Presented by Emily Ouma, Justus Ochieng, Michel Dione and Danilo Pezo at the 5th International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference, Addis Ababa, 23-26 September 2016
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Governance structures in smallholder pig value chains in Uganda: Constraints and opportunities for upgrading
1. Governance structures in smallholder pig value
chains in Uganda: constraints and
opportunities for upgrading
Emily Ouma, Justus Ochieng, Michel Dione and Danilo Pezo
5th International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference
UNCC – Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
23-26th September 2016
2. Motivation
• Transformation of agri-food value
chain systems in developing
countries
– Shift to more coordinated linkages
and value chain governance
– Driven by increased demand from
consumers for food safety and better
food quality specifications
– Risk of SMEs being left out as value
chains get more organised to meet
changing patterns of consumer
demand
3. Motivation
• Challenges for developing country
SMEs
– Being competitive in agri-food value
chains
– Asymmetric power relationships
that impact on distribution of costs
and benefits
• Need for governance systems and
upgrading interventions that
enhance benefits for the SMEs
• Focus - Uganda pig VC
4. Why pig value chains in Uganda?
• Dynamic and rapidly growing pig
sector in Uganda.
• Pig population increased from 0.19
to 3.2 million pigs (last 3 decades).
• Highest per capita consumption (3.4
kg/person/year) of pork in the
region:
– 10 times increase in the last 30
years, whereas beef is declining.
• Agribusiness opportunities for SMEs
(farmers, traders, processors,
transporters)
– Growing and changing demand
• Identified by Livestock and Fish
CGIAR Research Program – potential
for pro-poor development
5. Objective
• Analyze value chain governance structures and its
determinants in the smallholder pig value chain & identify
opportunities for value chain upgrading
• Value chain governance structures definition
₋ Relationships among buyers, sellers, service providers and
regulatory institutions that influence range of activities required
to bring a product from its inception to end use.
₋ Power and ability of a firm to exert control in the chain
• Study sites
₋ 4 districts (Masaka, Kamuli, Mukono and Kampala) representing
high supply and demand areas
₋ Cross sectional survey data: random samples of 376 pig farmers,
101 pig traders, 36 veterinary service providers, and 36 livestock
feed stockists.
6. Methods
• Application of the New Institutional Economics
framework:
₋ Transaction cost economics (TCE) to assess rationale for
governance structures and relations in the value chain
₋ TCE offers rules on how trading partners choose governance
structures to mitigate contractual hazards to minimize
transaction costs
₋ Important properties of underlying transactions that
influence governance structures (asset specificity,
uncertainty, frequency and complexity of transactions)
• MNL to assess determinants of levels of vertical
integration among pig traders
7. Village breeding boars
Agro-veterinary stockists, Livestock feed stockists, private and government
vets
Pig value chain map
Production
Collection/bulking
Slaughter
Processing
Retail
Consumption
Inputs and services
Key actors
Pig slaughter slabs
Kampala slaughterhouse
Pork butchers
Supermarkets
Processor retail shops
Brokers (selling to in country live pig traders and cross border traders)
Live pig traders (in country also carrying out transport functions)
Only 2 main processors (Fresh Cuts and Sausage King - private
companies located in Kampala)
Imported processed products from Kenya (Farmers Choice)
Pork joints
Restaurants
Individual households
Piglet producers – sale of weaners
Pig fatteners – sales of pigs for slaughter
8. Results
Value chain node Dominant governance
structure
Characteristics
Pig production – individual
farmers
Uncoordinated spot-
market transactions
- Sales to local traders
- Limited market information on
prices, and preferred attributes
- Low asset specificity
Collection and bulking -
brokers
Verbal contracts
(based on trust and
repeat transactions)
- Sales to pig traders
- Low asset specificity (motorbikes
main fixed investment and mobile
phones for networking)
Live pig trade (pig traders) Vertically integrated - 60% perform multiple functions
under single ownership
- Involved in transport, pig slaughter,
pork retail (butcheries and pork
joints)
- Slaughter slab, butcheries and pork
joints in close proximity to reduce TC
- Members of live pig trader groups –
collude to set producer price of pigs
9. Results
Value chain node Dominant governance
structure
Characteristics
Pig slaughter –
backyard slaughters
and Kampala
slaughterhouse
Kampala slaughterhouse
– Verbal contracts with
traders based on trust
Backyard slaughters –
vertically integrated
- Absence of designated slaughter
facilities for pigs in rural and urban areas
- Emergence of informal backyard
slaughters with resulting pork is not
inspected
- Poor hygiene of slaughter slabs and poor
pork handling and lack of a cold chain
- Pork sold through retail outlets –
butcheries and pork joints (no grading or
standards)
Processing Formal written contracts
with Kampala
slaughterhouse and
supermarket chains
- Main pork supplier is the Kampala
slaughterhouse
- High levels of investments (processing
and chilling equipment)
Input supply Spot market transactions
with farmers
- Weak implementation of national feeds
policy resulting in poor quality feeds in
the markets due to adulteration
10. Vertical integration determinants of pig
traders in the value chain - ME
Variables Low
integrated
Medium
integrated
High
integrated
Age -0.001 0.010 -0.009
Education (years of formal
education)
-0.039** 0.000 0.039**
Gender -0.210 0.250** -0.039
Experience 0.001 -0.017* 0.016*
Access to market information -0.281*** -0.127 0.408***
Trade association member -0.033 0.225 0.192
Value of investments in the
value chain
0.000 -0.105*** 0.129***
Market perception (pig supply
in next 3 years)
0.090 -0.044 -0.046**
Base group – low integrated traders n=101 Log likelihood function – 82.38
LR (χ2) = 44.87 Prob>χ2= 0.000 Pseudo–R2= 0.284
11. Summary and implications
Most relationships in the production and input supply
nodes are based on spot market governance structures
Power by pig traders – collude to set pig producer prices
Interventions to improve value chain position of farmers
and reduce TC associated with individual spot market
transactions:
₋ Business models involving horizontal integration of
farmers to improve bargaining power and TC
₋ Linkages with other business development services
through marketing contracts
12. Summary and implications
Severe gaps in implementation of policies to ensure
supply of quality inputs, and safe pork and pork
products
₋ Advocacy efforts
Lack of investments by public sector for pig slaughter
facilities and private sector for value addition
₋ Opportunities for PPPs
₋ Value chain financing for cold chain investments
13. This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
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Agrifood value chain governance is important for SMEs for better integration and coordination of activities in the value chain and improved performance.
An important challenge for the largest number of developing country SMEs is how to enter into these chains and become competitive.
This is because they are often confronted with asymmetric power relationships that impact on the distribution of costs and benefits in the chain.
The pig value chain is largely informal and dominated by SMEs
Beef per capita has decline form 7.7 kg/person/year to 5.3 kg/year while per capita consumption of pork is rising form 0.2 to 3.4 kg
The contractual hazards are as a result of bounded rationality and opportunism
Williamson
Asset specificity – refers to the transferability of assets to support a given transaction.
For brevity – arrows are not included
Low asset specificity – production assets associated with piggery can be deployed towards other assets
During low pig sales period, traders switch form pig trade to transportation of people using the motorcycles
Veterinary and public health departments have the responsibility of regulating slaughter premises and enforcing standards to ensure that only quality and safe pork is offered to the market. Enforcement has been weak.
Traders who have a higher asset value in the value chain are more likely to be highly integrated
Traders who have access to market information are more likely to be highly integrated
Traders who perceive pig supplies to decline in the next 3 years are more likely to be highly integrated (supply uncertainties) – they tend to pursue higher integration levels in order to have increased control over supply uncertainties and protect value.