Ice & Fire: The Volcano Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull

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Class presentation for UNT's Emergency Management degree program. Accompanying detailed paper available here: https://goo.gl/OUAV4F This PowerPoint was created for educational purposes only.

Science

ICE & FIRE
The Volcanic Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull

Eyjafjallajökull [ˈeɪjaˌfjatlaˌjœːkʏtl̥]
• Pronounced: AY-yah-fyad-layer-kuh-tel
• “Eyjafjallajökull” translates as “Island Mountain Glacier”, and actually
refers to the glacier on top of the volcano
• The volcano itself is named “Eyjafjöll”
• Elevation of volcano is 5,466 feet
• Located on Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which runs through the island

Fissures near the Fimmvörðuháls mountain pass (Henrik Thorburn).

Major eruptions begin, plume reaches 26,000 ft, seen here mixed with lightning (Reuters/Lucas Jackson).

(Left) Ash plume carried by jet stream, (Right) elevation differences (NASA Earth Observatory).

First photo of eruption site by Jon Gustafsson at 7000ft, via helicopter.

Thousands of square miles were covered in ash (AP/Omarr Oskarsson).

Farms were covered in ash and many had to move or cull their livestock (AP/Brynjar Gauti).

Sheep farmers attempted to seal their barns to protect livestock in the event the wind
shifted the plume towards them (Reuters/Lucas Jackson).

Ash of mostly glass particles with high fluoride concentrations created major health hazards
for farmers and livestock (AP).

Flights in the UK, Europe, and Scandinavia were cancelled for up to a month in some areas. (Alamy).

German Red Cross helped take care of stranded travelers in Munich (Sharenator).

New technologies and scientific research is driven by the threat of future eruptions (NASA AFRC).

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The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.

Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture

International Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office

Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe

Sérgio Sacani

Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.

Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf

sammy700571

Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf

vadgavevedant86

MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...

ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA

Microbial interaction Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways. One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont. Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition Types of microbial interaction Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition I. Mutualism: It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other. Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species. Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms. Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone. Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism. Examples of mutualism: i. Lichens: Lichens are excellent example of mutualism. They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called II. Syntrophism: It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism. In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits. Compound A Utilized by population 1 Compound B Utilized by population 2 Compound C utilized by both Population 1+2 Products In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone. Examples of syntrophism: i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria. Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane. ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis: In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone. The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid

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JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS

Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture

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Ice & Fire: The Volcano Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull

1. ICE & FIRE The Volcanic Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull

2. Eyjafjallajökull [ˈeɪjaˌfjatlaˌjœːkʏtl̥] • Pronounced: AY-yah-fyad-layer-kuh-tel • “Eyjafjallajökull” translates as “Island Mountain Glacier”, and actually refers to the glacier on top of the volcano • The volcano itself is named “Eyjafjöll” • Elevation of volcano is 5,466 feet • Located on Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which runs through the island

4. Fissures near the Fimmvörðuháls mountain pass (Henrik Thorburn).

5. Major eruptions begin, plume reaches 26,000 ft, seen here mixed with lightning (Reuters/Lucas Jackson).

6. Ash Cloud Elevation NASA/CNES elevation data using Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) imagery. The yellow layer under volcanic plume is air pollution in Paris. Ash Cloud • 6,000-21,000 feet in altitude • Some traces reached 30,000 feet CALIPSO • Uses pulsating lasers aimed at ground from satellites • Measures particles/aerosols such as dust, smoke, and pollution • Creates a vertical profile of the atmosphere

7. (Left) Ash plume carried by jet stream, (Right) elevation differences (NASA Earth Observatory).

8. First photo of eruption site by Jon Gustafsson at 7000ft, via helicopter.

9. Thousands of square miles were covered in ash (AP/Omarr Oskarsson).

10. Farms were covered in ash and many had to move or cull their livestock (AP/Brynjar Gauti).

11. Sheep farmers attempted to seal their barns to protect livestock in the event the wind shifted the plume towards them (Reuters/Lucas Jackson).

12. Ash of mostly glass particles with high fluoride concentrations created major health hazards for farmers and livestock (AP).

13. Flights in the UK, Europe, and Scandinavia were cancelled for up to a month in some areas. (Alamy).

14. German Red Cross helped take care of stranded travelers in Munich (Sharenator).

15. New technologies and scientific research is driven by the threat of future eruptions (NASA AFRC).

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Ice & Fire: The Volcano Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull

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Editor's Notes