The document defines basic concepts about computers and the internet. It discusses that a computer is a general purpose machine that can accept, store, manipulate and generate data. It then covers the history of computers, including important figures like Charles Babbage, Alan Turing, and the development of the Von Neumann architecture. The document also defines basic computer components like hardware, software, CPU, RAM, ROM and input/output devices. It then discusses basics of the internet such as protocols, IP addresses, servers, clients, URLs and how the world wide web works using HTTP. Finally, it covers intranets, extranets, and defines audio and video conferencing.

1. Basics of Computer

2. Definition of computer
A Computer is a General-purpose machine, commonly, accepts (inputs) ,
stores, manipulates, and generates (outputs) data as numbers, text,
graphics, voice, video
 Father of the computer – Charles Babbage
 Father of the modern computer – Alan Turing
 Basic Architecture of Computer: John Von Neumann (1947 - 49) Von
Neumann architecture was first published by John von Neumann in 1945.
His computer architecture design consists of a Control Unit, Arithmetic
and Logic Unit (ALU) , Memory Unit, Registers and Inputs/Outputs. This
design is still used in most computers produced today.

4.  First Programmer: Lady Ada Lovelae (1880) Augusta Ada King-Noel,
Countess of Lovelace was an English Mathematician and writer, chiefly
known for her work on Charles Babbage՚s proposed mechanical general-
purpose computer, the Analytical Engine.
 First Electronic Computer: ENIAC (1946) – J. P Eckert & J. W. Mauchly at
the University of Pennsylvania.
 First computer for the home user introduced – IBM in 1981

5.  Hardware –the physical parts of computer, such as the monitor, keyboard,
and mouse. It also includes all the parts inside the parts of computer such
as the hard disk drive, motherboard, video card, and many others.
 Software- of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and
execute specific tasks.
 Input Devices - part of computer hardware equipment used to provide
data and control signals to an information processing system such as a
computer or information appliance. Examples: keyboards, mouse,
scanners, digital cameras, and joysticks
 Output Devices- any device used to send data from a computer to another
device or user. Most computer data output that is meant for humans is in
the form of audio or video. Examples – include monitors, projectors,
speakers, headphones, and printers.

6.  CPU is alternatively referred to as the brain of the computer, processor,
central processor, or microprocessor
 Arithmetic Logic Unit: It performs arithmetic calculations and data
manipulation, e.g. comparisons, sorting, combining, etc. The computer's
calculator part of the CPU is known as the Arithmetic Logic Unit.
 Control Unit: It carries out instructions and tells the rest of the computer
system what to do. It sends command signals to the other components of
the system.

7. RAM (Random access memory) - Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of
data storage used in computers that is generally located on the motherboard.
This type of memory is volatile and all information that was stored in RAM is
lost when the computer is turned off.
ROM (Read only memory) - Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it
cannot be removed and can only be read. Unlike main
memory (RAM) , ROM retains its contents even when the computer is turned
off. ROM is referred to as being non-volatile.

8.  Memory Units: Storage capacity is expressed in terms of Bytes. The data
is represented as binary digits (0s and 1s)
Full form Units Bytes
1 Bit Binary Digit 0/1
1 Nibble 4 bits
1 Byte 8 bits
1 kilobyte(KB) 1024 byte 210
1 Megabyte(MB) 1024 KB 220
1 Gigabyte(GB) 1024 MB 230
1 Terabyte(TB) 1024GB 240
1 Petabyte(PB) 1024TB 250
1 Hexabyte 1024PB 260
1 Zettabyte 1024EB 280

9. Basics of Internet Intranet, E-Mail, Audio and Video-
Conferencing

10. Basics of Internet
 The Internet is a global and grand computer network, called the network of
networks.
 The internet is a global TCP/IP based network
Who Manages Internet?
 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) :consist of network designers,
operators, vendors and researchers concerned with the evolution of
internet architecture and he smooth operation of Internet.
 IRTF (Internet Research Task Force) :looks into running term research
problems, many of which are at times critical to the Internet.
 IAB (Internet Architecture Board):oversees the IETF and IRTF. It also ratifies
any major change to the Internet that comes from the
IETF

11.  Protocols
A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communications. Protocol
defines the method of communication, how to communicate, when to
communicate etc.
 IP Addresses
An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP
network.
 Servers
Servers are host computers which provide a service to users.
 Client
A system or a program that requests the activity of one or more other
systems or programs, called servers, to accomplish specific tasks.
 Hyper-Links
A hyperlink is a clickable link to another document or resource.

12.  URL՚s
A uniform Resource locator is a means of specifying the path name for
any resource on the internet or an intranet.
 The World Wide Web
also known as the web, WWW or W3 -- refers to all the public websites
or pages that users can access on their local computers and other
devices through the internet.
 HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a method for encoding and
transporting information between a client (such as a web browser) and
a web server. HTTP is the primary protocol for transmission of
information across the Internet.

13.  Electronic mail service (known as e-mail in short) enables an Internet user
to send a mail (message) to another Internet user in any part of the world
in a near-real-time manner
 An intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprise.
 Extranet refers to network within an organization, using internet to
connect to the outsiders in controlled manner. It helps to connect
businesses with their customers and suppliers and therefore allows
working in a collaborative manner.

14. Basic of Audio and Video-Conferencing
 When a number of participants of a meeting use telephonic instruments to
communicate with each other then it is known as audio conferencing
 When two or more people use digital platforms communicate and
collaborate with each other to achieve a common goal effectively then it is
known as a video conferencing mode of communication or a tool of face-
to-face conferencing
 Most Popular Video Conferencing Software
Skype
Zoom
Cisco WebEx.
GoToMeeting