Hyponatremia is a complicated topic because it can present in different ways depending on fluid volume status - hypervolemic, hypovolemic, or euvolemic. It also depends on sodium levels - hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic. The main causes and treatments vary based on these fluid and sodium classifications. Hyponatremia is further complicated by the body's release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in response, which may or may not be appropriate. The organ most affected is the brain, so treatment always considers the brain's condition.

1. HYPONATREMIA
COMPLICATED TOPIC -SIMPILFIED
WHY COMPLICATED ?
BECAUSE IT CAN BE HYPER- VOLEMIC ,HYPO- VOLEMIC, EU- VOLEMIC,
HYPERTONIC ,HYPOTONIC , ISOTONIC
HYPER - VOLEMIC HYPONATREMIA
COMMON CAUSES FAILURE OF HEART, KIDNEY & LIVER (CIRRHOSIS)
TREATMENT DIURETICS
FLUID RESTRICTION
VAPTANS

2. HYPOVOLEMIC HYPONATREMIA
CAUSES LOSS OF FLUID FROM KIDNEY e.g. diuretics
FROM G.I.T e.g. diarrhea , vomiting
TREATMENT INFUSION OF ISOTONIC SALINE
EUVOLEMIC HYPONATREMIA
CAUSES SIADH
ENDOCRINE HYPO THYROIDISM , HYPO –ADRENALISM
TREATMENT SIADH FLUID RESTRICTION
SALT + DIURETIC INFUSION
DEMCLOCYCLINE

3. WHAT MAKES HYPONATREMIA A COMLICATED TOPIC
MANY TERMS ALREADY MENTIONED
BODY’S RESPONSE WITH RELEASE OF ADH WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT
BE APPROPRIATE
AND CONFUSE THE STUDENTS AND THE BODY ALIKE
IT IS A PHYSICO BIOCHEMICAL STATE i.e.
PHYSICAL IS BODY’S STATE OF
1.EDEMA ,
2. NO EDEMA
3. DEHYDRATION
BIOCHEMICAL IS Na LEVELS
ORGAN WHICH SUFFERS THE MOST IS BRAIN
SO TREATMENT IS ALWAYS DONE WITH THE BRAIN’S CONDITION AND
BEHAVIOUR IN MIND