This document provides an introduction and overview of adjective clauses in English grammar. It discusses the use of who, whom, that, which, and whose in adjective clauses, including examples and exercises. The main topics covered are: - Defining adjective clauses and their structure - Using who, whom, that, and which in adjective clauses - Agreement of verbs in adjective clauses - Using prepositions in adjective clauses - Using whose to indicate possession in adjective clauses

2. 12-1 Adjective clauses: introduction
12-2 Using who and whom in adjective ...
12-3 Using who, who(m), and that in adjective ...
12-4 Using which and that in adjective clauses
12-5 Singular and plural verbs in adjective …
12-6 Using prepositions in adjective clauses
12-7 Using whose in adjective clauses
CONTENTS

3. 12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION
I have a terrific friend
who is very kind.

4. 11-10 CPITALIZATION
12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION
(a) I have a terrific friend.
adjective + noun
(b) I have a thoughtful friend.
adjective + noun
adjective modifies noun

5. 11-10 CPITALIZATION
12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION
(b) I have a thoughtful friend.
adjective + noun
adjective noun
(usually)
(a) I have a terrific friend.
adjective + noun

6. 11-10 CPITALIZATION
12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION
(c) I have a friend who is always cheerful.
noun + adjective clause
adjective clause modifies noun
11-10 CPITALIZATION
(d) I have a friend who is a doctor.
noun + adjective clause
11-10 CPITALIZATION
(e) I have a friend who lives next door.
noun + adjective clause

7. 11-10 CPITALIZATION
12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION
(c) I have a friend who is always cheerful.
noun + adjective clause
noun adjective clause
11-10 CPITALIZATION
(d) I have a friend who is a doctor.
noun + adjective clause
11-10 CPITALIZATION
(e) I have a friend who lives next door.
noun + adjective clause

8. 12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
The boy who has the phone
is adorable.

9. 12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(a) The child is adorable.
(b) The child is adorable.
He has the phone.
is a subject pronounhe
is a subject pronounwho
who has the phone
he adjective clausewho

10. 12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(a) The child is adorable.
(b) The child is adorable.who has the phone
INCORRECT: The child is adorable
who has the phone.
noun adjective clause

11. 12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(c) The child was funny.
(d) The child was funny.
I saw him.
is an object pronounhim
is an object pronounwhom
whom I saw
him adjective clausewhom

12. 12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(c) The child was funny.
(d) The child was funny.who has the phone
INCORRECT: The child was funny who has the phone.
noun + adjective clause

13. 12-1,12-2 LET’S PRACTICE
whotwo sentences one sentence
Jonah is in my English class.
He is an excellent student.
who is an excellent student
is in my English class.
Jonah

14. 12-1,12-2 LET’S PRACTICE
whotwo sentences one sentence
Mary is an artist.
She is very talented.
who is very talented
is an artist.
Mary

15. whom we see are
12-1,12-2 LET’S PRACTICE
Øtwo sentences one sentence
We see the vendors.
They are working in the floating
market.
working in the floating market.
The vendors

16. The girl that has the phone
is friendly.
12-3 USING WHO, WHO(M), AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES

17. (a) The girl is friendly.
(b) The girl is friendly.who has the phone
INCORRECT: The girl has the phone is friendly.
(c) The girl that has the phone is friendly.
same
meaning
12-3 USING WHO, WHO(M), AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES

18. (a) The child is adorable.
(c) The child is adorable.
He has the phone.
is a subject pronounHe
can be the subjectthat
that has the phone
He adjective clausethat
12-3 USING WHO, WHO(M), AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES

19. (d) The child was funny. I knew her.
(e) The child was funny.who(m) I knew
(f) The child that I knew was funny.
12-3 USING WHO, WHO(M), AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES
(g) The child Ø I knew was funny.
object pronoun can be omitted
from adjective clause
S O
who(m)
that

20. 12-3 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
The people who(m) I met last night
were really funny.

21. 12-3 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
The woman is reading is my sister.

22. 12-3 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT INCORRECTOR ?
The woman that is reading is my sister.

23. 12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
The computer that I just
bought is really fast.

24. 12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(a) My computer is really fast. It is new.
(c) My computer that is new is really fast.
(b) My computer which is new is really fast.
s v
s v
s v
which things
that people / things
who, whom people

25. 12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(a) My computer is really fast. It is new.
(c) My computer that is new is really fast.
(b) My computer which is new is really fast.
adjective clausewhichIt

26. 12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(a) My computer is really fast. It is new.
(c) My computer that is new is really fast.
(b) My computer which is new is really fast.
adjective clausethatIt

27. 12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(a) That computer is really fast. It is new.
(c) That computer that is new is really fast.
(b) That computer which is new is really fast.
INCORRECT: That computer is new is really fast.

28. which, that object in adjective clause
12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(d) The old car needs work. I drive it.
(f) The old car that I drive needs work.
(e) The old car which I drive needs work.
s v o
o s v
o s v
(g) The old car Ø I drive needs work.
s v

29. 12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(d) The old car needs work. I drive it.
(f) The old car that I drive needs work.
(e) The old car which I drive needs work.
(g) The old car Ø I drive needs work.
same meaning
same meaning

30. which we played
12-4 LET’S PRACTICE
whichtwo sentences one sentence
We played a game. The game was fun.
was fun.
The game

31. we played
12-4 LET’S PRACTICE
Øtwo sentences one sentence
was fun.
The game
We played a game. The game was fun.

32. the supermarket
12-4 LET’S PRACTICE
thattwo sentences one sentence
Where is the supermarket?
It sells great produce.
that sells great produce?
Where is

33. 12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES
I have a friend who is a
wonderful gardener.

34. 12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES
(a) I have a friend who is a wonderful gardener.
singular noun singular verb

35. 12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES
(b) I have friends who are wonderful gardeners.
plural noun plural verb

36. 12-5 LET’S PRACTICE
is
are
People who travel to other countries
___ required to have a passport.are

37. 12-5 LET’S PRACTICE
is
are
A set of twins that ___ not identical
___ called fraternal.
is
is

38. 12-5 LET’S PRACTICE
speak
speaks
There are many people in
Europe who ______ more than
one language.
speak

39. 12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
The new student I talked to
was thrilled to be here.

40. 12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(a) The teacher is friendly. I talked to her.
PREP Obj.
(b) The teacher whom I talked to is friendly.
PREPObj.
(c) The teacher that I talked to is friendly.
(d) The teacher Ø I talked to is friendly.

41. (e) The teacher to whom I talked is friendly.
PREP Obj.
FORMAL ENGLISH
preposition + whom + adjective clause
which
MUST have pronoun
12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

42. 12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(f) The paper is long. I am working on it.
PREP Obj.
(g) The paper which I am working on is long.
PREPObj.
(h) The paper that I am working on is long.
(i) The paper Ø I am working on is long.

43. (j) The paper on which I am working is long.
PREP Obj.
FORMAL ENGLISH
preposition + whom + adjective clause
which
MUST have pronoun
12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

44. which we
whichtwo sentences one sentence
We went to a game. It was boring.
went to was boring.
The game
12-6 LET’S PRACTICE

45. Ø we
Øtwo sentences one sentence
went to was boring.
The game
12-6 LET’S PRACTICE
We went to a game. It was boring.

46. 12-6 LET’S PRACTICE
We visited a Rodin museum
yesterday. It was beautiful.
that
that we visited
yesterday was beautiful.
The Rodin museum

47. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
The boy whose wrist is
broken has a cast.

48. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(a) The boy has a cast.
His wrist is broken.

49. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(a) The boy has a cast.
His wrist is broken.
whose wrist
(b) The boy whose wrist is broken has a cast.
whose possession

50. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(a) The boy has a cast.
His wrist is broken.
(b) The boy whose wrist is broken has a cast.
adjective clause
whose wrist

51. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(c) I have a friend.
Her mother is a doctor.
whose mother
(d) I have a friend whose mother is a doctor.
whose possession

52. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(c) I have a friend.
Her mother is a doctor.
whose mother
(d) I have a friend whose mother is a doctor.
adjective clause

53. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(e) The family was moving.
I bought their car.

54. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(e) The family was moving.
I bought their car.
whose car
(f) The family whose car I bought was moving.
whose possession

55. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(c) The family is moving.
I bought their car.
whose car
(d) The family whose car I bought was moving.
adjective clause

56. 12-7 LET’S PRACTICE
This is my friend Ichiro.
His sister is a famous
scientist.
who
whose
whose sister
is a famous scientist.
This is my friend Ichiro

57. 12-7 LET’S PRACTICE
I go to a great doctor.
She is very busy.
who is very busy.I go to a great doctor
who
whose

58. 12-7 LET’S PRACTICE
I go to a busy doctor.
Her patients often have to wait
in line.
whose patients often
have to wait in line.
I go to a busy doctor
who
whose

59. 59
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