Hydronephrosis refers to a condition where excessive urine causes the kidneys to dilate. It occurs when there is an obstruction to the normal flow of urine from the kidneys out of the body. This obstruction can be caused by things like kidney stones or external compression from nearby organs. If the obstruction is in the ureter, it is called hydroureter, while obstruction of the ureter, renal pelvis, and calyces is called hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis can be unilateral, affecting one kidney, or bilateral, affecting both kidneys. Over time, the dilated structures can lead to thinning of the renal parenchyma and loss of kidney function. Complications include urinary