This document provides instruction on connecting ideas in sentences using conjunctions such as and, but, or, so, even though, although, and because. It includes examples of how to correctly use commas with these conjunctions when joining two independent clauses or listing items. The document also discusses using auxiliary verbs after but and and. Exercises are provided throughout for practice applying the concepts.

2. Preview
8-1 Connecting ideas with and
8-2 Connecting ideas with but and or
8-3 Connecting ideas with so
8-4 Using auxiliary verbs after but and and
8-5 Using and + too, so, either, neither
8-6 Connecting ideas with because
8-7 Connecting ideas with even though/although
CONTENTS

3. PREVIEW
PUNCTUATION:
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
Elephants eat leaves and brush.

4. PREVIEW
PUNCTUATION:
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
Flounder are fish all fish live in water.
Flounder are fish. All fish live in water.
CORRECT

5. PREVIEW
PUNCTUATION:
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
Carrots onions and celery are vegetables.
Carrots onions and celery are vegetables.
CORRECT
, ,

6. 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
We had salmon, asparagus,
and salad for dinner.

7. 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE
(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana.
(b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear., ,

8. and connects two words NO COMMA
and connects three or more COMMAS
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE
(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana.
(b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear., ,

9. 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.,

10. and connects two sentences COMMA
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.,

11. 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.
(e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.
.

12. 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.
(e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.
.
period two complete sentences
no “and”
no comma

13. 8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
I like lettuce and tomato on my cheeseburger.
COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS
?

14. 8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
I speak Hindi and you speak Swedish.
COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS
?
,

15. 8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
I like lettuce tomato and cheese
on my hamburger.
COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS
?

16. 8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
I like lettuce tomato and cheese
on my hamburger.
COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS
?
, ,

17. 8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
I studied for the test,
but I failed.

18. 8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
(a) The team played well but didn’t win.
(b) Is it going to rain or snow?
(c) Would you like peas carrots squash?
and, but and or “conjunctions”
connect items
commas series of three or more
, , or

19. 8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
(d) I had the flu but I didn’t feel sick.
(e) Did you have the flu or was it just a cold?
I had the flu. = a sentence
I didn’t feel sick. = a sentence
,
,
two complete
sentences with
but or or
comma

20. 8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
and
but
or
COMMA
NO COMMA
+
I love to eat ice cream ____
it gives me a stomachache.

21. I love to eat ice cream ____
it gives me a stomachache.
8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
but,
and
but
or
COMMA
NO COMMA
+

22. 8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
and,
and
but
or
COMMA
NO COMMA
+
She goes to school, studies hard ____
gets good grades.

23. 8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
and
but
or
COMMA
NO COMMA
+
Would you like an apple ____ a banana.

24. 8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
or
and
but
or
COMMA
NO COMMA
+
Would you like an apple ____ a banana.

25. 8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
Rajiv got a new bike, so he
went for a ride.

26. 8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
, so
two independent clauses
(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.

27. 8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
So results:
cause: She was tired.
result: She took a nap.
(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.

28. 8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.
(b) COMPARE: She was tired, but she
didn’t take a nap.
but unexpected result

29. 8-3 LET’S PRACTICE
so
but
He was frightened, ___ he didn’t cry.but

30. 8-3 LET’S PRACTICE
She was lonely, ___ she
hugged her stuffed monkey.
so
so
but

31. 8-3 LET’S PRACTICE
His mother told him not to play in the mud,
___ he didn’t listen.but
so
but

32. 8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
He likes pizza, but I don’t.

33. (a) I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.
(b) I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t.
(c) I won’t be leaving, but Nazan will.
(d) Yi-When has been to Rome, but Jen hasn’t.
(e) She isn’t at school, but he is.
8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
does = play tennis

34. (f) I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either.
(g) I like racketball, and Jim does too.
(h) I won’t be leaving, and Nazan won’t either.
(i) Yi-When has been to Rome, and Jen has too.
(j) She isn’t at school, and he isn’t either.
8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND

35. I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either.
I won’t be leaving, and Nazan won’t either.
I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.
8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
negative + but + affirmative
affirmative + but + negative
I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t.
negative + and + negative
negative + and + negative

36. 8-4 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
I love to ski, but my sister does too.
CORRECT
I love to ski, and my sister does too.

37. 8-4 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
The man is cooking, but the woman isn’t.

38. 8-4 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
Lee hasn’t been to Tokyo, but Boram does.
CORRECT
Lee hasn’t been to Tokyo, but Boram has.

39. 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
Ms. Poulos plays the violin,
and her daughter does too.

40. 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
(a) Hyun likes dogs, and Sun Hee does too.
subj + aux + TOO
(b) Hyun likes dogs, and so does Sun Hee.
SO + aux + subj
same meaning

41. 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
(c) Bob doesn’t like dogs, and Jay doesn’t either.
subj + aux + EITHER
(d) Bill doesn’t like dogs, and neither does Jay.
NEITHER + aux + subj
same meaning

42. 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
I am too.
same
meaning
(e) I’m happy
that we are
cooking
together. So am I.
(f) I’m happy that we are
cooking together.

43. 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
I don’t either.
(g) I don’t
like bread.
Neither do I.
(h) I don’t like bread.
same
meaning

44. 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
Me too.
(i) I like fruit.
Me neither.
(j) I don’t like bread.
informal
English

45. 8-5 LET’S PRACTICE
too
Amy is wearing high
heels, and _______
________________.
Emma
is too

46. 8-5 LET’S PRACTICE
Amy wears high
heels, and _______
________________.
so does
Emma
so

47. 8-5 LET’S PRACTICE
Jay doesn’t have
long hair, and
________________.neither does Amy
neither

48. 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
They are happy because they
bought a new house.

49. 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(a) She is smiling because she is happy.
because cause
reason

50. complete sentence
8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(b) MAIN CLAUSE: She is smiling.
(c) ADVERB CLAUSE: because she is happy.
because + subject + verb = an adverb clause
complete sentence

51. 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(d) She is smiling because she is happy.
(no comma)
MAIN CLAUSE ADVERB CLAUSE
main clause + no comma + adverb clause
(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.
(comma)
MAIN CLAUSEADVERB CLAUSE
adverb clause + comma + main clause

52. 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(d) She is smiling because she is happy.
(no comma)
MAIN CLAUSE ADVERB CLAUSE
(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.
(comma)
MAIN CLAUSEADVERB CLAUSE
same meaning

53. 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(f) INCORRECT IN WRITING:
She is smiling. Because she is happy.
must be
connected to
a main clause
Written?

54. 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(g) CORRECT IN SPEAKING:
Why is he
laughing?
Because I told
him a joke.

55. 8-6 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT INCORRECT?OR
Her eyes are watering. Because she is sick.
CORRECT
Her eyes are watering ________________.
OR
Because she is sick, __________________her eyes are watering.
because she is sick

56. 8-6 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
The woman is happy because she
loves her English class.

57. 8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH /
ALTHOUGH
Even though we were tired,
we didn’t rest.

58. (a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry.
I did not cry even though I was very sad.
8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH /
ALTHOUGH

59. (a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry.
I did not cry even though I was very sad.
(b) Although I was very sad, I didn’t cry.
I did not cry although I was very sad.
even though
although
same
meaning
adverb clause
8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH /
ALTHOUGH
+

60. (c) Because I was very sad, I cried.
(d) Even though I was very sad, I did not cry.
because expected result
even though
although
unexpected result
COMPARE:
8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH /
ALTHOUGH

61. 8-7 LET’S PRACTICE
even though
because
___________ I wanted to become a doctor, I
went to medical school.
Because

62. 8-7 LET’S PRACTICE
___________ it was difficult
to become a doctor, I did it anyway.
Even though
even though
because

63. 63
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