To adapt to the rapid development of PCBs, a high-property drill is desired. An applicable way is demonstrated by a design method based on analysis of drill structure, cutting force experiment , cutter wear observation to improve the drilling performance.Finally the drill wear is well improved by web thinning and chip dividing groove grinding.
SPRING BACK PREDICTION OF SHEET METAL IN DEEP DRAWING PROCESSIAEME Publication
Spring back is one of the most significant phenomenon that affect the accurateness of the sheet metal parts. In order to obtain fixed tolerances for the formed parts it is highly recommended to use such process parameters/tool geometry that allow a considerably diminishing of the spring back amount. A Finite Element (FE) model is developed for the 2- D numerical simulation of sheet metal deep drawing process (Parametric Analysis) by using HYPERFORM with the appropriate material properties (anisotropic material) and simplifies boundary conditions
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fatigue Performance in Grinding and Turning: An OverviewIJMER
This paper analysis the influence of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Turning and Grinding on
fatigue performance of Fe250. Surface condition has a strong effect on fatigue life, and that most surfaces
produced by conventional manufacturing operations such as machining and forging have poor fatigue
behavior than polished surfaces commonly used for laboratory specimens. It is found that the surfaces
produced with different machining process and having the same surface roughness having different fatigue
performances. High –cycle fatigue data was obtained for Fe 250 using three types of machining process
viz, AFM, Turning and Grinding .S-N curve is plotted for the samples obtained with all the three process. It
was found that the samples produced with AFM having the highest fatigue life.
SPRING BACK PREDICTION OF SHEET METAL IN DEEP DRAWING PROCESSIAEME Publication
Spring back is one of the most significant phenomenon that affect the accurateness of the sheet metal parts. In order to obtain fixed tolerances for the formed parts it is highly recommended to use such process parameters/tool geometry that allow a considerably diminishing of the spring back amount. A Finite Element (FE) model is developed for the 2- D numerical simulation of sheet metal deep drawing process (Parametric Analysis) by using HYPERFORM with the appropriate material properties (anisotropic material) and simplifies boundary conditions
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fatigue Performance in Grinding and Turning: An OverviewIJMER
This paper analysis the influence of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Turning and Grinding on
fatigue performance of Fe250. Surface condition has a strong effect on fatigue life, and that most surfaces
produced by conventional manufacturing operations such as machining and forging have poor fatigue
behavior than polished surfaces commonly used for laboratory specimens. It is found that the surfaces
produced with different machining process and having the same surface roughness having different fatigue
performances. High –cycle fatigue data was obtained for Fe 250 using three types of machining process
viz, AFM, Turning and Grinding .S-N curve is plotted for the samples obtained with all the three process. It
was found that the samples produced with AFM having the highest fatigue life.
Comparison of Fatigue Characteristic for AISI 1039 Steel with Surface Treatmentijceronline
Wear and fatigue resistance in steel components used in various industries can be improved by surface treatments. Coatings systems which are used for improving the mechanical properties, generally, decreased the components fatigue life due to micro cracks, that propagate through the substrate , it is possible to improve the fatigue resistance of a component by the application of shot peening treatment, whose compressive residual stresses delay or eliminate the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The aim of this study is to obtain the fatigue limit of untreated, shot peened, and hard chromium coating of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 and comparison between them. Fatigue tests were carried out using small samples with 4 mm diameter, with hard chromium layer of (47.1) µm thick. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening with steel balls of about 20 minutes peening time. Experimental results showed that hard chromium electroplating decreased the fatigue life and fatigue limit in comparison with the uncoated steel. As the highest thickness for coating was 23µm. On the other hand, Shot peening Results indicated that the fatigue strengths of samples are increased and the highest fatigue limit was (298.566Mpa) after treated the samples by shot peening for 20 minutes.
PARAMETERS OF FRICTION STIR PROCESSING ALONG WITH REINFORCEMENT OF COMPOSITIO...Journal For Research
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a novel technique used for the enhancing the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the material and also to make composites of the material. In this study, an attempt is made to synthesize the composites of AA6063 and tungsten carbide particles with 5 µm particle size were added reinforcement. The tool shoulder is varied from 16 mm to 20 mm. The other parameters such as tool rotational speed of 1400 rpm and transverse speed of 50 mm/min are kept constant. The friction stir processing tool is made of high chromium high carbon steel with a pin length of 4 mm and pin diameter of 6 mm is used. The 18 mm shoulder diameter produces much finer grain size with tungsten carbide reinforced particles rather than the tools having shoulder 16 mm and 20 mm diameter. The maximum tensile strength and micro hardness achieved is 260 N/mm2 and 135 Hv respectively. In case of the tool having 16 mm diameter produces less amount of heat due to lesser contact with the workpiece material and the tool having 20 mm diameter, over heat the workpiece material due to more contact area with the workpiece and causes no proper plastization and flow of the material within the processed zone by friction stir processing and produces courser grain size.
Automated airfield controller system for avoiding air crashes in runwayIJRES Journal
This work is an attempt to develop an advanced technology in airport control systems. As the existing system is manually operated, it is difficult to find solutions for some unexpected problems, for example: fire accident, ice, rain, fog and snow which may occur on the runway during the landing of the flight, which leads to air crashes in the runway . To take protective measures, introducing an automatic system to detect whether the runway is safe before landing the flight and this system also takes protective measures until the flight completely stops in the Airport. GPS (Global Positioning System) is used for inform the user to about exact location of the landing zone in the runway. Stepper motor is used as barrier system to control entry for vehicles and human. Zigbee transceiver is used as wireless communication protocol between aircraft and airfield controller system.
Comparison of Fatigue Characteristic for AISI 1039 Steel with Surface Treatmentijceronline
Wear and fatigue resistance in steel components used in various industries can be improved by surface treatments. Coatings systems which are used for improving the mechanical properties, generally, decreased the components fatigue life due to micro cracks, that propagate through the substrate , it is possible to improve the fatigue resistance of a component by the application of shot peening treatment, whose compressive residual stresses delay or eliminate the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The aim of this study is to obtain the fatigue limit of untreated, shot peened, and hard chromium coating of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 and comparison between them. Fatigue tests were carried out using small samples with 4 mm diameter, with hard chromium layer of (47.1) µm thick. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening with steel balls of about 20 minutes peening time. Experimental results showed that hard chromium electroplating decreased the fatigue life and fatigue limit in comparison with the uncoated steel. As the highest thickness for coating was 23µm. On the other hand, Shot peening Results indicated that the fatigue strengths of samples are increased and the highest fatigue limit was (298.566Mpa) after treated the samples by shot peening for 20 minutes.
PARAMETERS OF FRICTION STIR PROCESSING ALONG WITH REINFORCEMENT OF COMPOSITIO...Journal For Research
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a novel technique used for the enhancing the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the material and also to make composites of the material. In this study, an attempt is made to synthesize the composites of AA6063 and tungsten carbide particles with 5 µm particle size were added reinforcement. The tool shoulder is varied from 16 mm to 20 mm. The other parameters such as tool rotational speed of 1400 rpm and transverse speed of 50 mm/min are kept constant. The friction stir processing tool is made of high chromium high carbon steel with a pin length of 4 mm and pin diameter of 6 mm is used. The 18 mm shoulder diameter produces much finer grain size with tungsten carbide reinforced particles rather than the tools having shoulder 16 mm and 20 mm diameter. The maximum tensile strength and micro hardness achieved is 260 N/mm2 and 135 Hv respectively. In case of the tool having 16 mm diameter produces less amount of heat due to lesser contact with the workpiece material and the tool having 20 mm diameter, over heat the workpiece material due to more contact area with the workpiece and causes no proper plastization and flow of the material within the processed zone by friction stir processing and produces courser grain size.
Automated airfield controller system for avoiding air crashes in runwayIJRES Journal
This work is an attempt to develop an advanced technology in airport control systems. As the existing system is manually operated, it is difficult to find solutions for some unexpected problems, for example: fire accident, ice, rain, fog and snow which may occur on the runway during the landing of the flight, which leads to air crashes in the runway . To take protective measures, introducing an automatic system to detect whether the runway is safe before landing the flight and this system also takes protective measures until the flight completely stops in the Airport. GPS (Global Positioning System) is used for inform the user to about exact location of the landing zone in the runway. Stepper motor is used as barrier system to control entry for vehicles and human. Zigbee transceiver is used as wireless communication protocol between aircraft and airfield controller system.
Currently working as an Airfield Engineer specialized in Airfield lightings, NAVAIDS, Airfield Electrical & Electronic systems, Flood Lightings and ALCMS at Abu Dhabi International Airports (CAT-IIIB).
This is a introductory presentation for airfield lighting that created by Milten Jose Airfield Engineer, AMAINDIA PVT. LTD. for Mumbai international airport limited.
Surface Quality Improvement Using Modified Tool Clamping In Boring OperationsIJRES Journal
Boring operations are challenging owing to limited process performance due to inherent tool overhang and resulting vibrations. The tool vibrations can be suppressed with insertion of suitable damping methodology. The present work adopts a method suitable for machine operators, where in insertion of packing sheets at the boring tool support has been suggested. Insertion of number of layers causes frictional phenomenon to dissipate the exciting energy thereby damping the vibrations. Substantial improvement of surface quality of the internally machined surfaces has been noticed in the experiments
Extrusion, Drawing, Forging and Sheetmetal working processesmulualemamar
This Material presents about metal forming processes from those it slides about bulk deformation and sheet metal working processes includes (extrusion, drawing, forging and sheet metal operations).
SIMULATION OF DEEP DRAWING DIE FOR OPTIMIZED DIE RADIUS USING FEM TECHNIQUEIjripublishers Ijri
Deep drawing process is one of the most used Metal Forming Process within the industrial field. Different analytical,
numerical, empirical and experimental methods have been developed in order to analyze it. This work reports on the
initial stages of finite element analysis (FEA) of a Deep drawing process.
INVESTIGATION OF HOLE QUALITY AND TOOL WEAR IN HIGH-SPEED DRILLING OF AL 7050 meijjournal
This paper investigated the feasibility of drilling aluminum 7050 with enhanced cutting speed. Two identical tools and two identical Al-7050 work-piece plates were utilised during the experiment. Wet
cooling drilling on both conventional and high cutting speeds was conducted to compare the results. A total of 338 holes were drilled towards the end of the experiment. Tests for tool wear, borehole diameter, and hole quality were carried out to observe the different drilling performances by drilling with different cutting speeds. The result shows that the proposed high speed drilling produced better diameter accuracy,better surface roughness but poor exit burr hole tendency.
Similar to The Drill Geometry Influence on PCB Drilling Performance (20)
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Congenital Malaria: Correlation of Umbilical Cord Plasmodium falciparum Paras...IJRES Journal
The vertical (trans-placental) transmission of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum from
pregnant mother to fetus during gestational period was investigated in a clinical research involving 43 full term
pregnant women in selected Hospitals in Jimeta Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria. During the observational study,
parasitemia was determined by light microscopic examination of umbilical and maternal peripheral blood film
for the presence of the trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. Correlational analysis was then carried on the
result obtained at p<0.05.><0.05) was established between maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord
blood parasitemia with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.762. Thus, in a malaria endemic area like Yola,
Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a stable transmission of parasite, there is a high probability of vertical
transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasite from mother to fetus during gestation that can be followed by
the presentation of the symptoms of malaria by the newborn and other malaria related complications. Families
are advised to consistently sleep under appropriately treated insecticide mosquito net to avoid mosquito bite and
subsequent infestation.
Review: Nonlinear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate VariabilityIJRES Journal
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart
rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the
sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at
the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine
released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a
decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators
appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of
the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the
heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4
Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a
valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system.
Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease
mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive
values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. This paper
presents the linear and nonlinear to analysis the HRV.
Dynamic Modeling for Gas Phase Propylene Copolymerization in a Fluidized Bed ...IJRES Journal
A two-phase model is proposed for describing the dynamics of a fluidized bed reactor used for
polypropylene production. In the proposed model, the fluidized bed is divided into an emulsion and bubble
phase where the flow of gas is considered to be plug flow through the bubbles and perfectly mixed through the
emulsion phase. Similar previous models, consider the reaction in the emulsion phase only. In this work the
contribution of reaction in the bubble phase is considered and its effect on the overall polypropylene production
is investigated the kinetic model is combined with hydrodynamic model in order to develop a comprehensive
model for gas-phase propylene copolymerization reactor. Simulation profiles of the proposed model were
compared with those of well mixed model for the emulsion phase temperature. The simulated temperature
profile showed a lower rate of change compared to the previously reported models due to lower polymerization
rate. Model simulation showed that about 13% of the produced polymer comes from the bubble phase and this
considerable amount of polymerization in the bubbles should not be neglected in any modeling attempt.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
A Short Report on Different Wavelets and Their StructuresIJRES Journal
This article consists of basics of wavelet analysis required for understanding of and use of wavelet
theory. In this article we briefly discuss about HAAR wavelet transform their space and structures.
A Case Study on Academic Services Application Using Agile Methodology for Mob...IJRES Journal
Recently, Mobile Cloud Computing reveals many modern development areas in the Information
Technology industry. Several software engineering frameworks and methodologies have been developed to
provide solutions for deploying cloud computing resources on mobile application development. Agile
methodology is one of the most commonly used methodologies in the field. This paper presents the MCCAS a
Web and Mobile application that provide feature for the Palestinian higher education/academic institutions. An
Agile methodology was used in the development of the MCCAS but in parallel with emphasis on Cloud
computing resources deployment. Also many related issues is discussed such as how software engineering
modern methodologies (advances) influenced the development process.
Wear Analysis on Cylindrical Cam with Flexible RodIJRES Journal
Firstly, the kinetic equation of spatial cylindrical cam with flexible rod has been established. Then, an
accurate cylindrical cam mechanism model has been established based on the spatial modeling software
Solidworks. The dynamic effect of flexible rod on mechanical system was studied in detail based on the
mechanical system dynamics analytical software Adams, and Archard wear model is used to predict the wear of
the cam. We used Ansys to create finite element model of the cam link, extracted the first five order mode to
export into Adams. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics of spatial cylindrical cam
mechanical system with flexible rod is closed to ideal mechanism. During the cam rotate one cycle, the collision
in the linkage with a clearance occurs in some special location, others still keep a continuous contact, and the
prediction of wear loss is smaller than rigid body.
DDOS Attacks-A Stealthy Way of Implementation and DetectionIJRES Journal
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm provides various host service [paas, saas, Iaas over the internet.
According to a self-service,on-demand and pay as you use business model,the customers will obtain the cloud
resources and services.It is a virtual shared service.Cloud Computing has three basic abstraction layers System
layer(Virtual Machine abstraction of a server),Platform layer(A virtualized operating system, database and
webserver of a server and Application layer(It includes Web Applications).Denial of Service attack is an attempt
to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended user. In DOS a user or organization is
deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have.A Successful DOS attack is a highly
noticeable event impacting the entire online user base.DOS attack is found by First Mathematical Metrical
Method (Rate Controlling,Timing Window,Worst Case and Pattern Matching)DOS attack not only affect the
Quality of the service and also affect the performance of the server. DDOS attacks are launched from Botnet-A
large Cluster of Connected device(cellphone,pc or router) infected with malware that allow remote control by an
attacker. Intruder using SIPDAS in DDOS to perform attack.SIPDAS attack strategies are detected using Heap
Space Monitoring Algorithm.
An improved fading Kalman filter in the application of BDS dynamic positioningIJRES Journal
Aiming at the poor dynamic performance and low navigation precision of traditional fading
Kalman filter in BDS dynamic positioning, an improved fading Kalman filter based on fading factor vector is
proposed. The fading factor is extended to a fading factor vector, and each element of the vector corresponds to
each state component. Based on the difference between the actual observed quantity and the predicted one, the
value of the vector is changed automatically. The memory length of different channel is changed in real time
according to the dynamic property of the corresponding state component. The actual observation data of BDS is
used to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional fading Kalman filter
and the method of the third references, the positioning precision of the algorithm is improved by 46.3% and
23.6% respectively.
Positioning Error Analysis and Compensation of Differential Precision WorkbenchIJRES Journal
Positioning error is a widely problem exists in mechanism, the important factors affecting machining
precision. In order to reduce the error caused by positioning problem processing, based on the differential
workbench as the research object, using the method of theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the
analysis of positioning error mechanism and source of complete differential precision workbench error
compensation, improve the accuracy of the device, provides a method for the application of modern machine
tools. table.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
The Low-Temperature Radiant Floor Heating System Design and Experimental Stud...IJRES Journal
In order to analyze the temperature distribution of the low-temperature radiant floor heating system
that uses the condensing wall-hung boiler as the heat source, the heating system is designed according to a typical
house facing south in Shanghai. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of the supply water
temperature on the thermal comfort of the system. Eventually, the supply water temperature that makes people in
the room feel more comfortable is obtained. The result shows that in the condition of that the outside temperature
is 8~15℃ and the relative humidity is 30~70%RH, the temperature distribution in the room is from high to low
when the height is from bottom to top. The floor surface temperature is highest, but its uniformity is very poor.
When the heating system reaches the steady state, the air temperature of the room is uniform. When the supply
water temperature is 63℃ The room is relatively comfortable at the above experimental condition.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
In the process of oil and gas exploitation of mudstone-fractured reservoir in Daqing oilfield, the
permeability of fracture is easily affected by the influence of stress change, which is shown by the sensitivity of
the permeability to the stress. With the extension of time mining in the fractured mudstone reservoir, fracture
stress sensitivity is obvious in vast decline of production and great influence on reduced yields. In order to
reasonably determine the way of developing method, working system and the exploitation rate of the reservoir,
correspondingly protecting reservoir productivity, improve ultimate recovery. On the basis of the previous
research on the stress sensitivity of fractured mudstone, this essay studied the critical closing pressure of the
simulated underground fractured mudstone under the laboratory condition.
Correlation Analysis of Tool Wear and Cutting Sound SignalIJRES Journal
With the classic signal analysis and processing method, the cutting of the audio signal in time
domain and frequency domain analysis. We reached the following conclusions: in the time domain analysis,
cutting audio signals mean and the variance associated with tool wear state change occurred did not change
significantly, and tool wear is not high degree of correlation, and the mean-square value of the audio signal
changes in the size and tool wear the state has a good relationship.
Reduce Resources for Privacy in Mobile Cloud Computing Using Blowfish and DSA...IJRES Journal
Mobile cloud computing in light of the increasing popularity among users of mobile smart
technology which is the next indispensable that enables users to take advantage of the storage cloud computing
services. However, mobile cloud computing, the migration of information on the cloud is reliable their privacy
and security issues. Moreover, mobile cloud computing has limitations in resources such as power energy,
processor, Memory and storage. In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of privacy with saving and
reducing resources power energy, processor and Memory. This is done through data encryption in the mobile
cloud computing by symmetric algorithm and sent to the private cloud and then the data is encrypted again and
sent to the public cloud through Asymmetric algorithm. The experimental results showed after a comparison
between encryption algorithms less time and less time to decryption are as follows: Blowfish algorithm for
symmetric and the DSA algorithm for Asymmetric. The analysis results showed a significant improvement in
reducing the resources in the period of time and power energy consumption and processor.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference without u...IJRES Journal
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated bandgap reference (BGR) without using op-amp
is presented in this paper. It is based on second-order curvature correction principle, which is a weighted sum of
two voltage curves which have opposite curvature characteristic. One voltage curve is achieved by first-order
curvature-compensated bandgap reference (FCBGR) without using op-amp and the other found by using W
function is achieved by utilizing a positive temperature coefficient (TC) exponential current and a linear
negative TC current to flow a linear resistor. The exponential current is gained by using anegative TC voltage to
control a MOSFET in sub-threshold region. In the temperature ranging from -40℃ to 125℃, experimental
results implemented with SMIC 0.18μm CMOS process demonstrate that the presented BGR can achieve a TC
as low as 2.2 ppm/℃ and power-supply rejection ratio(PSRR)is -69 dB without any filtering capacitor at 2.0 V.
While the range of the supply voltage is from 1.7 to 3.0 V, the output voltage line regulation is about1 mV/ V
and the maximum TC is 3.4 ppm/℃.
Structural aspect on carbon dioxide capture in nanotubesIJRES Journal
In this work we reported the carbon dioxide adsorption (CO2) in six different nanostructures in order
to investigate the capturing capacity of the materials at nanoscale. Here we have considered the three different
nanotubes including zinc oxide nanotube (ZnONT), silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) and single walled carbon
nanotube (SWCNT). Three different chiralities such as zigzag (9,0), armchair (5,5) and chiral (6,4) having
approximately same diameter are analyzed. The adsorption binding energy values under various cases are
estimated with density functional theory (DFT). We observed CO2 molecule chemisorbed on ZnONT and
SiCNT’s whereas the physisorption is predominant in CNT. To investigate the structural aspect, the tubes with
defects are studied and compared with defect free tubes. We have also analyzed the electrical properties of tubes
from HOMO, LUMO energies. Our results reveal the defected structure enhance the CO2 capture and is
predicted to be a potential candidate for environmental applications.
Thesummaryabout fuzzy control parameters selected based on brake driver inten...IJRES Journal
In this paper, the brake driving intention identification parameters based on the fuzzy control are
summarized and analyzed, the necessary parameters based on the fuzzy control of the brake driving intention
recognition are found out, and I pointed out the commonly corrupt parameters, and through the relevant
parameters , I establish the corresponding driving intention model.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
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The Drill Geometry Influence on PCB Drilling Performance
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 3 Issue 3 ǁ March. 2015 ǁ PP.54-60
www.ijres.org 54 | Page
The Drill Geometry Influence on PCB Drilling Performance
Huang Lixin, He Xiangsheng
Mechanical Engineering College, Shanghai University of Engineering Science
Shanghai, 201620, China
Abstract: To adapt to the rapid development of PCBs, a high-property drill is desired. An applicable way is
demonstrated by a design method based on analysis of drill structure, cutting force experiment , cutter wear
observation to improve the drilling performance.Finally the drill wear is well improved by web thinning and chip
dividing groove grinding.
Keywords: PCB; Drilling; Thrust force; Wear
I. Introduction
As the electronics develops, the PCB is widely used. Very frequently drilling is a preliminary operation to
PCB production. The common PCB drilling can be divided into two types: one is the microhole drilling.
Microhole is the important part of the PCB. These holes, vias or blind vias, connect an internal copper layer to an
outer layer, or opposite sides of the PCB . The microhole drill’s diameter is within 0.03~0.4mm range. The other
type is the position hole process. The position hole’s diameter is usually above 2mm. Comparing with microhole,
the position hole process is the big diameter process. There are unsmooth chip removal, drill wear, serious burn
while using common drill to do the job. With the rotation speed increasing, these problems are much more serious.
Although the number of position holes is less than the microholes, the drill consumption is still larger due to the
more material removal of bigger hole.
PCB is quite different from common metal. It is multi-layer composite material combined by thin copper foil
typically laminated together with epoxy resin prepreg. The PCB drilling process includes the stretching and
crushing of plate, the shearing of glass fiber and the cutting and friction of the metal and resin. How to lengthen the
drill life needs to consider all about these effects. The numerous researches indicate that the common drill is not fit
for the PCB processing. There are many researches on the composite material drilling. Fu and his workers studied
the effects of the drill structure and material on the hole quality. The paper shows that the bigger helix angle drill
can get better quality while the drill helix angle varies from 25° to 45°. A.M.Abra studied the thrust force varying
and post-process layer-split with different drill structure drilling glass fiber-strengthening composite material. The
study shows that the grinded drill’s thrust force is smallest and the hole quality is best by comparing 4 types
different drill’s thrust force and the hole quality after drilling composite material. And that the hole quality is
related to machining conditions directly and the thrust force somewhat. Wang Xin studied the technique of fiber
composite material vibrating drilling. The report indicates that the thrust force of vibrating drilling is lower than the
common drilling. Meanwhile the thrust force of carbide tools is smaller than the high-speed steel tools’, and more
suitable for fiber material processing.
This essay is aiming at studying the large diameter drill for position hole and at getting the appropriate drill
geometry through the drill performance experiments.
II. PCB drill structure’s analysis and improvement
PCB drill structure is different from common twist drill for metal. The diameter of PCB drill’s stock is all
3.175mm. The current standard PCB drill structure is similar to common twist drill where main parameters are
point angle 2Φ, helix angle β, web thickness w. In addition to the different stock sizes, the main difference is that
the PCB drill has two flanks, that is the first flank and the second flank, and the larger web thickness, as shown as
Figure 1.
For common PCB drill, difficult chip removal and breaking, sticky chip, quick wear of chisel and main cutting edge
and easy drill breaking may occur often. The role of drill chisel edge is centering and enhancing drill tip strength,
however, due to the rake angle on the chisel edge is negative, so long chisel edge can increase obviously cutting
compound and axial cutting force. When drilling PCB , chip removal and chip breaker difficulty, mainly because
the resin material toughness is high , the friction of the rake face is bigger, the resin is easy to melt , in addition to
the glass fiber reinforcement, it makes the chip difficult to cut off and remove . Drill geometric parameters have a
direct influence on the cutting performance. Increasing helix angle can improve the chip removal capacity , the
2. The Drill Geometry Influence on PCB Drilling Performance
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rake angle will also increase, but too much large helix angle will weak the drill strength, especially to the cutting
edge. The point angle has an effect on the chip direction and cutting force. Different materials should choose
appropriate point angles to adapt to the different material processing.
The geometry that an ordinarily provided on a drill represents a compromise of several conflicting requirements,
which include the following:
(1). A small web to reduce thrust on the drill but a large web for greater resistance to chipping and greater torsion
rigidity.
(2). Small point angle to provide sharper and better centering but larger point angle in the interest of the sooner
full cutting action of lips and narrow ribbon.
(3) An increase in the helix angle to more quickly remove chips but a decrease in helix angle in the interest of
greater strength of cutting edges.
Basing on the above analysis, the current common PCB drill structure must be redesigned for the cutting
performance improvement, as shown in Figure 2. The main actions are following:
(1). Thinning the web of a drill properly.
(2). Adding chip dividing groove for better chip breaking. The detailed` grinding way shown as Figure 2:
grinding two chip grooves at the rakes of the helix flutes of the drill, reducing the chip width and helpful to
chip transport.
III. Experiment process
In order to study the effect of different drill geometry on the drill cutting performance, this drilling experiment
carry on the three different PCBs with different point angle 2Φ, helix angle β and web thickness w. By comparing
the average cutting force and tools wear to analyze the effect of different drill geometry on the cutting force, the
suitable parameters are found and used. The cutter wear is measured by the microscope. Standard drills and
improved drills are used in the wear experiment and measure the drill flank wear after drilling 1000, 2000 and 3000
holes respectively.
The cutting experiment is carrying on the high speed drill-mill machine, whose highest speed is 80000 r/min. The
drilling force is measured by the SDC-C4F strain drilling force dynameter. The cutter for test is the carbide 3.2mm
drill.
IV. Results and discussions
4.1. Analysis of cutting force
In order to verify the drill performance, 10 types of drills are used in this experiment. Among them, 9 pcs drills
are designed by orthogonal experimental. The helix angle is 10°,15°,20°respectively, the point angle is 145°, 150°,
155°, common web and thinner web. In addition, to adopt a standard drill with point angle 165°, helix angle of 30°,
web thickness of 0.3mm. The workpiece is the double copper layer PCB plates of different materials: FR4 plate,
HF plate, PTFE plate. All the thickness is 1.6mm, the copper foil is 35μm. The cutting parameter is: main spindle
rotation speed of 20000 rpm, feed rate of 42 cm/min or 0.021 mm/rev, return rate of 500cm/min.
In the Figure 3, the thrust force of 3 types’ plate indicates that the web thickness have largest effect on the thrust
force and the lesser one is the point angle and the helix angle is the smallest. Due to the different properties of three
materials, the force varying is different while 3 geometry parameters changing. In drilling HF plate, it is biggest at
the helix angle of 15°. For the other two plates, thrust force is smallest at the angle of 15°. From the above, the
optimizational combination of the parameters is: point angle of 150°, helix angle of 15° and web thickness of 0.2
mm. The web should be grinded properly because the edge thickness affects the force most.
4.2 Drill wear
The Figure 4 is the typical graph of drill flank wear. The drill edge wear is uneven. It’s usually divided into the
corner wear area and the main edge wear area. The corner wear area shows the abnormal triangle where the wear is
serious due to its lower strength and higher temperature. The maximum width of wear belt is indicated by VC, and
also called corner wear. The main edge and web wear area is more even and with smaller width VB and called
avenge flank wear. Experiments indicate that no matter the rotation speed is high or low or any time, the width of
corner wear band is widest and develops the most quickly. And this graph’s feature is kept unchangeable.
The same drill is adopted in the experiment to drill the certain thickness’ PCB plate with different feed rate and
study the effect of feed rate on the drill wear. The results are illustrated as Figure 5. With the feed rate increasing,
the drill wear aggravate, even the edge collapse occurs.
The results of flank wear versus cutting time for different point angles can be seen in Figure 5. The average flank
wear values are plotted in the Figures. It can be seen from Figure 5 and Figure 6 that the flank wear VB and corner
3. The Drill Geometry Influence on PCB Drilling Performance
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wear VC are initially small when the tip is sharp, but as drilling continues the wear increased. When the numbers of
hole arrived at about 4000, the drill wear intensified greatly. Figure 5 also shows that there is no big wear
difference between different point angle drills. At the same time, the drill with web grinded and chip dividing
grooves shows better anti-wear performance (shown as Figure 6).
The improved drill from wear test is made which geometry parameters are selected. The improved PCB drill proves
better performance by measuring the flank wear. Its life is obviously longer than the standard drill from the wear
test results in Figure 6. The improved drill’s wear is only half of the standard one after drilling 3000 holes. The
improved drill’s flank and corner wear is obviously less the standard one by the figure. It is because the drill’s outer
corner is grinded to reduce the friction between drill outer margin with the hole wall. In this way, the friction’s heat
is reduced and improve the hole wall quality. The cutting heat is difficult to release for the drilling in the
semi-hermetic processing. The chips in drilling PCB is mostly the continuous floccule which is different from the
fragmented chip in drilling cast iron. Its main component is resin and combined with the breaking glass fiber. This
type chip is easy to melt and stick to the cutter and block the flutes which lead the poor chip removing and high
cutting temperature, so the cutter wear is intensified. The chip dividing groove’s effect is mainly the chip breaking
and transporting. Grinding two V type grooves on the main cutting edge, the whole edge is broken into 4 shorter
edges. The chips width reduces so that the chip is easy to break and the main edge loading is lower and chip is easy
to bring out.
4.3 Selection of cutting conditions
Due to the different properties for each type of drilling machine, for different materials , its drilling parameters
are also different. The better property spindle, its spindle speed is high, the feed rate and rising speed is faster
equally.So, screening our experienced parameters by experiment, then obtain the best parameter combinaton under
the certain type drill machine and the certain diameter drill. Figure 7 is the effect of the feed rate and cutting speed
on thrust force.
The feed is the cutting rate per rotation. The commonly allowed maximum value is about 13% of drill diameter, get
5%-7% of drill diameter, 10%-12% at high speed drilling. The f value is from 0.02 mm/r to 0.2 mm/r. When
f<0.02mm/r, cutting edge feed is so little that cause much friction heat at scraping and intensify the wear. When
f>0.2mm/r, the cutter edge breaking may occur at the start of cutting. At this time, the cutting edges are seriously
damaged and failed with the poor hole quality and the low effectiveness.
Based on the experiment result, the proper feed is 0.005—0.15mm/rev, that is, 100-300cm/min, and the optimum is
around 0.1mm/rev (200cm/min) for 3.2mm PCB drill. The wear volume is seen to increase with feed. Thus, from
the point of view of wear volume, a small feed is advantageous. However, if feed is too small, the wear will
increase seriously instead. This conclusion conforms to the cutting theory.
It’s observed that while f<0.02mm/rev the chip deformation is big and the cutting is not light. The cutting is like
scraping and the aluminum chip is like conical helical which take more space and probably to block and difficult to
break which affect the drill cooling effect and cause serious wear. The aluminum chip is long continuous ribbon
and wind on the drill as Figure 9 illustrated. This kind chip is not easy to break. While the feed rate is 0.1mm/rev
(200cm/min), the chip is discontinuous and cutting light. The aluminum is short fragment and easy to break and
exit.
When the feed amount is 0.1mm/r(200cm/min), the copper chips is chopped shape, cutting smoothly, naturally
curly and disconnect. The cutting chips is easy to remove and clean. The ideal copper chips shape should be
C-shape or helical shape with length 30mm approximately.( shown as Figure 10 ) .
Figure11 is the wear morphology photos in the wear process, the cutter wear mainly concentrate in the flank face
and cutter tip. When the feed speed is 0.0013mm/r, the flank face will form long and wide wear belt, it indicates
cutter wear severe, that because drill works in the hardening layer, accelerating cutter wear, meanwhile the cutting
chips is ribbon shape and unfavorable for cutter wear. While feed rate 0.1 mm/r, the drill wear vestige is not
obvious after drilling 500 holes, even after drilling 2000 holes the cutting edge wear is still not large. While the
feed rate is increasing to 0.175 mm/r and 0.2 mm/r, edge breakage occurs. The cutter fails and edge breaks serious
after drilling 500 holes.
V. Conclusions
(1) PCB drilling has many problems, such as difficult chip breaking and removing and fast wear etc. The
experiments verify that the improved geometry PCB drill has better performance.
(2) The cutting experiments verify that the effect of web thickness to the drill performance is biggest, the next is
the point angle and the last is the helix angle. So thinning web to reduce the cutting force is necessary.
(3) Based on the wear experiment, it concludes that the drill wearing capacity is well improved by thinning web
and grinding chip dividing groove. The flank and corner wear is eminently less than the common drill. The
most important reason is that the heat for improved drill spreads rapidly and the cutting force reduces.
4. The Drill Geometry Influence on PCB Drilling Performance
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Acknowledgements
Project supported by the Key Program of NSFC-Guangdong Joint Fund, China(Grant No. U0734007 ),
and by Shanghai Baoshan Science & Technology Innovation Fund (CXY-2012-18).
References
[1] Printed circuit board - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board#Drilling
[2] Fu Lianyu etc. 2008. A solution for PCB drilling with strict requirement on hole wall quality. Circuit world, 34, 8-11
[3] A.M. Abrao etc. 2008. The effect of cutting tool geometry on thrust force and delamination when drilling glass fiber reinforced plastic
composite. Material & Design, 2008 (59):508-513
[4] Wang Xin etc. 2004. Investigation on thrust in vibration drilling of fiber-reinforced plastics. Materials Processing Technology, 148,
239-244
[5] W. H. Kao. 2009. Tribological properties and high-speed drilling performance of Zr–C:H:Nx% coatings with different amounts of
nitrogen addition. J Mater Sci (2009) 44:3488–3497 . DOI 10.1007/s10853-009-3467
[6] P.J. Arrazola, D. Ugarte, X. Domınguez. 2008. A new approach for the friction identification during machining through the use of finite
element modeling. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 48 (2008) 173–183
[7] Milton C. Shaw. 1984. Metal Cutting. Clarendon Presss. Oxford, 1984,463
[8] Zheng, Lijuan et al. 2012.Characteristics of chip formation in the micro-drilling of multi-material sheets. INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF MACHINE TOOLS & MANUFACTURE, 52(1): 40-49.
[9] Xiaohu Zheng et al. 2013. Research on Fixture Hole Drilling Quality of Printed Circuit Board. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING, 14(4): 525-534
Figure 1: PCB drill point
Figure 2: Web thinning and groove grinding
(a) FR4 plate
(b) HF
5. The Drill Geometry Influence on PCB Drilling Performance
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(c) PTFE
Figure 3: Effect of the drill geometry on thrust force
(Drilling condition: 3.2 mm, 20000 rpm, 0.021 mm/rev)
Figure 4: typical graph of flank wear
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
200 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Nunber of holes
Toolwear(VB)
145°
125°
105°
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Number of holes
Toolwear(VC)
145°
125°
105°
Figure 5: Drill wear vs time
(Drilling condition: FR-4,3.2 mm, 30000 rpm, 0.05 mm/rev)
Figure 6: Drill wears for different geometry
(Drilling condition: FR 4, 3.2 mm, 20000 rpm, 0.021 mm/rev)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
100 300 500
f(cm/min)
s:20000rpm
s:40000rpm
s:60000rpm
Figure 7: The effect of cutting speed on thrust force
6. The Drill Geometry Influence on PCB Drilling Performance
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(a)Average wear width (b)Corner wear
Figure 8: Feed vs drill wear
(Drilling condition: FR 4, 3.2 mm, 20000 rpm)
0.013 mm/rev 0.025 mm/rev 0.05 mm/rev 0.075 mm/rev
0.1 mm/rev 0.125 mm/rev 0.15 mm/rev 0.2 mm/rev
Figure 9: Aluminum chips for different feeds
(Drilling condition: FR 4, 3.2 mm, 20000 rpm)
0.013 mm/rev 0.025 mm/rev 0.05 mm/rev 0.075 mm/rev
0.1 mm/rev 0.125 mm/rev 0.15 mm/rev 0.2 mm/rev
Figure10: Copper chips for different feeds
7. The Drill Geometry Influence on PCB Drilling Performance
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(Drilling condition: FR 4, 3.2 mm, 20000 rpm)
f =0.013 mm/r, 500
holes
f =0.013 mm/r,1000
holes
f =0.013 mm/r ; 1500
holes
f =0.013 mm/r ; 2000
holes
f =01 mm/r ; 500
holes
f =0.1 mm/r ; 1000
hole
f =0.1 mm/r ; 1500
holes
f =0.1 mm/r ; 2000
holes
f =0.2 mm/r ; 500
holes
f =0.2 mm/r; 1000
holes
f =0.2 mm/r ; 1500
holes
f =0.2 mm/r ; 2000
holes
Figure 11:Drill wears with different feed
(Drilling condition: FR 4, 3.2 mm, 20000 rpm)