This document discusses a study on the effects of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles on hematological parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were exposed to different concentrations of CuO nanoparticles for 96 hours. No mortality was observed, likely due to the hardness of the water neutralizing the toxicity of copper. Analysis found that CuO nanoparticles affected white blood cell counts, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, hematocrit, and other blood parameters, but did not affect hemoglobin levels or monocytes. The study aims to better understand the toxicity of CuO nanoparticles on fish as their use increases in industry and other applications.
This mark scheme provides guidance to examiners on how to award marks for the Biology exam. It shows the requirements for each question and lists acceptable answers. The mark scheme should be used along with the question paper and examiner report to ensure marks are awarded consistently. Cambridge will not discuss the mark scheme further, but has published it to aid teachers and students.
This mark scheme provides guidance to examiners on how to award marks for answers on a biology exam. It shows the requirements to receive marks and gives examples of acceptable answers. While it does not discuss the examiners' meeting, it should be used along with the question paper and examiner report to ensure consistent marking. Cambridge will not discuss the specific details of the mark scheme.
This study used coreceptor-targeted inhibitors to investigate which coreceptors are used by HIV-1, SIV, HIV-2, and SHIV to enter primary cells. The inhibitors blocked entry via CCR5, CCR3, CCR2, and CXCR4. For most viruses, the main coreceptors were found to be CCR5 and CXCR4. However, some HIV-2 and SIV isolates could replicate using an alternative, undefined coreceptor. SIVrcm was found to use CCR2 as its primary coreceptor. The study helps elucidate coreceptor usage, which is important for understanding viral pathogenesis and developing animal models and vaccines.
This study investigated the cytotoxicity of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles on human blood lymphocytes. CuO nanoparticles are used in various applications like medicine, engineering, and technology. The study found that CuO nanoparticles decreased cell viability in human lymphocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Specifically, 382μM of CuO nanoparticles caused a 50% decrease in viability. The cytotoxicity was associated with a significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and loss of mitochondrial and lysosomal membrane integrity.
Citharinus citharus, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Synodontis clarias and Heterotis niloticus were examined for Endoparasites from June to January. A sample size of 160 fish each, for the four fish species were analysed. Two species of parasites were recovered; Eustrongylides sp (Nematode) and D. latum (Cestode). Eustrongylides sp. was prevalent > 90% in all the fish species. All the parasites were recovered from the gastrointestinal tract. Synodontis clarias had the highest mean parasites load of 5.27.78±0.75 in the stomach and 2.85±0.49 in the intestine during the dry season.
This document summarizes Philip A. Gale's research on calixpyrrole-mediated transmembrane anion transport. It discusses (1) how calixpyrroles can transport chloride and bicarbonate ions across lipid bilayer membranes, (2) the development of strapped and octafluorinated calixpyrroles to enhance anion transport capabilities, and (3) research demonstrating synergistic anion transport using dual host systems containing both calixpyrrole and valinomycin. The document also acknowledges collaborators on the various studies.
This study examined the mechanisms by which HIV-1 clade C escapes neutralization by broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the N332 glycan site in the envelope protein. The researchers found plasma from an Indian patient that broadly neutralized a panel of HIV strains, and mapped the specificity of these antibodies to the N332 site. When they tested envelope proteins from autologous viruses from the same patient, they found resistance to neutralization despite intact N332 sites. They identified three distinct mechanisms of escape - a mutation replacing N332, longer variable loop 1 lengths hindering antibody access, and additional protective glycans. This highlights how HIV can evolve to evade antibodies targeting a key vulnerability like the N332 site.
ABSTRACT- Disseminated cryptococcosis is generally seen in immunocompromised patients mainly associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Spontaneous cryptococcal peritonitis among patients of disseminated cryptococcosis is a rare presentation, which is presented in cases with cirrhosis of liver. It can be confused with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Strong clinical awareness and index of suspicion in a cirrhotic patient with peritonitis as well as early diagnosis and treatment is required as it is difficult to distinguish from spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. We describe here a case of disseminated cryptococcosis with cryptococcal peritonitis in a cirrhotic male.
Key-words- Liver cirrhosis, Cryptococcosis, Cryptococcal peritonitis
This mark scheme provides guidance to examiners on how to award marks for the Biology exam. It shows the requirements for each question and lists acceptable answers. The mark scheme should be used along with the question paper and examiner report to ensure marks are awarded consistently. Cambridge will not discuss the mark scheme further, but has published it to aid teachers and students.
This mark scheme provides guidance to examiners on how to award marks for answers on a biology exam. It shows the requirements to receive marks and gives examples of acceptable answers. While it does not discuss the examiners' meeting, it should be used along with the question paper and examiner report to ensure consistent marking. Cambridge will not discuss the specific details of the mark scheme.
This study used coreceptor-targeted inhibitors to investigate which coreceptors are used by HIV-1, SIV, HIV-2, and SHIV to enter primary cells. The inhibitors blocked entry via CCR5, CCR3, CCR2, and CXCR4. For most viruses, the main coreceptors were found to be CCR5 and CXCR4. However, some HIV-2 and SIV isolates could replicate using an alternative, undefined coreceptor. SIVrcm was found to use CCR2 as its primary coreceptor. The study helps elucidate coreceptor usage, which is important for understanding viral pathogenesis and developing animal models and vaccines.
This study investigated the cytotoxicity of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles on human blood lymphocytes. CuO nanoparticles are used in various applications like medicine, engineering, and technology. The study found that CuO nanoparticles decreased cell viability in human lymphocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Specifically, 382μM of CuO nanoparticles caused a 50% decrease in viability. The cytotoxicity was associated with a significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and loss of mitochondrial and lysosomal membrane integrity.
Citharinus citharus, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Synodontis clarias and Heterotis niloticus were examined for Endoparasites from June to January. A sample size of 160 fish each, for the four fish species were analysed. Two species of parasites were recovered; Eustrongylides sp (Nematode) and D. latum (Cestode). Eustrongylides sp. was prevalent > 90% in all the fish species. All the parasites were recovered from the gastrointestinal tract. Synodontis clarias had the highest mean parasites load of 5.27.78±0.75 in the stomach and 2.85±0.49 in the intestine during the dry season.
This document summarizes Philip A. Gale's research on calixpyrrole-mediated transmembrane anion transport. It discusses (1) how calixpyrroles can transport chloride and bicarbonate ions across lipid bilayer membranes, (2) the development of strapped and octafluorinated calixpyrroles to enhance anion transport capabilities, and (3) research demonstrating synergistic anion transport using dual host systems containing both calixpyrrole and valinomycin. The document also acknowledges collaborators on the various studies.
This study examined the mechanisms by which HIV-1 clade C escapes neutralization by broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the N332 glycan site in the envelope protein. The researchers found plasma from an Indian patient that broadly neutralized a panel of HIV strains, and mapped the specificity of these antibodies to the N332 site. When they tested envelope proteins from autologous viruses from the same patient, they found resistance to neutralization despite intact N332 sites. They identified three distinct mechanisms of escape - a mutation replacing N332, longer variable loop 1 lengths hindering antibody access, and additional protective glycans. This highlights how HIV can evolve to evade antibodies targeting a key vulnerability like the N332 site.
ABSTRACT- Disseminated cryptococcosis is generally seen in immunocompromised patients mainly associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Spontaneous cryptococcal peritonitis among patients of disseminated cryptococcosis is a rare presentation, which is presented in cases with cirrhosis of liver. It can be confused with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Strong clinical awareness and index of suspicion in a cirrhotic patient with peritonitis as well as early diagnosis and treatment is required as it is difficult to distinguish from spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. We describe here a case of disseminated cryptococcosis with cryptococcal peritonitis in a cirrhotic male.
Key-words- Liver cirrhosis, Cryptococcosis, Cryptococcal peritonitis
Male and female rats were exposed to mercury (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) for 12 weeks to investigate the effects on antioxidant enzymes. Mercury exposure inhibited antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase in a gender-specific manner. In female rats, mercury inhibited catalase and superoxide dismutase in the plasma, erythrocytes, liver and kidneys. In male rats, mercury inhibited superoxide dismutase in the liver and catalase in the kidneys. Mercury levels in tissues correlated negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels, specifically in females. The findings support that mercury exposure affects antioxidant defenses differently between males and females.
- World Environment Day is celebrated annually on June 5 to raise awareness about environmental issues. The 2021 theme is "Ecosystem Restoration".
- Ecosystem restoration involves assisting the recovery of degraded or destroyed ecosystems, as well as conserving intact ecosystems, through activities like planting trees, greening cities, and cleaning up rivers and coasts.
- Restoring 350 million hectares of land and aquatic ecosystems between 2010-2030 could generate $9 trillion in ecosystem services and remove 13-26 gigatons of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. However, with the global population growing rapidly, intense pressure is being put on the Earth's resources and environment.
The document surveys the chromium tolerance and bioaccumulation abilities of 51 yeast strains from various genera. The strains were grown in media supplemented with either chromium(III) or chromium(VI) at inhibitory concentrations. Cellular chromium content was then measured. Chromium(III) tolerance ranged from 0.25-5 mM among strains, while chromium(VI) tolerance ranged from 0.1-0.5 mM, with strains generally more sensitive to chromium(VI). Cellular chromium levels varied significantly between strains but followed a general trend of mid-range accumulation of chromium(III) and low-level accumulation of chromium(VI). Electron microscopy showed chromium accumulated in the cytoplasm and organelles of cells.
Vibrio Species Isolated from Farmed Fish in Basra City in IraqDrNajimRKhamees
This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of potentially pathogenic species of Vibrio in seven types of fish sampled from fish farms located in different districts in Basra governorate, Iraq. A total of 153 live fishes was collected from fish farms during the period January till May 2016. Bacteria were isolated using selective medium thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose salt agar. Presumptive Vibrio colonies were identified using the VITEK 2 system and selected biochemical tests. In the present study V. alginolyticus (24 of 60) was the predominant species, followed by V. cholerae (10 of 60), V. furnisii (10 of 60), V. diazotrophicus (7 of 60), V. gazogenes (5 of 60) and V. costicola (4 of 60). The signs of vibriosis appeared in three
types of fish, including Cyprinus carpio, Coptodon zillii and Planiliza subviridis in spite of the using Oxytetracycline in most fish farms. The results of the present study demonstrated the presence of pathogenic Vibrio species nearly in all fish farms. So the farm owners should be concerned about the presence of these pathogenic bacteria which also contributes to human health risk and should adopt best management practices for responsible aquaculture to ensure the quality of fish.
This study compares the hematotoxic effects of acute oral exposure to the munitions compound hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and its environmental degradation product hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) in rats. Both RDX and MNX caused a modest decrease in blood hemoglobin and granulocytes observed 14 days after exposure. Bone marrow assays showed decreases in granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming cells and burst-forming units-erythroid at 14 days but not 7 days, indicating delayed suppression
New Spectrophotometric Determination of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumaratein Bulk ...IOSRJAC
Two new, selective and sensitive visible spectrophotometric methods (method A and B) have been developed for the estimation of Tenofovir disoproxil fumaratein bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations. Method ‘A’ is based on the reaction with wool fast blue, in the presence of buffer at PH 1.5 to form a colored species with a λmax 590nm. Method B is based on the reaction with tropaeoline -00 dye under acidic condition with a λ max 410nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 50 to 250µg/ml for both the methods. The methods were extended to pharmaceutical formulations and there was no interference form any common pharmaceutical excepients and diluents. The result of analysis has been validated statistically and by recovery studies.
This study examined the effects of chronic copper exposure on the development of meiospores in the native kelp species Macrocystis pyrifera and the invasive kelp species Undaria pinnatifida. Meiospores of both species were exposed to various concentrations of copper (0-400 μg/L nominal) for 9 days. While meiospore germination occurred in all copper treatments, gametophyte growth and sexual differentiation were arrested under all copper exposures. The effective copper concentration that caused 50% inhibition of germination was higher for U. pinnatifida (231 μg/L) than M. pyrifera (157 μg/L), however neither species showed a
Bacteriological Analysis and Antibiogram of Pakistani Paper Currency Notes in...ZULKIFAL HUSSAIN
This study analyzed 167 samples of Pakistani paper currency notes of different denominations for bacterial contamination and antibiotic resistance. A total of 537 bacterial isolates from 10 species were detected, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common at 53.1%. Isolates showed high levels of resistance to antibiotics like amoxicillin, erythromycin, and penicillin. The study concludes that paper currency notes can transmit pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance in Pakistan.
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in african red snapper (lutjanus agennes) and...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed the levels of heavy metals like copper, iron, manganese, lead, and zinc in two fish species - African red snapper and cassava fish - caught off the coast of Accra, Ghana over five months. The heavy metals accumulated more in the gills and bones than in the muscle tissue. Iron, lead, and zinc levels exceeded recommended safety limits. The order and levels of heavy metal accumulation varied monthly and between fish tissues, likely due to changing environmental conditions affecting metal solubility and bioavailability. Heavy metal pollution poses health risks to humans consuming contaminated fish.
Molecular prevalence, risk factors assessment and haemato-biochemical alterat...Camila Bedoya Piedrahita
This document summarizes a study on Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs in India. The study aimed to determine the molecular prevalence of H. canis, identify risk factors, and examine hematological changes in infected dogs. Blood samples from 225 dogs with anemia symptoms were collected and tested via microscopy, DNA extraction, PCR and analysis of hematological parameters. Results found H. canis gamonts in neutrophils and monocytes on blood smears and PCR identified the parasite DNA. Infected dogs showed significant decreases in hemoglobin and platelet counts compared to uninfected dogs, indicating anemia and thrombocytopenia. Risk factors like seasonal variation and ticks were also discussed.
Determination of acute toxicity and the effects of sub-acute concentrations o...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Copper oxidenanoparticles have different industrial applications so it is inevitable that nanoparticulate products finally find their way into aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless there is little information available about their effects on some of edible fish. The present study aims to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the effect of two sub-acute concentrations (50 and 70% 96 h LC50) of CuO-NPs on some hematological and biochemical parameters of R. rutilus.
Materials and Methods:
225 healthy specimen of R. rutilus (mean weight 5.52±1.2 g; mean length 6.20±0.2 cm) were transported to the laboratory. In order to prepare the stock solution, CuO-NPs was dispersed in pure water with ultrasonication (50-60 kHz) for 15 min every day before dosing. At first, R. rutilus was exposed to CuO-NPs to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) value. Following acute test, fish were treated with sub-acute concentrations of CuO-NPs (50 and 70% 96 h-LC50 at) with one control group (no CuO-NPs) for a week to determine the changes in the level of some plasma hematological and biochemical parameters.
Results:
The 96 h-LC50 values of CuO-NPs was 2.19±0.003 mg/l. R. rutilus exhibited significantly lower RBC count, Hb and Hct values and a significant increase in the WBC numbers, MCH, MCHC and MCV indices (p<0.05).><0.05).
Conclusion:
These alterations indicate R. rutilus sensitivity to CuO-NPs and changes in blood parameters would be a useful tool for measurement early exposure to CuO nanoparticles.
This study examined the effects of subchronic dietary exposure to cadmium, methylmercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls on hematological parameters in the tropical fish species Rastrineobola argentea. 180 fish were exposed to feeds containing low doses of these contaminants over 45 days. Blood samples showed that red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and white blood cell counts significantly decreased in the exposed groups compared to controls. Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration significantly increased in the exposed groups. The results indicate that subchronic exposure to these contaminants can be detected through changes in hematological biomarkers in R. argentea,
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Combined effects of copper and cadmium on Chlorella pyrenoidosa H.Chick: Subc...UniversitasGadjahMada
Disposal of waste into aquatic ecosystems may cause microalgae to be exposed to various metals, e.g. copper and cadmium. The effects caused by combinations of metals may be more serious. Evaluations of subcellular fate, bioaccumulation, and biological effects of metals on aquatic organisms are generally derived from experiments with individual metals. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of exposure of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium combined on subcellular accumulation, distribution, and growth. The algae were exposed for 72 h to copper at concentrations of 13 – 25 μmol L-1, cadmium at about 6 μmol L-1, and combinations thereof. The levels of copper and cadmium in subcellular organelles, heatdenaturated protein, metal-rich granules, and heat-stable protein were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Exposure of C. pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium in combination inhibited growth more strongly than copper and cadmium individually. Highest accumulation was observed in metal-rich granules and heat-stable proteins. Administration of both metals in combination affected their subcellular distribution: copper was mainly distributed into the metal-rich granules (70 - 80 %) and heat-stable proteins (9 - 24 %), cadmium in the metal-rich granules (88 - 98 %).
A pilot study on effect of copper and cadmium toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicusresearchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) value. A total 120 number of Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20-L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The behavioral changes of Tilapia mossambicus were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Article Citation:
Anushia C, Sampath kumar P and Selva Prabhu A.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 020-027.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0008.pdf
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus researchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the
toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus
via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) value. A total 120 number of
Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20 L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0,
4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC 50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC
50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The behavioral changs of Tilapia mossambicus
were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal
cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Homeopathic Dilutions of Mercury Chloride as an Effective and Affordable Trea...semualkaira
A novel human coronavirus that is now named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (formerly called
HCoV-19) emerged in Wuhan,China, in late 2019 and is now causing a pandemic [1]. The epidemic of SARS-CoV wassuccessfully
contained through public health interventions, including case detection and isolation. Transmission of SARS-CoV occurred mainly
after days of illness
1) The study demonstrated three-level trophic transfer of quantum dots (QDs) in an aquatic food chain, from protozoa (Astasia longa) to zooplankton (Moina macrocopa) to fish (Danio rerio).
2) Using bioimaging techniques like fluorescence microscopy and multiphoton laser scanning microscopy, the researchers were able to visually observe the transfer of QDs from A. longa exposed to QDs to M. macrocopa which consumed the protozoa, and then from M. macrocopa to D. rerio which consumed the zooplankton.
3) Measurement of cadmium concentration in the organisms using I
Effect of imidacloprid on haematological parameters of a channa punctatus (bl...DrRavindraPawara
This document reports on a study that investigated the effects of the pesticide Imidacloprid on hematological parameters in the fish species Channa punctatus. The fish were exposed to a sublethal concentration of 0.282 ppm Imidacloprid for periods of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Significant changes were observed in red blood cell count, white blood cell count, and hemoglobin levels in the exposed fish compared to control fish. Red blood cell counts decreased over time of exposure while white blood cell counts increased. Hemoglobin levels also decreased with longer exposure times. The changes were found to be both time- and dose-dependent. After a 10-day recovery period, the hematological parameters
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.13
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of Fenvalerate on haematological parameters in
freshwater fish Channa marulius using standard methods. Fish was exposed to (1/4th LC50) sub lethal concentration of
Fenvalerate (0.086ppm) for 96h.The blood sample were obtained from both, control and experimental fish and assayed
haematological parameters (Total Erythrocytes count, TEC; Total Leucocytes count, TLC; Haemoglobin, Hb; Packed cell
volume, PCV; Mean corpuscular volume, MCV; Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin
Concentration; MCHC). The result revealed that TEC, Hb percentage, PCV and MCHC counts were significantly
decreased, whereas TLC, MCV and MCH increased slightly in experimental fish. The study has thus indicated marked
changes in blood of Channa marulius after exposure to Fenvalerate.
Key-words- Fenvalerate, Hematology, Channa marulius, Haemoglobin, Sub lethal
This study analyzed bacterial communities in drinking water biofilms using next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Biofilm samples were collected from water meters and pipes in a drinking water distribution system in southern Sweden. Over 600,000 DNA sequences were obtained and classified. The bacterial communities differed between water meters from households with and without complaints about water quality. Water meters from complaining households had fewer Proteobacteria and more Nitrospira and Pedomicrobium. Biofilm communities also differed between water meters and pipes, with pipes containing more Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Desulfovibrio, and Sulfuricurvum. Next-generation sequencing resolved bacterial diversity and differences in communities associated with water quality
Glyphosate research papers - Compiled by Dr.Alex Vasquez and Dr Eva Sirinaths...João Soares
Uma compilação de resumos de artigos científicos sobre os malefícios do glifosato sobre o ambiente, os animais e a saúde pública. Esta compilação foi efectuada pelo Dr. Alex Vasquez e a Dr. Eva Sirinathsinghji, do Instituto de Ciências na Sociedade e contém 245 páginas.
«Glyphosate Research Compilation – Abstracts of studies: Glyphosate’s adverse effects on the environment & on animal & human health - by Dr. Alex Vasquez & Dr. Eva Sirinathsinghji, Institute of Science in Society (245 pages)»
Male and female rats were exposed to mercury (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) for 12 weeks to investigate the effects on antioxidant enzymes. Mercury exposure inhibited antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase in a gender-specific manner. In female rats, mercury inhibited catalase and superoxide dismutase in the plasma, erythrocytes, liver and kidneys. In male rats, mercury inhibited superoxide dismutase in the liver and catalase in the kidneys. Mercury levels in tissues correlated negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels, specifically in females. The findings support that mercury exposure affects antioxidant defenses differently between males and females.
- World Environment Day is celebrated annually on June 5 to raise awareness about environmental issues. The 2021 theme is "Ecosystem Restoration".
- Ecosystem restoration involves assisting the recovery of degraded or destroyed ecosystems, as well as conserving intact ecosystems, through activities like planting trees, greening cities, and cleaning up rivers and coasts.
- Restoring 350 million hectares of land and aquatic ecosystems between 2010-2030 could generate $9 trillion in ecosystem services and remove 13-26 gigatons of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. However, with the global population growing rapidly, intense pressure is being put on the Earth's resources and environment.
The document surveys the chromium tolerance and bioaccumulation abilities of 51 yeast strains from various genera. The strains were grown in media supplemented with either chromium(III) or chromium(VI) at inhibitory concentrations. Cellular chromium content was then measured. Chromium(III) tolerance ranged from 0.25-5 mM among strains, while chromium(VI) tolerance ranged from 0.1-0.5 mM, with strains generally more sensitive to chromium(VI). Cellular chromium levels varied significantly between strains but followed a general trend of mid-range accumulation of chromium(III) and low-level accumulation of chromium(VI). Electron microscopy showed chromium accumulated in the cytoplasm and organelles of cells.
Vibrio Species Isolated from Farmed Fish in Basra City in IraqDrNajimRKhamees
This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of potentially pathogenic species of Vibrio in seven types of fish sampled from fish farms located in different districts in Basra governorate, Iraq. A total of 153 live fishes was collected from fish farms during the period January till May 2016. Bacteria were isolated using selective medium thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose salt agar. Presumptive Vibrio colonies were identified using the VITEK 2 system and selected biochemical tests. In the present study V. alginolyticus (24 of 60) was the predominant species, followed by V. cholerae (10 of 60), V. furnisii (10 of 60), V. diazotrophicus (7 of 60), V. gazogenes (5 of 60) and V. costicola (4 of 60). The signs of vibriosis appeared in three
types of fish, including Cyprinus carpio, Coptodon zillii and Planiliza subviridis in spite of the using Oxytetracycline in most fish farms. The results of the present study demonstrated the presence of pathogenic Vibrio species nearly in all fish farms. So the farm owners should be concerned about the presence of these pathogenic bacteria which also contributes to human health risk and should adopt best management practices for responsible aquaculture to ensure the quality of fish.
This study compares the hematotoxic effects of acute oral exposure to the munitions compound hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and its environmental degradation product hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) in rats. Both RDX and MNX caused a modest decrease in blood hemoglobin and granulocytes observed 14 days after exposure. Bone marrow assays showed decreases in granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming cells and burst-forming units-erythroid at 14 days but not 7 days, indicating delayed suppression
New Spectrophotometric Determination of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumaratein Bulk ...IOSRJAC
Two new, selective and sensitive visible spectrophotometric methods (method A and B) have been developed for the estimation of Tenofovir disoproxil fumaratein bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations. Method ‘A’ is based on the reaction with wool fast blue, in the presence of buffer at PH 1.5 to form a colored species with a λmax 590nm. Method B is based on the reaction with tropaeoline -00 dye under acidic condition with a λ max 410nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 50 to 250µg/ml for both the methods. The methods were extended to pharmaceutical formulations and there was no interference form any common pharmaceutical excepients and diluents. The result of analysis has been validated statistically and by recovery studies.
This study examined the effects of chronic copper exposure on the development of meiospores in the native kelp species Macrocystis pyrifera and the invasive kelp species Undaria pinnatifida. Meiospores of both species were exposed to various concentrations of copper (0-400 μg/L nominal) for 9 days. While meiospore germination occurred in all copper treatments, gametophyte growth and sexual differentiation were arrested under all copper exposures. The effective copper concentration that caused 50% inhibition of germination was higher for U. pinnatifida (231 μg/L) than M. pyrifera (157 μg/L), however neither species showed a
Bacteriological Analysis and Antibiogram of Pakistani Paper Currency Notes in...ZULKIFAL HUSSAIN
This study analyzed 167 samples of Pakistani paper currency notes of different denominations for bacterial contamination and antibiotic resistance. A total of 537 bacterial isolates from 10 species were detected, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common at 53.1%. Isolates showed high levels of resistance to antibiotics like amoxicillin, erythromycin, and penicillin. The study concludes that paper currency notes can transmit pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance in Pakistan.
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in african red snapper (lutjanus agennes) and...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed the levels of heavy metals like copper, iron, manganese, lead, and zinc in two fish species - African red snapper and cassava fish - caught off the coast of Accra, Ghana over five months. The heavy metals accumulated more in the gills and bones than in the muscle tissue. Iron, lead, and zinc levels exceeded recommended safety limits. The order and levels of heavy metal accumulation varied monthly and between fish tissues, likely due to changing environmental conditions affecting metal solubility and bioavailability. Heavy metal pollution poses health risks to humans consuming contaminated fish.
Molecular prevalence, risk factors assessment and haemato-biochemical alterat...Camila Bedoya Piedrahita
This document summarizes a study on Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs in India. The study aimed to determine the molecular prevalence of H. canis, identify risk factors, and examine hematological changes in infected dogs. Blood samples from 225 dogs with anemia symptoms were collected and tested via microscopy, DNA extraction, PCR and analysis of hematological parameters. Results found H. canis gamonts in neutrophils and monocytes on blood smears and PCR identified the parasite DNA. Infected dogs showed significant decreases in hemoglobin and platelet counts compared to uninfected dogs, indicating anemia and thrombocytopenia. Risk factors like seasonal variation and ticks were also discussed.
Determination of acute toxicity and the effects of sub-acute concentrations o...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Copper oxidenanoparticles have different industrial applications so it is inevitable that nanoparticulate products finally find their way into aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless there is little information available about their effects on some of edible fish. The present study aims to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the effect of two sub-acute concentrations (50 and 70% 96 h LC50) of CuO-NPs on some hematological and biochemical parameters of R. rutilus.
Materials and Methods:
225 healthy specimen of R. rutilus (mean weight 5.52±1.2 g; mean length 6.20±0.2 cm) were transported to the laboratory. In order to prepare the stock solution, CuO-NPs was dispersed in pure water with ultrasonication (50-60 kHz) for 15 min every day before dosing. At first, R. rutilus was exposed to CuO-NPs to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) value. Following acute test, fish were treated with sub-acute concentrations of CuO-NPs (50 and 70% 96 h-LC50 at) with one control group (no CuO-NPs) for a week to determine the changes in the level of some plasma hematological and biochemical parameters.
Results:
The 96 h-LC50 values of CuO-NPs was 2.19±0.003 mg/l. R. rutilus exhibited significantly lower RBC count, Hb and Hct values and a significant increase in the WBC numbers, MCH, MCHC and MCV indices (p<0.05).><0.05).
Conclusion:
These alterations indicate R. rutilus sensitivity to CuO-NPs and changes in blood parameters would be a useful tool for measurement early exposure to CuO nanoparticles.
This study examined the effects of subchronic dietary exposure to cadmium, methylmercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls on hematological parameters in the tropical fish species Rastrineobola argentea. 180 fish were exposed to feeds containing low doses of these contaminants over 45 days. Blood samples showed that red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and white blood cell counts significantly decreased in the exposed groups compared to controls. Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration significantly increased in the exposed groups. The results indicate that subchronic exposure to these contaminants can be detected through changes in hematological biomarkers in R. argentea,
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Combined effects of copper and cadmium on Chlorella pyrenoidosa H.Chick: Subc...UniversitasGadjahMada
Disposal of waste into aquatic ecosystems may cause microalgae to be exposed to various metals, e.g. copper and cadmium. The effects caused by combinations of metals may be more serious. Evaluations of subcellular fate, bioaccumulation, and biological effects of metals on aquatic organisms are generally derived from experiments with individual metals. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of exposure of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium combined on subcellular accumulation, distribution, and growth. The algae were exposed for 72 h to copper at concentrations of 13 – 25 μmol L-1, cadmium at about 6 μmol L-1, and combinations thereof. The levels of copper and cadmium in subcellular organelles, heatdenaturated protein, metal-rich granules, and heat-stable protein were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Exposure of C. pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium in combination inhibited growth more strongly than copper and cadmium individually. Highest accumulation was observed in metal-rich granules and heat-stable proteins. Administration of both metals in combination affected their subcellular distribution: copper was mainly distributed into the metal-rich granules (70 - 80 %) and heat-stable proteins (9 - 24 %), cadmium in the metal-rich granules (88 - 98 %).
A pilot study on effect of copper and cadmium toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicusresearchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) value. A total 120 number of Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20-L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The behavioral changes of Tilapia mossambicus were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Article Citation:
Anushia C, Sampath kumar P and Selva Prabhu A.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 020-027.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0008.pdf
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus researchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the
toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus
via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) value. A total 120 number of
Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20 L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0,
4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC 50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC
50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The behavioral changs of Tilapia mossambicus
were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal
cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Homeopathic Dilutions of Mercury Chloride as an Effective and Affordable Trea...semualkaira
A novel human coronavirus that is now named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (formerly called
HCoV-19) emerged in Wuhan,China, in late 2019 and is now causing a pandemic [1]. The epidemic of SARS-CoV wassuccessfully
contained through public health interventions, including case detection and isolation. Transmission of SARS-CoV occurred mainly
after days of illness
1) The study demonstrated three-level trophic transfer of quantum dots (QDs) in an aquatic food chain, from protozoa (Astasia longa) to zooplankton (Moina macrocopa) to fish (Danio rerio).
2) Using bioimaging techniques like fluorescence microscopy and multiphoton laser scanning microscopy, the researchers were able to visually observe the transfer of QDs from A. longa exposed to QDs to M. macrocopa which consumed the protozoa, and then from M. macrocopa to D. rerio which consumed the zooplankton.
3) Measurement of cadmium concentration in the organisms using I
Effect of imidacloprid on haematological parameters of a channa punctatus (bl...DrRavindraPawara
This document reports on a study that investigated the effects of the pesticide Imidacloprid on hematological parameters in the fish species Channa punctatus. The fish were exposed to a sublethal concentration of 0.282 ppm Imidacloprid for periods of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Significant changes were observed in red blood cell count, white blood cell count, and hemoglobin levels in the exposed fish compared to control fish. Red blood cell counts decreased over time of exposure while white blood cell counts increased. Hemoglobin levels also decreased with longer exposure times. The changes were found to be both time- and dose-dependent. After a 10-day recovery period, the hematological parameters
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.13
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of Fenvalerate on haematological parameters in
freshwater fish Channa marulius using standard methods. Fish was exposed to (1/4th LC50) sub lethal concentration of
Fenvalerate (0.086ppm) for 96h.The blood sample were obtained from both, control and experimental fish and assayed
haematological parameters (Total Erythrocytes count, TEC; Total Leucocytes count, TLC; Haemoglobin, Hb; Packed cell
volume, PCV; Mean corpuscular volume, MCV; Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin
Concentration; MCHC). The result revealed that TEC, Hb percentage, PCV and MCHC counts were significantly
decreased, whereas TLC, MCV and MCH increased slightly in experimental fish. The study has thus indicated marked
changes in blood of Channa marulius after exposure to Fenvalerate.
Key-words- Fenvalerate, Hematology, Channa marulius, Haemoglobin, Sub lethal
This study analyzed bacterial communities in drinking water biofilms using next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Biofilm samples were collected from water meters and pipes in a drinking water distribution system in southern Sweden. Over 600,000 DNA sequences were obtained and classified. The bacterial communities differed between water meters from households with and without complaints about water quality. Water meters from complaining households had fewer Proteobacteria and more Nitrospira and Pedomicrobium. Biofilm communities also differed between water meters and pipes, with pipes containing more Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Desulfovibrio, and Sulfuricurvum. Next-generation sequencing resolved bacterial diversity and differences in communities associated with water quality
Glyphosate research papers - Compiled by Dr.Alex Vasquez and Dr Eva Sirinaths...João Soares
Uma compilação de resumos de artigos científicos sobre os malefícios do glifosato sobre o ambiente, os animais e a saúde pública. Esta compilação foi efectuada pelo Dr. Alex Vasquez e a Dr. Eva Sirinathsinghji, do Instituto de Ciências na Sociedade e contém 245 páginas.
«Glyphosate Research Compilation – Abstracts of studies: Glyphosate’s adverse effects on the environment & on animal & human health - by Dr. Alex Vasquez & Dr. Eva Sirinathsinghji, Institute of Science in Society (245 pages)»
This document summarizes a study that compared the sensitivity of the fish Pimephales promelas and the water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia to binary metal mixtures. P. promelas and C. dubia were exposed to mixtures of nickel and cadmium over 7 days. Preliminary results found that P. promelas was more sensitive to the mixtures, showing more than additive effects, while C. dubia showed additive effects. Future work will test additional metal mixtures and compare results between the species to evaluate using an invertebrate model to understand effects in vertebrates.
Introduction: Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless and euphoric gas produced as a result of incomplete combustion of organic materials. It could either cause morbidity or mortality depending on the concentration and duration of exposure. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the long term effect of CO inhalation on haematological parameters.
The document summarizes a study on the toxicity effects of the pesticide Monocrotophos 36% EC on the hematology of the fish Labeo rohita. The study found that exposure to sublethal concentrations of Monocrotophos resulted in decreased red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, and total erythrocytes over time. Meanwhile, white blood cell count increased with increasing exposure time, indicating the pesticide stimulated white blood cell production. Overall, the results show Monocrotophos exposure caused anemia and physiological stress responses in the hematological parameters measured in L. rohita.
Synthesis and evaluation of bactericidal properties of CuO nanoparticles agai...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
CuO is one of the most important transition metal oxides due to its captivating properties. It is used in various technological applications such as high critical temperature superconductors, gas sensors, in photoconductive applications, and so on. Recently, it has been used as an antimicrobial agent against various bacterial species.
Materials and Methods:
Here, we synthesized CuO nanoparticles (NPs) and explored the antibacterial activity of CuO NPs preparation.
Results:
Single crystalline nanoparticles of copper oxide having almost uniform particle size of 5-6 nm has been synthesized by a facile and versatile route. XRD spectra confirmed the formation of single phase CuO NPs. Transmission electron microscopy results corroborate well with XRD results. The technique employed is free from toxic solvents, organics and amines, is based on a simple reaction of copper sulfate and de-ionized water (DI), and their bactericidal effects against of Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966T bacteria were investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) with liquid culture for all of the Aeromonas hydrophila culture Medias was done.
Conclusion:
Present study confirms that Copper oxide nanoparticles have great promise as antimicrobial agent against Aeromonas hydrophila.
Determinar la toxicitat dels sediments en els ecosistemes aquàtics és un repte, i és necessari per a una adequada avaluació del risc toxicològic en aquests ecosistemes. En les darreres dècades s’han estudiat i aplicat diferents eines (ex. tests de laboratori amb diferents concentracions, tests amb l’aigua intersticial, estudis de bioacumulació, índexs de toxicitat). Actualment es recomana l'aplicació conjunta d'eines químiques, ecològiques i toxicològiques per a una adequada avaluació. En aquest treball utilitzem l’aproximació de les Toxic Units, tests de toxicitat amb l’aigua intersticial (Vibrio fischeri, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata i Daphnia magna) i tests d'exposició amb el sediment (V. fischeri, Chironomus riparius), juntament amb l’estudi de la comunitat d'invertebrats, per detectar respostes a curt i llarg termini en quatre rius de la Península Ibèrica: el Llobregat, l’Ebre, el Xúquer i el Guadalquivir.
by Núria de Castro-Català, Maja Kuzmanovic, Neus Roig, Jordi Sierra, Antoni Ginebreda, Damià Barceló, Sandra Pérez, Mira Petrovic, Yolanda Picó, Marta Schumacher and Isabel Muñoz
Effect of zinc chloride (lc 50) on physicochemical parameters of water upon e...researchanimalsciences
Zinc is an essential element and cause deleterious effect at high concentration to both the animals and plants. In the present study, we observed that the Zinc chloride at lethal concentration fifty alters the behavior of fish which also change the physico-chemical properties of water. It was observed that the Zinc chloride steadily increased the pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water from 24 to 96 hrs, whereas the dissolved oxygen concentration in water was gradually decreased. It is concluded that the increase in pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water and decrease in oxygen could be due to increase in the metabolic processes of Ophiocephalus punctatus upon exposure to zinc chloride at lethal concentration 44.25 mg/l.
Article Citation:
Swapan S. Bacher and Arun M. Chilke.
Effect of Zinc Chloride (LC-50) on physicochemical parameters of water upon exposure to Ophiocephalus punctatus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 007-012.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0007.pdf
Effect of Zinc Chloride (LC - 50) on physicochemical parameters of water upo...researchanimalsciences
This study examined the effect of zinc chloride at its lethal concentration (LC-50) of 44.25 mg/l on the physicochemical parameters of water when exposed to the fish Ophiocephalus punctatus. It was observed that zinc chloride steadily increased the pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water from 24 to 96 hours, while dissolved oxygen concentration decreased. These changes in the physicochemical properties of water could be due to increased metabolic processes in O. punctatus upon exposure to lethal levels of zinc chloride.
Evaluation of the effect of crocetin on antitumor activity of doxorubicin enc...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): The current study reports investigation of codelivery by PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with crocetin (Cro), a natural carotenoid dicarboxylicHYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid” acid that is found in the crocus flower, and Doxorubicin (DOX).
Materials and Methods: Double emulsion/solvent evaporation method was used for preparation of PLGA nanoparticles containing Dox and Cro. Characterizations of prepared NPs were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering analysis. In vitro Cytotoxicity of DOX and Cro loaded PLGA NPs (PLGA-DOX-Cro) on MCF-7 cell line was evaluated using MTT test. Flow cytometry experiments were implemented to distinguish cells undergoing apoptosis from those undergoing necrosis. Furthermore the expression of caspase 3 was examined by western blot analysis.
Results: The prepared formulations had size of 150- 300 nm. Furthermore, PLGA-DOX-Cro nanoparticles inhibited MCF-7 tumor cells growth more efficiently than either DOX or Cro alone at the same concentrations, as quantified by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Studies on cellular uptake of DOX-Cro-NPs demonstrated that NPs were effectively taken up by MCF-7 tumor cells.
Conclusion: This study suggested that DOX-Cro-NPs may have promising applications in breast cancer therapy.
This study investigated codelivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and crocetin encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles to treat breast cancer. PLGA nanoparticles containing both DOX and crocetin (PLGA-DOX-Cro NPs) were prepared using a double emulsion/solvent evaporation method. Characterization of the nanoparticles found them to be 150-300 nm in size. In vitro studies on MCF-7 breast cancer cells showed that PLGA-DOX-Cro NPs inhibited cell growth more than DOX or crocetin alone, as measured by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Cellular uptake studies also demonstrated effective uptake of the DOX-Cro-loaded NPs by MCF
Effects of combination of magnesium and zinc oxide nanoparticles and heat on ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of combination of MgO and ZnO nanoparticles in the presence of heat against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods:Bacteria were grown on either agar or broth media followed by the addition of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles. Then the combined effect of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles was investigated. Furthermore, the media containing nanoparticles were treated with mild heat and their synergistic antibacterial activity was investigated against E. coli and S. aureus in milk.
Results: The data showed that the nanoparticles used in this study had no effect on the bacteria in the agar medium. However, the results showed that ZnO and MgO nanoparticles resulted in a significant decrease in the number of E. coli (P<0.000) and S. aureus (Pd”0.05) in the broth medium. The combination of nanoparticles and mild heat exhibited a significant decrease in the number of E. coli and S. aureus indicating the synergistic effects of nanoparticles and heat.
Conclusion: Using a combination of mild heat, ZnO and MgO nanoparticles, E. coli and S. aureus can be controlled successfully in the milk. Mild heating plus ZnO and MgO nanoparticles has a synergistic effect which would reduce the need for high temperature and also the concentrations of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles required for pathogen control in minimally processed milk during maintaining.
Preparation and evaluation of electrospun nanofibers containing pectin and ti...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):The aim of this study was to prepare electrospun nanofibers of celecoxib using combination of time-dependent polymers with pectin to achieve a colon-specific drug delivery system for celecoxib.
Materials and Methods:Formulations were produced based on two multilevel 22 full factorial designs. The independent variables were the ratio of drug:time-dependent polymer (X1) and the amount of pectin in formulations (X2). Electrospinning process was used for preparation of nanofibers. The spinning solutions were loaded in 5 mL syringes. The feeding rate was fixed by a syringe pump at 2.0 mL/h and a high voltage supply at range 10-18 kV was applied for electrospinning. Electrospun nanofibers were collected and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and drug release in the acid and buffer with pH 6.8 with and without pectinase.
Results:Electrospun nanofibers of celecoxib with appropriate morphological properties were produced via electrospinning process. Drug release from electrospun nanofibers was very low in the acidic media; while, drug release in the simulated colonic media was the highest from formulations containing pectin.
Conclusion: Formulation F2 (containing drug:ERS with the ratio of 1:2 and 10% pectin) exhibited acceptable morphological characteristics and protection of drug in the upper GI tract and could be a good candidate as a colonic drug delivery system for celecoxib.
The combined effects of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles on wound heali...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): This study was aimed at investigating the synergy effects of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles on the healing rate of the cutting wounds.
Materials and Methods: In order to determine the concentration of silver nanoparticles in Aloe vera gel, the MBC methods were applied on the most common bacteria infecting wounds, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cutting wounds with Full-thickness skin were dorsally created on rats; then the rats were divided into 4 groups. The treatments groups included: mixture of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles, Aloe vera gel alone and silver nanoparticles alone in addition to control groups. The treatment was carried out for 2 weeks and the size of the wound closures were measured by an image software analysis.
Results:There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in healing rate between the control and mixture group. However, there were significant differences between the silver nanoparticles and Aloe vera groups using Tukey’s analysis on the 6th, 8th and 10th days.
Conclusion:The Aloe vera gel increased the rate of wound healing whereas the silver nanoparticles had a delay effect; and when they were mixed, it was similar to the average effect of both Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles.
Simultaneous loading of 5-florouracil and SPIONs in HSA nanoparticles: Optimi...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): Over the past two decades, considerable interest has been focused on utilizing biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for biomedical applications. In this study, production of human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles using desolvation technique that were simultaneous loaded with high amounts of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and 5-flourouracil (5-FU) was investigated.
Materials and Methods: 5-FU loading (%) and SPIONs entrapment efficiency (%) were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The design expert software used to analyse the interactive effects of pH, 5-FU and SPIONs concentrations.
Results:The optimum conditions found to be pH of 8.2, drug concentration of 1.5 mg/ml and SPIONs concentration of 2.79 mg/ml. Under the mentioned optimum conditions, particles with the size of 111.8 nm, zeta potential of -37.1 mV, 5-FU loading of 15.8% and SPIONs entrapment efficiency of 41.1% were obtained. In vitro cumulative release of 5-FU from the nanoparticles was evaluated in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4, 37 °C). Results indicated that 85% of the 5-FU released during 95 h, which revealed a sustained release profile. In addition, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) analyses confirmed the superparamagnetic properties of magnetic albumin nanoparticles manufactured under the optimum conditions.
Conclusion: According to the findings,SPIONs and 5-FU loaded HAS nanoparticles arepromising for use as novel targeted delivery system due to proper magnetic and drug release behaviours.
Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effect of silver nanoparticle synthesized by C...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): For the development of reliable, ecofriendly, less expensive process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and to evaluate the bactericidal, and cytotoxicity properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from root extract of Croton bonplandianum, Baill.
Materials and Methods: The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by plant part of Croton bonplandianum was carried out. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), XRD and UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The biochemical properties were assayed by antibacterial study, cytotoxicity assay using cancer cell line.
Results: The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-VIS spectroscopic analysis which showed absorbance peak at 425 nm. X-ray diffraction photograph indicated the face centered cubic structure of the synthesized AgNPs. TEM has displayed the different dimensional images of biogenic silver nanoparticles with particle size distribution ranging from 15-40 nm with an average size of 32 nm. Silver particles are spherical in shape, clustered. The EDX analysis was used to identify the elemental composition of synthesized AgNPs. Antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs against three Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa carried out showed significant zones of inhibition. The cytotoxicity study by AgNPS also showed cytotoxicity on ovarian cancer cell line PA-1 and lung epithelial cancer cell line A549.
Conclusion: The present study confirms that the AgNPs have great promise as antibacterial, and anticancer agent.
Investigation of the effect of different parameters on the phase inversion te...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): Nanoemulsions are a kind of emulsions that can be transparent, translucent (size range 50-200 nm) or “milky” (up to 500 nm). Nanoemulsions are adequatly effective for transfer of active component through skin which facilitate the entrance of the active component . The transparent nature of the system and lack of the thickener and fluidity are among advantages of nanoemulsion.
Materials and Methods: In this study, a nanoemulsion of lemon oil in water was prepared by the phase inversion temperature (PIT) emulsification method in which the tween 40 was used as surfactant. The effect of concentration of NaCl in aqueous phase, pH and weight percent of surfactant and aqueous on the PIT and droplet size were investigated. Results: The results showed that with increasing of concentration of NaCl from 0.05 M to 1 M, PIT decrease from 72 to 50. The average droplet sizes, for 0.1, 0.5 and 1 M of NaCl in 25 ºC are 497.3, 308.1 and 189.9 nm, respectively and the polydispersity indexes are 0.348, 0.334 and 0.307, respectively.
Conclusion: Considering the characteristics of nanoemulsions such as being transparent, endurance of solution and droplet size can provide suitable reaction environment for polymerization process used in making hygienic and medical materials.
Mechanism of oxidative stress involved in the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles a...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
ZnO NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles) has generated significant scientific interest as a novel antibacterial and anticancer agent. Since oxidative stress is a critical determinant of ZnO NPs-induced damage, it is necessary to characterize their underlying mode of action. Different structural and physicochemical properties of ZnO NPs such as particle surface, size, shape, crystal structure, chemical position, and presence of metals can lead to changes in biological activities including ROS (reactive oxygen species) production. However, there are some inconsistencies in the literature on the relation between the physicochemical features of ZnO NPs and their plausible oxidative stress mechanism. Herein, the possible oxidative stress mechanism of ZnO NPs was reviewed. This is worthy of further detailed evaluations in order to improve our understanding of vital NPs characteristics governing their toxicity. Therefore, this study focuses on the different reported oxidative stress paradigms induced by ZnO NPs including ROS generated by NPs, oxidative stress due to the NPs-cell interaction, and role of the particle dissolution in the oxidative damage. Also, this study tries to characterize and understand the multiple pathways involved in oxidative stress induced by ZnO NPs. Knowledge about different cellular signaling cascades stimulated by ZnO NPs lead to the better interpretation of the toxic influences induced by the cellular and acellular parameters. Regarding the potential benefits of toxic effects of ZnO NPs, in-depth evaluation of their toxicity mechanism and various effects of these nanoparticles would facilitate their implementation for biomedical applications.
Combined effects of PEGylation and particle size on uptake of PLGA particles ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective:
At the present study, relationship between phagocytosis of PLGA particles and combined effects of particle size and surface PEGylation was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Microspheres and nanospheres (3500 nm and 700 nm) were prepared from three types of PLGA polymers (non-PEGylated and PEGylation percents of 9% and 15%). These particles were prepared by solvent evaporation method. All particles were labeled with FITC-Albumin. Interaction of particles with J744.A.1 mouse macrophage cells, was evaluated in the absence or presence of 7% of the serum by flowcytometry method.
Results:
The study revealed more phagocytosis of nanospheres. In the presence of the serum, PEGylated particles were phagocytosed less than non-PEGylated particles. For nanospheres, this difference was significant (P<0/05) and their uptake was affected by PEGylation degree. In the case of microsphere formulation, PEGylation did not affect the cell uptake. In the serum-free medium, the bigger particles had more cell uptake rate than smaller ones but the cell uptake rate was not influenced by PEGylation.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that in nanosized particles both size and PEgylation degree could affect the phagocytosis, but in micron sized particles just size, and not the PEGylation degree, could affect this.
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its synergistic effects in combination ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objectives:
Biofilms are communities of bacteria attached to surfaces through an external polymeric substances matrix. In the meantime, Acinetobacterbaumannii is the predominant species related to nosocomial infections. In the present study, the effect of silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with biocides and imipenem against planktonic and biofilms of A. baumannii was assessed.
Materials and Methods:
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 75 planktonic isolates of A. baumannii were determined by using the microdilution method as described via clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI). Among all strains, 10 isolates which formed strong biofilms were selected and exposed to silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with imipenem, bismuth ethandithiol (BisEDT) and bismuth propanedithiol (BisPDT) to determine minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBIC). Subsequently, minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) of silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with imipenem against mature biofilm of the isolates were evaluated.
Results:
Results showed that 29.3% of isolates were susceptible to silver nanoparticles and could inhibit the growth and eradicate biofilms produced by the isolates. For this reason, ∑FIC, ∑FBIC and ∑FBEC ≤ 0.05 were reported which shows synergism between silver nanoparticles and imipenem against not only planktonic cells but also inhibition and eradication of biofilms. The results of ∑FBIC >2 indicated to antagonistic impacts between silver nanoparticles and BisEDT/BisPDT against biofilms.
Conclusion:
It can be concluded that silver nanoparticles alone can inhibit biofilm formation but in combination with imipenem are more effective against A. baumannii in planktonic and biofilm forms.
Abstract
Objective(s):
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) are increasingly used in sunscreens, biosensors, food additives and pigments. In this study the effects of ZNP on liver of rats was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Experimental groups received 5, 50 and 300 mg/kg ZNP respectively for 14 days. Control group received only distilled water. ALT, AST and ALP were considered as biomarkers to indicate hepatotoxicity. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), SOD and GPx were detected for assessment of oxidative stress in liver tissue. Histological studies and TUNEL assay were also done.
Results:
Plasma concentration of zinc (Zn) was significantly increased in 5 mg/kg ZNP-treated rats. Liver concentration of Zn was significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg ZNP-treated animals. Weight of liver was markedly increased in both 5 and 300 mg/kg doses of ZNP. ZNP at the doses of 5 mg/kg induced a significant increase in oxidative stress through the increase in MDA content and a significant decrease in SOD and GPx enzymes activity in the liver tissue. Administration of ZNP at 5 mg/kg induced a significant elevation in plasma AST, ALT and ALP. Histological studies showed that treatment with 5 mg/kg of ZNP caused hepatocytes swelling, which was accompanied by congestion of RBC and accumulation of inflammatory cells. Apoptotic index was also significantly increased in this group. ZNP at the dose of 300 mg/kg had poor hepatotoxicity effect.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that lower doses of ZNP has more hepatotoxic effects on rats, and recommended to use it with caution if there is a hepatological problem.
Synthesis of graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite as an adsorbent for the enrich...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
In our study, graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite (GO/TiO2) was prepared and used for the enrichment of rutin from real samples for the first time.
Materials and Methods:
The synthesized GO/TiO2 was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and FT-IR spectra. The enrichment process is fast and highly efficient. The factors including contact time, pH, and amount of GO/TiO2 affecting the adsorption process were studied.
Results:
The maximum adsorption capacity for ciprofloxacin was calculated to be 59.5 mg/g according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The method yielded a linear calibration curve in the concentration ranges from 15 to 200 μg/L for the rutin with regression coefficients (r2) of 0.9990. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N=10) were found to be 8 μg/Land 28 μg/L, respectively. Both the intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSDs) were < 10% .
Conclusion:
The developed approach offered wide linear range, and good reproducibility. Owing to the diverse structures and unique characteristic, GO/TiO2 possesses great potential in the enrichment and analysis of trace rutin in real aqueous samples.
Preparation and evaluation of vitamin A nanosuspension as a novel ocular drug...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
The aim of this study was to prepare a nanosuspension formulation as a new vehicle for the improvement of the ocular delivery of vitamin A.
Material and Methods:
Formulations were designed based on full factorial design. A high pressure homogenization technique was used to produce nanosuspensions. Fifteen formulations were prepared by the use of different combinations of surfactants Tween 80, benzalkonium chloride and Pluronic and evaluated for pH, particle size, entrapment efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), stability and drug release. Also, Draize test was used to evaluate the irritation of rabbit eye by formulations.
Results:
All formulations showed a small mean size that is well suited for ocular application. Also it was observed that the particle size decreased with increase in the amount of surfactant. Drug entrapment increased with increasing amount of surfactant. It was shown that initial and final drug release can be controlled by the ratio and the total amount of surfactants, respectively.
Conclusion:
It was concluded that the use of Tween 80 and Pluronic in the formualtions with a proper ratio does not show eye irritation and could be useful to achieve a suitable nanosuspension of vitamin A as a novel ocular delivery system.
A comparative study about toxicity of CdSe quantum dots on reproductive syste...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
This study examined the toxicity of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) and CdSe:ZnS QDs on the reproductive system of mice. Mice were injected with doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg of CdSe QDs or CdSe:ZnS QDs. Histological analysis found that the 40 mg/kg dose of CdSe:ZnS QDs caused abnormal growth of seminiferous tubes, impaired spermatogenesis, and a decrease in testis weight, sperm count, and testosterone levels compared to controls. The CdSe:ZnS QDs at 40 mg/kg also decreased sperm density in the epididymis. This suggests that, contrary to previous reports, the
Functionalization of carbon nanotubes and its application in nanomedicine: A ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
This review focuses on the latest developments in applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in medicine. A brief history of CNTs and a general introduction to the field are presented.
Then, surface modification of CNTs that makes them ideal for use in medical applications is highlighted. Examples of common applications, including cell penetration, drug delivery, gene delivery and imaging, are given. At the same time, there are concerns about their possible adverse effects on human health, since there is evidence that exposure to CNTs induces toxic effects in experimental models. However, CNTs are not a single substance but a growing family of different materials possibly eliciting different biological responses. As a consequence, the hazards associated with the exposure of humans to the different forms of CNTs may be different. Understanding the structure–toxicity relationships would help towards the assessment of the risk related to these materials. Finally, toxicity of CNTs, are discussed. This review article overviews the most recent applications of CNTs in Nanomedicine, covering the period from 1991 to early 2015.
The role of surface charge of ISCOMATRIX nanoparticles on the type of immune ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
ISCOMATRIX vaccines have now been shown to induce strong antigen-specific cellular or humoral immune responses to a broad range of antigens of viral, bacterial, parasite or tumor. In the present study, we investigated the role of ISCOMATRIX charge in induction of a Th1 type of immune response and protection against Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice.
Materials and Methods:
Positively and negatively charged ISCOMATRIX were prepared. BALB/C mice were immunized subcutaneously, three times with 2-week intervals, with different ISCOMATRIX formulations. Soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA) were mixed with ISCOMATRIX right before injection. The extent of protection and type of immune response were studied in different groups of mice.
Results:
The group of mice immunized with negatively charged ISCOMATRIX showed smaller footpad swelling upon challenge with L. major and the highest IgG2a production compared with positively charged one. The mice immunized with positively charged ISCOMATRIX showed the lowest splenic parasite burden compared to the other groups. Cytokine assay results indicated that the highest level of IFN- γ and IL-4 secretion was observed in the splenocytes of mice immunized with negatively charged ISCOMATRIX as compared to other groups.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that ISCOMATRIX formulations generate an immune response with mixed Th1/Th2 response that was not protective against challenge against L. major.
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in cancer treatment and photodynamic therapy (PDT). It first introduces quantum dots (QDs), which are spherical semiconductor nanoparticles that have attractive optical properties for biomedical applications. QDs can be functionalized for targeted cancer therapy and have also been explored as photosensitizers for PDT. The document then provides background on PDT, describing its mechanisms of action and how it uses photosensitizers activated by light to generate reactive oxygen species that damage tumor cells. The potential advantages of PDT over conventional cancer therapies are noted. Finally, the document discusses how QDs, due to their tunable light absorption, have potential as novel photosensitizers for PDT to improve
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in cancer treatment and photodynamic therapy. It focuses on the use of quantum dots, which are spherical nanoparticles that have attractive optical properties like high photoluminescence, narrow emission spectra, and photostability. These properties make quantum dots useful as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of cancer tumors. The document reviews how quantum dots can be functionalized and targeted to cancer cells for photodynamic therapy applications. It also evaluates the design of nanoparticles and their potential safety for biomedical uses.
Preparation of protein-loaded PLGA-PVP blend nanoparticles by nanoprecipitati...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Despite of wide range applications of polymeric nanoparticles in protein delivery, there are some problems for the field of protein entrapment, initial burst and controlled release profile.
Materials and Methods:
In this study, we investigated the influence of some changes in PLGA nanoparticles formulation to improve the initial and controlled release profile. Selected parameters were: pluronic F127, polysorbate 80 as surfactant, pH of inner aqueous phase, L/G ratio of PLGA polymer, volume of inner aqueous phase and addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone as an excipient. FITC-HSA was used as a model hydrophilic drug. The nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation.
Results:
Initial release of FITC-HSA from PLGA-tween 80 nanoparticles (opt-4, 61%) was faster than control (PLGA-pluronic) after 2.30 h of incubation. Results showed that decrease in pH of inner aqueous phase to pI of protein can decrease IBR but the release profile of protein is the same as control. Release profile with three phases including a) initial burst b) plateau and c) final release phase was observed when we changed volume of inner aqueous phase and L/G ratio in formulation. Co-entrapment of HSA with PVP and pluronic reduced the IBR and controlled release profile in opt-19. Encapsulation efficiency was more than 97% and nanoparticles size and zeta potentials were mono-modal and -18.99 mV, respectively.
Conclusion:
In this research, we optimized a process for preparation of PLGA-PVP-pluronic nanoparticles of diameter less than 300 nm using nanoprecipitation method. This formulation showed a decreased initial burst and long lasting controlled release profile for FITC-HSA as a model drug for proteins.
Preparation of protein-loaded PLGA-PVP blend nanoparticles by nanoprecipitati...
8 nmj 2-1
1. Please cite this paper as:
Khabbazi M, Harsij M, Hedayati A K, Gholipoor H, Gerami M H, Ghafari Farsani H. Effect of CuO
nanoparticles on some hematological indices of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and their potential toxicity,
Nanomed J, 2015; 2(1): 67-73.
Received: Jun. 26, 2014; Accepted: Sep. 15, 2014
Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 2015, page 67-73
Received: Apr. 22, 2014; Accepted: Jul. 12, 2014
Vol. 1, No. 5, Autumn 2014, page 298-301
Online ISSN 2322-5904
http://nmj.mums.ac.ir
Original Research
Effect of CuO nanoparticles on some hematological indices of rainbow trout
oncorhynchus mykiss and their potential toxicity
Mahboobe Khabbazi1
, Mohammad Harsij1
, Seyed Ali Akbar Hedayati2
, Hosna Gholipoor1
,
Mohammad Hasan Gerami1*
, Hamed Ghafari Farsani3
1
Department of Fisheries, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
2
Department of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
3
Research club of Islamic Azad University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran
Abstract
Objective(s): This study aimed to determine the possible toxicity of Cuo nanoparticles (NPs)
on Oncorhynchus mykiss by evaluating hematological parameters.
Materials and Methods: Fish were sampled and treated in 4 aquariums containing the
concentration ranges of 1, 5, 20 and 100 ppm of CuO NPs. There was one control group (no
CuO NPs) and three replicates. The physicochemical properties of water were as follows: the
temperature was 22±2 Cº, oxygen saturation was 90.9±0.2%, pH was at 7±0.004 and the
concentration of CaCO3 was 270.
Results: No mortality was observed after 96 hours of exposure. The analysis of
hematological parameters showed that CuO NPs affected the counts of white blood cells,
lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, hematocrits, MCH, MCHC and MCV and did not
have any effects on monocytes and hemoglobins.
Conclusion: The data showed that the overall hardness (270 ppm) neutralized the lethal
effect of copper on O. mykiss and no mortality was recorded.
Keywords: Copper nanoparticles, Fish, Hematological parameters, Lethality
*Corresponding Author: Mohammad Hasan Gerami, Department of Fisheries, Gonbad Kavous University,
Gonbad Kavous, Iran.
Tel: +989173093192, Email: m.h.gerami@ghec.ac.ir, m.h.gerami@gmail.com
2. CuO nanoparticles toxicity
68 Nanomed J, Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 2015
Introduction
Although copper (Cu) in low amounts is
essential to animals and higher plants (e.g.,
cytocrome c oxidase and superoxide
dismutase) (1), the hazards and
pathological effects of excess amounts of
copper are reasonably well known in fish
(2; 3). Cu can have adverse effects on fish
by decreasing glutathione levels (4),
catalyzing the formation of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) via a Fenton-like
reaction (5) and interacting with
antioxidant enzymes (6). Histopathological
studies showed that copper nanoparticles
and copper sulphate caused organ injuries
including aneurisms, hyperplasia, and
necrosis in the secondary lamellae of the
gills; necrosis in the mucosa layer and
vacuole formation in the gut; swelling of
goblet cells; hepatitis-like injuries and
cells with pyknotic nuclei in the liver;
damage to the epithelium of some renal
tubules and increased Bowman’s space in
the kidney; some mild changes in the
brain; alteration in the thickness of the
mesencephalon layers and enlargement of
blood vessel on the ventral surface of the
cerebellum in Oncorhynchus mykiss (7).
Nanotechnology has become a rapidly
growing industry with a vast number of
potential applications such as in
cosmetics, electronics, paints, medical
devices, food packaging, catalysts,
antimicrobial fabrics, water treatment
membranes, etc. (8; 9; 10; 11; 12). CuO
nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used
in medicine, industry, or as pesticides (13)
and can be simply entered into aquatic
resources. In aquatic animals, NPs can
enter organisms by various routes such as
direct passage across the gills and other
external epithelial surfaces (14). Fish is
considered a valuable source of protein in
the human diet and it is full of
polyunsaturated fatty acids which help
preventing human cardiovascular diseases
(15).
The rainbow trout is an economically
important species commercially farmed in
many countries throughout the world. It
has a rapid growth, and can easily adapt to
environmental conditions. Many studies
have been conducted on the ecotoxicity of
nanomaterials (16; 17; 18; 19), but data on
the effects of CuO NPs on hematological
parameters of O. mykiss are scarce.
NPs are very reactive and able to pass
through cell membranes in organisms.
Furthermore, their interactions with
biological systems are relatively unknown.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to
determine the CuO NPs potential toxicity
in O. mykiss and its impact on
hematological parameters. These data can
be useful in aquatic toxicity management
and environmental safety.
Materials and Methods
One hundred and fifty-five live specimens
of O. mykiss were obtained. Samples
weighted 18±3 g. They were acclimatized
randomly in 15 cm aquariums for one
week. Four aquariums were treated with
25, 30, 50, and 100 ppm of CuO NPs with
one control group (no CuO NPs).
No feeding occurred during the test
(during 96 hours). There were no
significant differences between aquariums
in water quality and the following
parameters were constant: pH: 7±0.004;
temperature: 22±2 ◦ C; hardness: 270±0.05
ppm and oxygen saturation: 90.9±0.2%.
The photoperiod was12 h light and 12 h
dark. CuO NPs were prepared in water-in-
oil microemulsions as described in Capek
(20). Blood samples were collected and
transferred to glass tubes and
hematometric parameters were
determined. Hematological parameters
were estimated according to routine
clinical methods (21). The acid-hematin
method of Sahli in hemometer was used to
analyze hemoglobin percentage and
3. Khabbazi M, et al
Nanomed J, Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 2015 69
Original Research (font 12)Table 1. Hematological parameters of O. mykiss exposed to Cuo NPs at 4 doses.
Hematological
parameters
Control 1 ppm 5 ppm 20 ppm 100 ppm
RBC* (106
mm3
) 0.64±0.01 0.65±0.01 0.63±0.01 0.63±0.02 0.6±0.005
WBC* (103
mm3
) 6716.66±47.25 5530.96±115.32 6163.33±40.41 5860.96±714.3 5040±52.91
MCH* (10-5
pg) 94.70±0.6 65.06±0.92 98.16±1.23 93.46±1.01 101.80±3.35
MCHC* (%) 19.56±0.64 18.63±0.56 17±0.72 18.43±0.35 21.23±0.90
MCV* (10-4
mm3
) 502.33±6.80 526.33±3.51 529±5.29 499.33±6.65 495±4.58
HB (g/100ml) 6.06±0.05 6.16±0.15 6.23±0.15 6.06±0.05 5.96±0.11
HCT* (%) 31.33±0.57 34.33±0.57 34.66±0.57 32.66±0.57 29.66±0.57
Lymphocyte* (%) 86.33±2.08 79.66±1.52 77.66±1.52 78.33±2.08 74±3
Monocyte (%) 2±0 1.66±0.57 2.33±2.3 3.66±2.08 5±4
Eosinophil* (%) 1.66±0.57 2.66±0.57 4.66±1.15 7.33±1.15 6±1.73
Neutrophil* (%) 10.26±0.7 16.36±0.65 15.66±0.61 12.6±0.55 15.36±1.65
Each value is a means ± standard error. * shows statistically significant difference (P<0.05)
Naeubaur’s double hemocytometer was
used to enumerate the erythrocytes (22).
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean
corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean cell
hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were
calculated based on Decie and Lewis (23).
Mortality rates were recorded after 24, 48,
72 and 92 hours and the dead fish were
quickly removed from the aquarium. In
order to determine the nominal
concentration of toxins causing mortality,
LC1،LC10 ، LC30 ،LC50 ،LC70 ،LC90
and LC99 were recorded within 24, 48, 72
and 96 hours. After 96 hours, blood
samples were taken. One-way analyses of
variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze
hematological parameters. Differences
between means were determined using
Duncan’s multiple range test at 5%
probability level.
Results and Discussion
No mortality was observed during the
acclimation and the test. This is to say that
within 96 h no mortality was recorded in
treatment aquariums. It is noteworthy that
no mortality was observed even after 2
weeks. The analysis of hematological
parameters showed that CuO NPs
stimulated white blood cells, lymphocytes,
eosinophils, neutrophil, hematocrit, MCH,
MCHC and MCV, and did not have any
effects on monocytes and hemoglobins (Table
1).
Changes in the quantitative and qualitative
characteristics of blood cells occur when
anomalies in blood components interfere
with normal functions (24).
Hematological data showed that CuO NPs
exerted a certain influence on some of the
blood indices in this study. Cu is regularly
used in the form of CuSO4 in aquaculture
to control algal blooms and as a
therapeutic chemical for ectoparasitic and
bacterial infections (25; 14); it is also
imported into aquatic resources. pH and
water hardness are two major factors
modifying the toxicity of copper (26; 27;
28; 29).
Howarth and Sprague (28) demonstrated
that high hardness decreased the
toxicity of copper at any pH. this
phenomenon can be explained by the
influence of biological membrane
permeability on toxic metals due to the
change in hardness, resulting in an
increase of the passive flux of metal ions
across the membrane as the calcium
concentration decreases (29; 30). The
uptake of calcium and magnesium ions by
the cell membrane causes it to stabilize,
which reduces its permeability to metal
ions (31) and as a result toxicity of heavy
metals is governed by the water hardness.
In this study, total hardness (270 ppm)
neutralized the lethal effect of copper on
O. mykiss and no mortality was recorded.
4. CuO nanoparticles toxicity
70 Nanomed J, Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 2015
The comparative lethal toxicity of copper
affirms the lethality of copper to O. mykiss
and other aquatic animals. Richey and
Roseboom (32) reported the acute toxicity
of copper to some types of fish. They
indicated that the LC50 48h of copper to
rainbow trout in size of a yearling and
alkalinity of 250, is 0.75 mg/l.
Furthermore, in size of 12-16 centimeters
(4.42 grams) and alkalinity of 250 LC50
48h is 0.27 mg/l, whereas, LC50 24h with
low alkalinity is 0.43 mg/l. In addition,
MATC/60 days Brook trout at the size of
0-60 days within alkalinity of 178; LC50 96
h 3 years old Atlantic salmon within
alkalinity 4; LC50 72h yearling Silver
salmon within alkalinity 78 and LC50 96h
yearling Coho salmon within alkalinity 74
was 0.006, 0.125, 0.19 and 0.067 mg/l,
respectively (32).
Surely CuO NPs caused no mortality on O.
mykiss with the size of 18 g and the
hardness of 270 mg/l in this study.
However, the effect of CuO NPs on
hematological parameters was evident.
Statistical analysis showed that numbers of
RBCs were statically different in the
treatment and control group. Thomas and
Egee (33) stated that the transport of
oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
within the blood is intricately related to the
electrolytes and the acid-base status of the
red blood cells (RBCs). This suggests that
CuO NPs caused respiratory restrictions
which led to changes in the number of
RBCs. In addition, other results indicate
that monocytes have a relatively short
respiratory burst response following
activation (34; 35). Al-Bairuty et al. (7)
reported that CuO NPs caused some kinds
of gill injuries such as hyperplasia,
oedema, lamellar fusion and clubbed tips.
Studies that compare the effect of CuO
NPs on erythrocyte count and hemoglobin
content are scarce. MCV is the index most
often used. It measures the average volume
of red blood cells by dividing the
hematocrit by RBC. Alteration in the
values of MCV, MCH and MCHC in
Cyprinus carpio exposed to pesticides in
60 and 120 µg/L concentrations was
reported by Svoboda et al., (36) and
Banaee et al., (37).
The number of white blood cells may
increase or decrease significantly in certain
diseases (37). There was a significant
difference (p<0.05) between three types of
white cells (lymphocytes, neutrophile and
eosinophile). Changes in white blood cell
count suggest dysfunction in
hematological tissues (spleen and kidney)
or certain infectious diseases. Al-Bairuty
et al., (7) reported some damage to the
epithelial cells of the renal tubules,
changes in the Bowman’s space, and an
increase in the foci of melanomacrophage
deposits in O. mykiss exposed to CuO
NPs. Kosai et al., (39) stated that 7 days of
46 mg/l Cu exposure caused tubular
swelling, atrophy of the glomerulus, and
necrosis of the renal epithelium in
Oreochromis niloticus. In addition, one
study in mice showed damage in
pathological observation in the kidney
after 72 h of oral gavage of 108–1080
mg/kg Cu-NPs (38). Lower than normal
levels of lymphocytes (lymphopenia) can
be an indicator of immune system
deficiency and poisonous substance
treatments can also deplete the body’s
supply of lymphocytes (37). Many
researchers reported deletion in
lymphocytes in fish exposed to pesticides
such as Heteropneustes fossilis (40) and
Cyprinus carpio (41; 36; 37). Banaee et
al., (37) stated that most infections cause
neutrophilia. The degree of elevation often
indicates the severity of the infection.
Tissue damage from other causes raises
the neutrophile for similar reasons.
Poisonings, and severe disease, like kidney
failure all cause neutrophilia (42). Ghosh
and Banerjee (43) reported that after
Heteropneustes fossilis exposed to
dimethoate, neutrophile and eosinophile
increased in blood parameters.
Conclusion
This study has demonstrated from the
viewpoint of hematology that Cuo NPs
5. Khabbazi M, et al
Nanomed J, Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 2015 71
Original Research (font 12)stimulated the immune system of O.
mykiss, but this effect did not have any
lethality on this species at pH: 7±0.004;
temperature, 22±2 ◦ C; hardness, 270±0.05
ppm and oxygen saturation, 90.9±0.2%.
This study showed that the Sublethal
effects of Cuo nanoparticles are much less
than Cu. Overall, Cuo NPs have less
mortality; therefore, it is beneficial to use
NPs instead of heavy metals in industry
because they have fewer detrimental
effects on water resources, fisheries, the
environment, and humans.
Acknowledgements
Authors have contributed to the
preparation of the manuscript and agree
with the submitted manuscript content.
We thank all our colleagues.
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