Microbes, or microscopic organisms, are widely used in large-scale industrial processes. Microbes can be used to create biofertilizers or to reduce metal pollutants. Microbes can also be used to produce certain non-microbial products, such as the diabetes medication insulin, vaccines, etc. These slides will give insights into uses of microbes in production of enzymes, antibiotics, beverages, vitamins, vaccines, probiotics, etc
The material describes components of industrial fermentation media with their respective metabolic importance for the industrial microbes. it also addresses industrial scale sterilization methods.
Bacteria are described in two ways:
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
The bacterial classification is based on 16S RNA sequences
Carl Woese, Oganizes the Domain Bacteria into 18 phyla
Bacterial phyla used in industrial microbiology and biotechnology
Microbes, or microscopic organisms, are widely used in large-scale industrial processes. Microbes can be used to create biofertilizers or to reduce metal pollutants. Microbes can also be used to produce certain non-microbial products, such as the diabetes medication insulin, vaccines, etc. These slides will give insights into uses of microbes in production of enzymes, antibiotics, beverages, vitamins, vaccines, probiotics, etc
The material describes components of industrial fermentation media with their respective metabolic importance for the industrial microbes. it also addresses industrial scale sterilization methods.
Bacteria are described in two ways:
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
The bacterial classification is based on 16S RNA sequences
Carl Woese, Oganizes the Domain Bacteria into 18 phyla
Bacterial phyla used in industrial microbiology and biotechnology
Industrial microbiology is a branch of applied microbiology in which microorganisms are used in industrial processes; for example, in the production of high-value products such as drugs, chemicals, fuels and electricity.
The genetic diversity that abounds in the microbial world represents a vast, untapped of medically and industrially important molecules. Industrial microbiology harnesses the capacity of microbes to synthesis compound that have important application in medicine, food preparation, and other industrial process. These compounds are commonly called natural products. Industrial Microbiology deals with the uses of microorganism to assist in the manufacture of product used in treating or preventing disease. Today many industrial and pharmaceutical processes make us of genetic engineering.
it include the following:
Fermentation Medium
Fermentor & Fermentation Process
Sterilization of culture media and fermenter
Microorganisms used in industrial microbiology
Genetic Manipulation of Microorganisms
Protoplast Fusion
Preservation of Microorganisms
Natural Genetic Engineering
Growth of microorganisms in an industrial setting
Major products of industrial microbiology
Primary metabolites
Secondary metabolites
Microbial biomass
Recombinant products
Important microbial products
Waste disposal and treatment of waste in industry
Systems for the treatment of wastes
Waste water disposal in the pharmaceutical industry
Fermentation Biotechnology by Salman SaeedSalman Saeed
Fermentation Biotechnology lecture for Biology, Botany, Zoology, Chemistry, Biotechnology, Microbiology and Genetics Students by Salman Saeed Lecturer Botany University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal, Pakistan.
About Author: Salman Saeed
Qualification: M.Sc. (Botany), M.Phil. (Biotechnology) from BZU Multan.
M.Ed. & B.Ed. from GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan
Industrial microbiology is a branch of applied microbiology in which microorganisms are used in industrial processes; for example, in the production of high-value products such as drugs, chemicals, fuels and electricity.
The genetic diversity that abounds in the microbial world represents a vast, untapped of medically and industrially important molecules. Industrial microbiology harnesses the capacity of microbes to synthesis compound that have important application in medicine, food preparation, and other industrial process. These compounds are commonly called natural products. Industrial Microbiology deals with the uses of microorganism to assist in the manufacture of product used in treating or preventing disease. Today many industrial and pharmaceutical processes make us of genetic engineering.
it include the following:
Fermentation Medium
Fermentor & Fermentation Process
Sterilization of culture media and fermenter
Microorganisms used in industrial microbiology
Genetic Manipulation of Microorganisms
Protoplast Fusion
Preservation of Microorganisms
Natural Genetic Engineering
Growth of microorganisms in an industrial setting
Major products of industrial microbiology
Primary metabolites
Secondary metabolites
Microbial biomass
Recombinant products
Important microbial products
Waste disposal and treatment of waste in industry
Systems for the treatment of wastes
Waste water disposal in the pharmaceutical industry
Fermentation Biotechnology by Salman SaeedSalman Saeed
Fermentation Biotechnology lecture for Biology, Botany, Zoology, Chemistry, Biotechnology, Microbiology and Genetics Students by Salman Saeed Lecturer Botany University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal, Pakistan.
About Author: Salman Saeed
Qualification: M.Sc. (Botany), M.Phil. (Biotechnology) from BZU Multan.
M.Ed. & B.Ed. from GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
3. ADVANTAGES OF MICROORGANISMS OVER PLANTS
OR ANIMALS
1. Microorganisms Grow rapidly in Comparison with Plants and Animals.
2. The Space Requirement for Growth of Microorganisms is Small.
3. Microorganisms are not subject to the Problems of the Vicissitudes of Weather.
4. Microorganisms are not affected by Diseases of Plants and Animals.
4. TAXONOMIC GROUPING OF INDUSTRIAL
MICROORGANISM
1: BACTERIA
1.1 The Proteobacteria
1.1.1 The Acetic Acid Bacteria
1.2 The Firmicutes
1.2.1 Spore forming firmicutes
1.2.2 Non-spore forming firmicutes
1.3 The Actinobacteria
1.3.1 The Actinomycetes
2: EUCARYA: FUNGI
2.1 Phycomycetes
2.2 Ascomycetes
2.3 Fungi Imprfectie
2.4 Basidiomycetes
6. 1.1 PROTEO-BACTERIA
1.1.1 ACETIC ACID BACTERIA
• All Proteobacteria are Gram-Negative
• Most Members are Facultatively or Obligately Anaerobic
• Proteobacteria are Divided into Five Groups:
α (Alpha), β (Beta), ɣ (Gamma), δ (Delta), ε (Epsilon)
• The Industrially important Members : Acetobacter and Gluconobacter
Acetobacter (Peritrichously Flagellated) Gluconobacter (Polarly Flagellated)
• They Stand in Acid Conditions of pH 5.0 or Lower
• They carry out incomplete Oxidation of Alcohol leading to the Production of Acetic acid
7. Acetobacter lacks Complete Citric Acid Cycle and can not oxidize Acetic Acid
Gluconobacter has all Citric Acid enzymes and can oxidize Acetic Acid further to CO2.
Their property of ‘Under-Oxidizing’ Sugars is exploited in the following:
• The production of Glucoronic Acid from Glucose, Galactonic Acid from Galactose and
Arabonic Acid from Arabinose
• The production of Sorbose from Sorbitol by Acetic Acid Bacteria , an important stage in the
Manufacture of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
8.
9. PRODUCTS FROM ACETIC ACID BACTERIA
1. Glucoronic Acid from Glucose
2. Arabonic Acid from Arabinose
3. Galactonic Acid from Galactose
4. Sorbose from Sorbitol
5. Pure Cellulose
6. Acetic Acid or Vinegar
10. 1.2 THE FIRMICUTES
• All Firmicutes are Gram-Positive
• The Industrially Important Members are divided into Three major groups:
o Spore-Forming Firmicutes
o Non-Spore Forming Firmicutes
o Wall-Less (Pathogens)
1.2.1 SPORE FORMING FIRMICUTES
The Group is divided into Two:
Bacillus spp, which are Aerobic and Clostridium spp which are Anaerobic.
• Bacillus spp are sometimes used in Enzymes and Insecticide Production
• Clostridia are Pathogens of Humans and Animals
• B. papilliae infects and kills the Larvae of the Beetles
• B. thuringiensis is used against Mosquitoes
11. 1.2.2 NON-SPORE FORMING FIRMICUTES
The Lactic Acid Bacteria :
• Shape: Rods or Cocci
• Genera: Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus and Streptococcus
• Lactic Acid Bacteria are divided into Two Major Groups:
1. Homofermentative Group, which produce Lactic Acid as the Sole Product of the fermentation
of Sugars
2. Heterofermentative Group, which produce Ethanol, as well as CO2.
The Firmicutes Group are very Important in Industry as they contain the Lactic Acid Bacteria
14. The Desirable Characteristics of Lactic Acid Bacteria as Industrial Microorganisms include:
Their Ability to Rapidly and Completely Ferment Cheap Raw Materials
Their Minimal Requirement of Nitrogenous Substances
They produce High Yields of the much preferred Stereo Specific Lactic Acid
Ability to Grow under conditions of low pH and High Temperature
Ability to Produce Low Amounts of Cell Mass
USE OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES:
15. 1.3 THE ACTINO-BACTERIA
• The Acinobacteria have GC Content of 50% or higher.
• Many Members of the Group have the Tendency to form Filaments or Hyphae.
• The industrially important Members :
o Pediococcus required in Lambic Beer
o Leuconostoc involved in the Pickling of Vegetables, produce Dextrans from Sucrose
o Lactococcus and Streptococcus used as Starter in Yoghurt Manufacture
o Enterococcus used to Monitor Water Quality (like E. coli)
16. 1.3 ACTINO-BACTERIA
1.3.1 THE ACTINOMYCETES
Branching Filamentous Hyphae, which Somewhat Resembles the Mycelia of Fungi
Petidoglycan in their Cell walls and Second they are about 1.0 -1.5 µ in Diameter
They produce Secondary Metabolites (like Antibiotics) which are of Industrial Importance,
especially as Pharmaceuticals
18. 2. EUCARYA: FUNGI
Fungi are Traditionally Classified into Four Groups
1. Phycomycetes
2. Ascomycetes
3. Fungi Imprfecti
4. Basidiomycetes
2.1 PHYCOMYCETES
Industrially Important Members are Rhizopus and Mucor which are used for Producing Various
Enzymes
Mucor
Rhizopus
19. 2.2 ASCOMYCETES
• Yeasts are used for the Production of Ethanol and Alcoholic Beverages
• Claviceps purperea is used for the Production of the Ergot Alkaloids
20. 2.3 FUNGI IMPRFECTIE
Aspergillus is important Because it Produces the Food Toxin, Aflatoxin
Penicillium is well-known for the Antibiotic Penicillin which it Produces.