This document discusses different network topologies including hybrid, mesh, and tree topologies. A hybrid topology combines two or more basic topologies to gain advantages while reducing weaknesses. It can combine star, ring, and bus topologies. Hybrid topologies are reliable, scalable, flexible, and effective but have more complex design and infrastructure costs than single topologies. Mesh topologies connect every device to every other device through dedicated links, making them robust but requiring extensive cabling and ports. Tree topologies resemble a combination of bus and star topologies by connecting multiple star topology segments.

1. COMPUTER NETWORKS
Topic Hybrid Topology
Mesh Topology
Tree Topology

2. HYBRID TOPOLOGY
Hybrid topology is an integration of two or more different topologies to form a resultant
topology which has many advantages as well as disadvantages of all the constituent basic
topologies rather than having characteristics of one specific topology. This combination of
topology is done according to the requirement of the organization .
For example if there is ring topology in one office department while a star topology in
another department connection of these two will result in hybrid topology.

3. HYBRID TOPOLOGY
IN this case there is combination of three topologies that are
1. Star topology
2. Ring topology
3. Bus topology

4. HYBRID TOPOLOGY
Advantages of hybrid network topology
• Reliable: Unlike other networks, fault detection and troubleshooting is easy in this type
of topology. The part in which fault is detected can be isolated from the rest of network
and required to take corrective measures without affecting the functioning of rest of the
network.
• scalable: it is easy to increase the size of the network by adding new components, without
Disturbing existing architecture.
• Flexible: Hybrid Network can be designed according to the requirements of the
organization and by optimizing the available resources.
• Effective: Hybrid topology is the combination of two or more topologies ,so we can design
it such a way that strengths of constituent topologies are maximized while there
weaknesses are neutralized.

5. HYBRID TOPOLOGY
Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
• Complexity of Design: One of the biggest drawbacks of hybrid topology is
its design. It is not easy to design this type of architecture and it is a
tough job for designers.
• Costly Hub: The hubs used to connect two distinct networks, and this are
very expensive. These hubs are different from usual hubs, as they need to
be more intelligent enough to work with different architectures and it
should function even any part of network is down.
• Costly Infrastructure: As hybrid architectures are usually larger in scale,
they require a lot of cables; cooling systems , and sophisticated network
devices.

6. MESH TOPOLOGY
• Here every device has a point to point link to every
other devices.
• Node 1 node must be connected with n-1 nodes.
• A fully connected mesh can have n(n-1)/2 physical
channels to link n devices.
• It must have n-1 I/O ports.

7. MESH TOPOLOGY
Advantages
• They use dedicated links so each link can only carry its own
data load.so traffic problem can be avoided.
• It is robust. If any one link get damaged it cannot affect
others.
• It gives privacy and security.(message travels along a
dedicated link)
• Fault identification and fault isolation are easy.

8. MESH TOPOLOGY

9. MESH TOPOLOGY
Disadvantages:
• The amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports
required are very large. Since every device is connected
to each devices through dedicated links.
• Power requirement is higher as all the nodes will need
to remain active all the time and share the load.
• Hardware required to connect each devices is highly
expensive.

10. TREE TOPOLOGY
• Alternatively referred to as a star bus topology.
• Tree topology is one of the most common network
setups that is similar to a bus topology and a star
topology.
• A tree topology connects.below is a visual example of
a simple computer setup on a network using the star
topology.

11. TREE TOPOLOGY

12. BY KUMAR A SHETTY
SIDDHARTH SHETTY
RAHUL V
Thank you