The document discusses Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions, which identifies and defines five dimensions of national culture: power distance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term vs short-term orientation. It provides examples of countries that score high or low on each dimension and explains how the dimensions can affect communication and business practices across cultures.

1. Chapter 4 Dimensions of Culture American University of Sharjah College of Arts and Sciences Department of Mass Communication Dr. Ibahrine Hofstede’s model

2. Chapter 4 Objectives Discuss how the sociocultural environment will affect the attractiveness of a potential market Define culture and name some of its elements Discuss whether the world’s cultures are converging or diverging Explain the ‘4+1’ dimensions in Hofstede’s model Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Hofstede’s model

3. Hofstede’s dimensions of culture Power Distance Masculinity-Femininity Long-Term vs Short-Term orientation Uncertainty Avoidance Individualism-Collectivism

4. Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture Power Distance Individualism-Collectivism Masculinity-Femininity Uncertainty Avoidance Long-Term vs Short-Term orientation

5. Power Distance The extent to which the less powerful members within a society accept - even expect- that power is unevenly distributed High power distance societies Children expected to be obedient to parents Subordinates are less likely to contradict bosses

6. Power Distance : Rightful place vs Equality P ower Distance large Respect authority & elders acceptance and expectance of authority ‘ rightful place’, dependence, consume for social status Inequality minimized, anti-authority arguments, “critical mind”, opinions respect for youth, independence consume for use P ower Distance small Hofstede, 2001

7. It is important to understand the difference between the context cultures to avoid misunderstanding of messages and intentions. Culture Defined 0

8. High-context culture - The social context in which what is said strongly affects the meaning of the message. Low-context culture - The meaning of the message is explicitly expressed by the words and is less affected by the social context . Culture Defined 0

9. Individualism-Collectivism: “ I” versus “we” “ I” oriented , personality, identity, independence privacy, freedom, differentiation media main source of information universalist, sell, persuasion verbal orientation , product brands communication direct “ w e” oriented , interdependence harmony / face, sharing, conformance social network main source of information particularist, trust, invest in relations visual orientation , company brands communication indirect Source: Hofstede, 2001 Individualist Collectivist

10. Hall’s Communication Context 7- Low-context cultures High-context cultures

11. Comparing low- and high-context cultures (1) 7- Communication Explicit, direct Implicit, indirect Characteristic Low-context High-context Informal handshakes Formal hugs, bows, and handshakes Sense of self and space

12. Comparing low- and high-context cultures (2) 7- Dress and appearance Varies widely, dress for success Indication of position in society, religious rule Characteristic Low-context High-context Eating is a necessity, fast food Eating is social event Food and eating habits

13. Comparing low- and high-context cultures (3) 7- Time consciousness Linear, exact, promptness is valued, time = money Elastic, relative, time = relationships Characteristic Low-context High-context Nuclear family, self-oriented, value youth Extended family, other oriented, loyalty Family and friends

14. Comparing low- and high-context cultures (4) 7- Values and norms Independence, confrontation of conflict Group conformity, harmony Characteristic Low-context High-context Egalitarian, challenge authority, gender equity Hierarchical, respect for authority, gender roles Beliefs and attitudes

15. Comparing low- and high-context cultures (5) 7- Mental process and learning Linear, logical, sequential, problem solving Lateral, holistic, accepting life’s difficulties Characteristic Low-context High-context Deal oriented, rewards based on achievement Relationship oriented, rewards based on seniority Business/ work habits

16. High- and Low- Context Cultures High Context Information resides in context Emphasis on background, basic values, societal status Less emphasis on legal paperwork Focus on personal reputation Saudi Arabia, Japan Low Context Messages are explicit and specific Words carry all information Reliance on legal paperwork Focus on non-personal documentation of credibility Switzerland, United States, Germany

17. High- and Low- Context Cultures Factor/Dimension High Context Low Context Lawyers Less important Very important A person’s word Is his/her bond Is not reliable — get it in writing Responsibility for organizational error Taken by highest level Pushed to the lowest level Space People breathe on one another Private space maintained Time Polychronic Monochronic Competitive bidding Infrequent Common

18. Figure 7.3 The contextual continuum of differing cultures 7-

19. Add figure 3.3, p.80 here The Positions of Fifty Countries and Three Regions on Power Distance and Individualism-Collectivism Dimensions

20. Individualism-Collectivism The world is viewed as in-groups and out-groups Individuals are identified by group allegiance and role Groups are established, strong, and cohesive – You don’t just choose which group to join Individualistic cultures are more open to outsiders and foreign ideas

21. Masculinity-Femininity Masculinity is associated with assertiveness Masculine societies value ambition, competitiveness, and high earnings Femininity is associated with modesty and nurturing Feminine societies are concerned with public welfare

22. Masculinity-Femininity: Gender of nations: hard vs soft Material success, what you do competition, money & things, consume for show live for working, role differentiation Modesty, who you are , equality (= leveling) people, quality of life, consume for use, work for living, overlapping roles Source: Hofstede, 1991 Masculine Feminine

23. Uncertainty Avoidance The state of being uneasy or worried about what may happen in the future Anxious in general Uncertainty avoidant societies Don’t like ambiguity Consider the different to be threatening Tend to be better implementers than innovators

24. Uncertainty Avoidance: Coping with ambiguity clarity , structure , precision, punctuality competence/expertise, scientific control stress, stability , need for purity slow adoption of innovations advertising is serious Comfortable with ambiguity, chaos fast adoption of innovations, tolerance humor in advertising Source: Hofstede, 2001 Strong UA Weak UA

25. Hofstede’s model of national cultures 7- Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Individualism Masculinity Time perspective

26. Attitudes Toward Time Monochronic versus polychronic Temporal orientations Past orientation Europe and Middle East Present orientation Mexico Future orientation USA Work and leisure time

27. Hofstede Scores Are Relative Compared to USA, Japan is collectivist USA = 91 on Individualism Japan = 46 on Individualism Compared to South Korea, Japan is individualistic Japan = 46 on Individualism South Korea = 18 on Individualism

28. Hofstede Scores Country/ region Power distance Individualism Masculinity Uncertainty avoidance USA 40 91 62 46 Canada 39 80 52 48 United Kingdom 35 89 66 35

29. Hofstede Scores Country/ region Power distance Individualism Masculinity Uncertainty avoidance France 68 71 43 86 Germany 35 67 66 65 Hungary 46 80 88 82 Romania 90 30 42 90

30. Hofstede Scores Country/ region Power distance Individualism Masculinity Uncertainty avoidance Arab countries 80 38 53 68 Israel 13 54 47 81 Mexico 70 46 53 68 Chile 63 23 28 86

31. Long Term Orientation - Short Term Orientation Thrift sparing with resources perseverance, work hard p ragmatism slow results Spending buy now, pay later instant gratification tradition, truth bottom-line now Short-Term Long Term

32. WATCH VIDEO 7-

33. Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture Hofstede notes that three of the dimensions Power Distance, Individualism-Collectivism and Masculinity-Femininity refer to expected social behavior

34. Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture The fourth dimension Uncertainty Avoidance is concerned with “man’s search for Truth,” and a fifth reflects the importance of time.

35. Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture The fifth Long-Term vs Short-Term orientation reflects the importance of time.

36. Quibla Cola Products

37. Cross-Cultural Training Methods 0

38. Assignments Making Culture Work for Marketing Success Embrace local culture. Build relationships. Employ locals to gain cultural knowledge. Help employees understand you. Adapt products and processes to local markets. Coordinate by region. 4-

39. OVERT NAMES Reveal what the company 11/11/09 does

40. IMPLIED NAMES Contain recognizable words or word parts that imply what the company is about 11/11/09

41. C O N C E P T U A L N A M E S T r y t o c a p t u r e t h e e s s e n c e o f the idea behind the brand 11/11/09

42. ICONOCLASTIC NAMES 11/11/09 Does not reflect the company’s goods and services, but instead something that is unique different and memorable

43. 11/11/09 CONCEPTUAL IMPLIED ICONOCLASTIC OVERT CORPORATE NAMES