high-throughput screening using luciferase to determine bacterial growth and confirmation of inhibition through CFU plating and analysis of bacterial growth. The extracts warrant further study to evaluate their potential as sources of new anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Biodegradation of Profenofos Pesticide by Efficient Bacillus Cereus and Klebs...ijsrd.com
The objective of this study to examine potential for the degradation Profenofos pesticide by the bacteria and finding the optimum conditions of bacteria. The growth of the pesticide degrading bacteria was assessed in Mineral salt broth containing 25mg of pesticide at different level temperature levels (25°C,30°C, 35°C & 40°C) and pH levels ( pH 5, pH 6, pH 7 & pH 8) .The maximum growth rate of bacteria was recorded at 35°C and pH 6. Among the tow bacteria the bacteria Bacillus cereus utilized the pesticides effectively and showed maximum growth. Profenofos pesticide was biological degradable.
All clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi tested were capable of biofilm formation in vitro. The optimized conditions for maximum biofilm formation were adherence test medium incubated at 37°C and 150 rpm for 48 hours. Of the Salmonella Typhi isolates tested, 61% were very strong biofilm producers, 29% were strong producers, and 11% were moderate producers. For Salmonella Paratyphi isolates, 69% were very strong producers, 23% were strong producers, and 8% were moderate producers. The ability of these clinical isolates to form biofilms is concerning from a public health perspective as it could facilitate transmission to new hosts and cause disease.
The document describes experiments conducted to isolate, characterize, and identify an unknown species of bacteria collected from soil in Flagstaff, Arizona. A series of tests were performed on the isolated bacteria, including Gram staining, endospore staining, catalase testing, carbohydrate testing, and more. Results of the tests were used to compare the unknown bacteria to known species in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology in order to identify the bacteria. Preliminary analysis indicated the bacteria were adapted to the alkaline soil and climate conditions of Flagstaff's high altitude location.
Microbiology is the study of microbes that infect humans and cause disease. Sensitivity testing helps determine the most effective antibiotic to treat an infection by testing which antibiotics can inhibit or kill the bacteria causing the infection. The sensitivity test involves culturing bacteria from a sample, identifying the bacteria species, and exposing it to different antibiotics to see which ones prevent its growth. This helps doctors select the appropriate antibiotic for treatment.
1. The document describes a procedure for isolating antibiotic-producing fungi from soil samples through serial dilution and culture techniques. Various culture media are listed that can be used to selectively grow fungi.
2. The serial dilution method is used to isolate fungi from soil samples. Samples are diluted across test tubes and aliquots are plated on potato dextrose agar to promote fungal growth.
3. Once isolated, pure cultures of fungi can be grown in broth culture to produce secondary metabolites like antibiotics over one week for analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and its branches and applications. It discusses the history and founders of microbiology, including Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, and Robert Koch. It outlines the branches of pure and applied microbiology. It also describes several important applications of microbiology in pharmaceuticals, including the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vaccines, and biosurfactants, as well as uses in disease diagnosis, industrial waste treatment, plant growth promotion, sterile product preparation, and sterilization.
This document summarizes screening techniques for industrially important microorganisms. It discusses primary and secondary screening. Primary screening involves isolating microorganisms of interest from environmental samples using selective media and techniques like dye indicators or crowded plates. Secondary screening further evaluates isolates for commercial value by identifying useful metabolites and determining optimal growth conditions. Examples provided are screening for organic acid, antibiotic, and extracellular metabolite producers. Secondary screening of antibiotic-producing Streptomyces involves measuring inhibition zones against test organisms.
Making products using food waste (autosaved)nomin borhuu
This document discusses yeast taxonomy and growth conditions. It begins by describing the structure of yeast cells and their main macromolecular components. It then covers the chemical composition of yeast cells, noting their protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and mineral content. The document also discusses yeast taxonomy, classifying yeast under the kingdom of fungi. It notes that yeast reproduction generally occurs through budding. The final section covers the conditions necessary for yeast multiplication and growth, such as nutrients, temperature, pH, and oxygen levels.
This document provides an overview of industrial microbiology. It discusses the history of industrial microbiology beginning with Pasteur's work demonstrating the role of microbes in fermentation. It also describes characteristics of industrial microbes, fermentation processes, sterilization, genetic manipulation techniques, major products including primary and secondary metabolites, and waste disposal methods. The key applications of microbes include production of enzymes, organic acids, antibiotics, and other pharmaceuticals on an industrial scale.
The document discusses the taxonomy and industrial uses of microorganisms. It describes how microorganisms are divided into three domains and four taxonomic groups. Key points include:
1) Bacteria are divided into Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. Important genera include Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, and Streptomyces.
2) Fungi are divided into four groups - Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes. Genera like Rhizopus, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, and Agaricus are mentioned.
3) Important industrial products and
The document summarizes research that screened metagenomic libraries from Puerto Rican forests for protease activity. Culture-independent metagenomic techniques were used to study the uncultured microbial genetics. Two libraries containing 14,000 and 600,000 clones were screened, identifying 20 potential clones producing protease enzymes, which are undergoing further analysis. Proteases have important industrial biotechnology applications.
Environmental Microbiology - Screening of Producer strainMiracleLivinus1
This document provides information about screening techniques used to isolate industrially important microorganisms. It discusses primary screening techniques like the crowded plate technique, indicator dye technique, and enrichment culture technique. These techniques are used to initially isolate microbes from environmental sources like soil that exhibit desired properties. The document then gives examples of using these techniques to isolate antibiotic-producing microbes and describes factors considered for selecting an optimal producer strain for industrial applications.
Biofilms are aggregates of microorganisms that form on surfaces. They develop through a 5 stage process involving initial attachment and maturation. Microbes in biofilms communicate via quorum sensing and are protected from sanitation methods. This poses challenges for the food industry as biofilms can harbor pathogens like L. monocytogenes and Salmonella. Control measures aim to improve cleaning procedures and prevent attachment through modified surfaces, temperature fluctuations, and potentially bacteriophages. Effective detection of biofilms is important for ensuring food safety.
The document summarizes a student project on mushroom cultivation using soybean straw and estimating the protein content of four mushroom species. The student cultivated the mushrooms Pleurotus sajar caju and Pleurotus florida on sterilized soybean straw. Biological efficiency calculations were performed based on mushroom yield. Protein content of the harvested mushrooms was estimated using the Lowry method. The student visited the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology and learned about their research in areas like biomedicine, gene regulation, and host-parasite interactions using model organisms like fruit flies and zebrafish.
This document discusses collaborations between universities and companies to bridge gaps. It provides examples of two collaborations:
1. A collaboration between a university and CWBI to develop a biofungicide from Pseudozyma flocculosa for controlling powdery mildew. Fundamental research in the 1980s led to field trials and a patented formulation in the 2000s.
2. A collaboration between CWBI and universities in Senegal, Burkina Faso, and other countries to identify microorganisms involved in traditional fermented foods and develop controlled starter cultures and processing techniques. Examples discussed include m'bannick milk in Senegal and soumbala flour in Burkina Faso. The goal
The document discusses how agriculture in schools can help by providing fresh ingredients through student-run cultivation of fruits and vegetables. Students ages 10-14 receive training in best agricultural practices like composting, sowing, and cultivation. Participating students learn to appreciate the importance of agriculture. While some students from farm backgrounds may not want agriculture courses, it could be offered as an elective or club to interest those wanting to learn more.
The document describes a lab experiment that tests how the addition of a pGLO plasmid affects the growth and characteristics of E. coli bacteria. The experiment involves transforming E. coli bacteria with the pGLO plasmid by adding it to a solution containing the bacteria. One solution receives the pGLO plasmid (+pGLO) while the other does not (-pGLO). The bacteria are then observed under UV light and incubated under various conditions to analyze effects on growth and gene expression.
This document provides an overview of biofilm formation in pathogens bacteria. It defines biofilms and describes their composition and structure. Biofilms provide bacteria advantages like increased antibiotic resistance. The document discusses where biofilms are commonly found and their role in various infectious diseases. It also reviews several studies examining biofilm formation in specific pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycobacterium avium.
This document contains protocols for various plant tissue culture techniques. It discusses the introduction to plant tissue culture, sterilization techniques used, and then outlines 8 specific protocols: 1) tissue culture media preparation, 2) explant preparation and surface sterilization, 3) embryo culture, 4) culture of anther for haploid production, 5) meristem culture, 6) meristem tip culture for virus-free plants, 7) induction of somatic embryogenesis, and 8) protoplast isolation, culture, and regeneration. The goal of these protocols is to describe the principles and procedures of different plant tissue culture methods.
20200504-philips-uv-purification-application-information.pdfTien Din Tran
This document provides information on ultraviolet purification using UV lamps. It discusses microorganisms that can be destroyed by UV light, including bacteria, molds, yeasts and viruses. It then describes the characteristics of UVC light and how it can be generated using low-pressure mercury lamps. The document outlines various applications of UV lamps including air, surface and liquid purification for uses like water treatment, air handling systems and food processing. It provides details on different UV lamp models and considerations for lamp performance and safety.
This document summarizes a student's class topic on producing industrial enzymes, biodegradable plastics, and therapeutic proteins using genetic engineering. The student's name is Preeti Kunwar Chouhan and they are in the final year of their M.Sc. studying in the Department of Botany. The document defines industrial enzymes and their production process. It also discusses different types of biodegradable plastics like PHA, cellulose acetate, and their uses. Finally, it lists examples of therapeutic proteins like insulin and antibodies that are engineered for pharmaceutical applications.
Bioreactor design and implementation strategies for the cultivation of filame...Kutaibaa Akraa
Bioreactor design and implementation strategies for the
cultivation of filamentous fungi and the production of
fungal metabolites: from traditional methods to engineered
systems
Oral spray, Wafers and fast Dissolving.pptxParikshithKNV
This document discusses the formulation and evaluation of different buccal drug delivery systems, including oral sprays, mucoadhesive wafers, and orally fast-dissolving tablets. For oral sprays, a microemulsion-based clove oil spray was developed for treating oral candidiasis and was evaluated for particle size, pH, viscosity, drug content, antimicrobial activity, release, and stability. Mucoadhesive wafers containing probiotic bacteria were prepared via lyophilization and evaluated for morphology, viability of bacteria, mucoadhesion, and mechanical properties. Orally fast-dissolving tablets of etilefrine hydrochloride were developed for rapid systemic absorption via direct compression and
The document summarizes key aspects of upstream processing in fermentation. The upstream process includes culture isolation and screening to obtain desired microorganisms, inoculum preparation using increasing media volumes to actively grow cultures, and media formulation and sterilization. Primary screening qualitatively determines which microorganisms can produce compounds of interest, while secondary screening characterizes industrially important organisms and determines yield potentials under different conditions to select microbes suitable for industrial use. Important steps in inoculum preparation and considerations for media composition like carbon, nitrogen, minerals and growth factors are also outlined.
Screening and characterization of biosurfactants producing microorganism form...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that screened and characterized biosurfactant-producing microorganisms isolated from whey-spilled soil. Ten bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples. Four strains were identified as biosurfactant producers based on their ability to form clear zones in CTAB agar plates and cause hemolysis in blood agar plates. These four strains were further confirmed to produce extracellular biosurfactants using oil spreading and drop collapsing tests. Thin layer chromatography identified the biosurfactants as glycolipids or lipopeptides. The isolated strains were characterized and identified as Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, and Bacillus species.
Screening and characterization of biosurfactants producing microorganism form...Alexander Decker
This study isolated 10 bacterial strains from whey spilled soil samples that were able to produce biosurfactants. Four strains - APCCS1a, APCCS1b, APCCS3b, and APCCS5a - showed ability to produce extracellular biosurfactants via oil spreading and drop collapsing tests. Thin layer chromatography identified the biosurfactants as glycolipids from strains APCCS1a, APCCS3b, and APCCS5a, and a lipopeptide from strain APCCS1b. Emulsification tests measured biosurfactant activity of the extracted compounds. The isolated strains were identified as Pseudomonas, Lactobac
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
2007 - Identification of filamentous microorganisms in organic industrial activated sludge plants
1. IDENTIFICATION OF FILAMENTOUS MICROORGANISMS IN ORGANIC
INDUSTRIAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS.
E. Rodríguez1*, L. Isac 1, N. Fernández1, A. Zornoza1-2 and Mas, M3.
1
Grupo Bioindicación Sevilla (GBS), EDAR La Ranilla. Bda San José de Palmete s/n. Sevilla 41006. Dirección
Postal: AP 7279. Sevilla 41080. Teléfono/Fax: 955020847. g.b.s@lycos.es; www.grupobioindicacionsevilla.com
2
EDAR Quart-Benager (Valencia). Entidad Pública de Saneamiento de la Generalidad Valenciana (EPSAR). E-mail:
Azetazeta@hotmail.com
3
Hydrolab Microbiologica. c/ Blanco. Barcelona. 3808028. meritxellmas@hydrolabmicrobiologica.com
ABSTRACT
The microscopic observation and identification of filamentous bacteria, as well as its
distribution and quantification in industrial activated sludge, provide the plant operator with
useful information. In fact, most industrial wastewater treatment plants which suffer from
Bulking have operational disorders that can severely disrupt liquid-solid separation.
Keywords: Filamentous microorganisms; industrial wastewater treatment plant; Bulking
sludge; industrial wastewater; microscopic analysis; types of contaminants.
INTRODUCTION
In industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWTP), the use of microorganisms (bacteria, protists or metazoans)
as indicators of effluent quality is a practical control system that is getting increasingly popular in recent
years.
If an IWTP performance is good, its effluent can be re-used or released into the natural ecosystems without
running environmental risks. The capability of microorganisms population as indicators of effluent quality
has often been described in the literature.
The different types of industrial wastewaters effluents require different strategies to remove the
contaminants. It is known that the characteristics of industrial wastewaters from agriculture or food industry
are different from the characteristics of municipal wastewaters. On the ground, industrial wastewaters are
biodegradable and nontoxic, but they have higher concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and
suspended solids (SS).
The results shown are based on a comparative study carried out by GBS in several Spanish IWTPs. It has
been established that filamentous bacteria populations in industrial activated sludge differ significantly from
those in urban wastewater treatment plants.
Out of the twenty-seven samples analysed in this study, the presence of bulking was observed in 17 of them.
17 morphotypes were determined as dominant, according to the classification system proposed by
Eikelboom (2006) and Jenkins et al. (2004), based on the classification of the bacteria according to
morphotype, amongst which particularly noticeable were, in order of most frequent appearance: Type 021N,
Thiotrix sp. and Haliscomenobacter hydrossis. Out of the remainder of the plants analysed, 18% presented
problems of deflocculation and 4% presented phenomena of viscosity.
1
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The populations of filamentous bacteria and the floccular structures in 27 Spanish IWTPs were studied. The
samples were taken from different industries, predominantly from the agroalimentary industry, as shown in
Table 1.
Table 1: No. of IWTPs studied, according to industrial sector.
MANUFACTURERS No OF IWTPs STUDIED
Milk production 5
Terpene manufacturer 1
Paper production 2
Beer production 3
Fat production 1
Metallurgy 1
Wine production 4
Citrus fruit production 1
Snack food production 1
Preserved vegetables 1
Flour production 3
Juice production 1
Tanneries 3
TOTAL 27
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Out of the 27 samples analysed, those from the agroalimentary industry predominated (85%). In general,
after different pre-treatments, industrial effluents are treated in the same way that urban wastewater.
However, the chemical industries, which are represented in this study by tanneries and metallurgical
industries (15%), produce toxic elements that make biological degradation difficult.
As for the agroalimentary industry, both the typical nutritional deficiency (Agridiotis et al., 2007), in which
nitrogen and phosphorous can limit degradation of organic material, and the chemical effluents loaded with
toxic agents, produce very poor flocculation; this poor flocculation affects both the respiration and
metabolism of the floc-forming bacteria. This process can be seen in the evaluation of the sludge samples
shown in figure 1 and in the microscopic evaluation of the sludge described in Table 2.
A B C D
Figure 1: The development of the active industrial sludge samples decanted into test tubes over
successive periods of 3 (A), 10 (B), 20 (C) and 30 (D) minutes.
2
3. The results obtained indicate that the totality of the samples analysed, to a greater or lesser extent, presented
problems of deflocculation associated with toxins or nutritional deficiencies, which resulted in the
phenomena of filamentous bulking (63% of the samples studied), viscous bulking (4% of the samples
studied) and pin-point floc (27% of the samples studied).
Table 2: Microscopic evaluation of the structure of the flocs in the samples studied.
No OF SAMPLES
INDUSTRY FLOCULAR STRUCTURES
OBSERVED
Totally destructuration, pin-point floc,
Milk production 5
open-structured flocs and large-sized flocs
Terpene manufacture Defloculation and pin-point floc 1
No flocculation and large-sized flocs in a
Paper manufacture 2
mesh structure
Open-structured flocs and large flocs in a
Beer production 3
mesh structure
Fat production Large-sized flocs in a mesh structure 1
Pin-point floc and bad performance of the
Metallurgy 1
biological process
Large or medium-sized flocs, open-
Wine production structured flocs or dispersed flocs. Viscous 4
bulking.
Citrus fruit production Medium-sized flocs in a mesh structure 1
Snack food production Pin-point floc 1
Medium-sized flocs and open-structured
Canned vegetables 1
flocs in a mesh structure
Open-structured flocs, dispersed flocs.
Flour production 3
Predominantly, small-sized flocs.
Tanneries Dispersed flocs or lightly compacted flocs 3
Juice production Large-sized flocs in a mesh structure 1
In addition, the high biodegradability of the majority of the influents, practically all the samples (except
those from the metallurgical and tannery industry), created a situation of nutritional stress that made possible
the growth of filamentous bacteria to such an extent that flocculation was clearly inhibited, as illustrated by
the development of a slimy film, typical of T 0041, in conditions of nutritional stress. This situation can be
seen in Figure 2. The presence of these formations or slime coatings external to the filaments, were detected
in the samples analysed from the beer and citrus fruit producers.
A B C
Figure 2: (A) Indian ink test in which the filament type 0041 was observed, associated with nutritional deficiencies
(N/P); phase contrast 400x. (B) Abundant bacillary forms dispersed and near the structure of the flocs, retained by
abundant extra-cellular material; clear field, 1000x. (C) Appearance of the filament T 0041 (occasionally with a Neisser
positive coating) indicative of processes of nutritional deficiency. Citrus samples. Neisser stain. 1000x.
3
4. The protozoan population present in the samples studied, which are affected to a great extent by floccular
formation, has been variable. Most of them presented a low diversity of species associated with small-sized
and open-structured flocs that only allowed the development of some swimming ciliates and impeded the
development of other groups such as crawling or sessile ciliates.
The definition of the dominant and secondary filamentous morphotypes has been the key feature in this
study. The results obtained are set out in Table 3.
Table 3: Dominant and secondary filament morphotypes observed, as well as the associated category numbers.
SECONDARY CATEGORY
INDUSTRY DOMINANT FILAMENT
FILAMENT NUMBER
Type 021N, Type 0675 and Type
Milk production 1 5
1702
Milk production 2 Type 0961 4
Type 0675, Type 021N and H.
Milk production 3 4
hydrossis
Milk production 4 Thiothrix and Type 1863 N. limicola 5
Thiothrix, Type 0803 and Type Type 1863, N. limicola and
Milk production 5 4
0211 Type 021N
Microthrix parvicella, Type
Terpen manufacture GALO 5
1863, Type 021N, N. limicola
Paper manufacture 1 Fibres/Deflocculation -
Paper manufacture 2 Fibres -
Beer production 1 Type 021N 3
Beer production 2 Type 021N and Type 0041 H. hydrossis and Type 0211 4
Type0211, H. hydrossis and Type
Beer production 3 3
0041
Fat production GALO 4
Metallurgy Deflocculation -
N. limicola and
Wine production 1 Type 021N and Thiothrix sp. 3
Haslicomenobacter hydrossis
Wine production 2 Thiothrix sp. and H.
Type 021N 4
hydrossis
Wine production 3 Viscous bulking -
Wine production 4 Thiothrix sp. Type 021N, N. limicola 4
H. hydrossis, Type 0041,
Citrus fruit production Type 021N Type 1701, N. limicola, 5
Thiothrix sp. and GALO
Snack food production Deflocculation -
N. limicola, Thiothrix sp. and
Canned vegetables Type 021N 5
GALO
Flour production 1 H. hydrossis and Type t021N Thiothrix sp. 5
Thiothrix,
Flour production 2 Type 021N Haliscomenobacter hydrossi 4
and Type 0411
Flour production 3 Thiothrix sp. and Type 0041 Type 021N and H. hydrossis 4
Thiothrix sp., Type 021N,
Tannery 1 GALO 3
and Type 0041
GALO, Thiothrix sp., and N.
Tannery 2 Type 021N 2
limicola
Tannery 3 Thiothrix sp., H. hydrossis N. limicola 4
Juice production Fungi 5
The morphotype that appeared as dominant on most occasions was the Type 021N, dominating in 31% of the
samples as can be seen in Table 5, followed by Thiothrix sp. in 17% of the samples.
4
5. CONCLUSIONS
Although the biological treatment of industrial wastewater plays an essential role in minimising the impact
on the recipient rivers, it is still an unresolved issue for many industries.
We have established that changes in the flocculation process are widespread in the biological treatments of
most IWTPs and they have a lot to do with bulking and solids separation problems. So it is our belief that
trained professionals in microbiological control techniques (Bio-control) are needed to solve this sort of
problems.
Treatments such as chlorination, ozonisation, etc. can be useful to promptly control the biological problems
associated with these industrial wastewaters, but it is necessary to be aware of the effects of these treatments
and the rest of operational factors on the activated sludge, as well as the effects of nutrients and
micronutrients limitations.
The predominant morphotypes found were Type 021N and Thiotrix sp., as well as Haliscomenobacter
hydrossis, GALO and Type 0041, which usually make worse the problems caused by nutritional deficiency
and lack of oxygen in these IWTPs.
In order to optimise the treatment process of industrial effluents at the lowest cost, it is necessary to improve
our knowledge of the biota and the process of floculation in these IWTP. Further research is needed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our gratitude to the companies, organizations and associations to which we belong
and, especially, we thank EMASESA for their support.
REFERENCES
1. Agridiotis, V, Forster, C.F. y Cartiell-Marquet, C. (2007). Addition of Al and Fe salts during
treatment of paper mill effluents to improve activated sludge settlements characteristics. Bioresource
Technology 98, 15, 2926-2934.
2. Eikelboom, D. (2006). Identification and Control of Filamentous Micro-organisms in Industrial
Wastewater Treatment Plants. Multi-Media Training CD. IWA Publisingh. ISBN: 1843390965.
3. Jenkins, D., Richard, m. G. y Daigger, G. T. (2004). Manual on the Causes and Control of Activated
Sludge Bulking and Foaming. Lewis Publishers (Michigan).
4. Liu, Y. y Tay J-H. (2004). State of the art of biogranulation technology for wastewater treatment.
Biotechnology Advances 22, 533-563.
5