This document discusses implementing cogeneration techniques in the textile industry to conserve energy. Cogeneration, or combined heat and power (CHP), involves generating electricity and capturing the heat produced for industrial processes. This is more efficient than separate generation of power and heat. The document outlines the textile production process and sectors in India. It argues cogeneration can achieve overall efficiencies of 80-85% compared to 35% for conventional power plants. Implementing cogeneration in the textile industry could reduce emissions and costs while improving energy efficiency.
Conservation of Energy: a Case Study on Energy Conservation in Campus Lightin...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Final ub role of energy efficiency in smart and sustainable Usha Batra
Smart and sustainable habitat design has direct impact on energy and resource consumption. To achieve energy efficiency in India, energy consumption needs to be reduced through conservation, adoption of energy efficiency measures and exploration of renewable energy generation resources.
Energy Conservation through Smart Building and Smart Lighting SystemIJMREMJournal
Energy conservation is an extensive topic due to the propagation of electricity demand and challenges globally
and is regarded as one of the most significant issues affects the power system quality, global environment and
consumers. Smart building is a technology that can connect everything to networks or systems to monitor and
control them in various areas such as offices, energy-consuming devices especially in laboratories, security
devices etc. Nevertheless, people's perception about using smart technology for energy saving is still in the mind’s
eye. This means that people discuss about environmental awareness readily. Due to the availability of electricity
and its elemental role, regulating consumers’ behaviours towards power savings can be a challenge. Remarkably,
the gap in today's smart technology design in smart buildings is the compassionate of consumers’ attitudes and
the merging of this perspective into the smart technology. Implementation of PLC based controlling system is a
convenient method to save the power and energy strategy for whole building. Furthermore, prepare a lighting
scheme can results a rapid response in energy conservation. Consequently, PLC Automatic system removes the
human intervention which makes the process smart and energy reduction will gives benefits to the consumers in
terms of reducing the cost of electricity bills. Nonetheless, contemporary buildings’ energy conservation has been
significant solution to cope with the rising electricity necessity.
Conservation of Energy: a Case Study on Energy Conservation in Campus Lightin...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Final ub role of energy efficiency in smart and sustainable Usha Batra
Smart and sustainable habitat design has direct impact on energy and resource consumption. To achieve energy efficiency in India, energy consumption needs to be reduced through conservation, adoption of energy efficiency measures and exploration of renewable energy generation resources.
Energy Conservation through Smart Building and Smart Lighting SystemIJMREMJournal
Energy conservation is an extensive topic due to the propagation of electricity demand and challenges globally
and is regarded as one of the most significant issues affects the power system quality, global environment and
consumers. Smart building is a technology that can connect everything to networks or systems to monitor and
control them in various areas such as offices, energy-consuming devices especially in laboratories, security
devices etc. Nevertheless, people's perception about using smart technology for energy saving is still in the mind’s
eye. This means that people discuss about environmental awareness readily. Due to the availability of electricity
and its elemental role, regulating consumers’ behaviours towards power savings can be a challenge. Remarkably,
the gap in today's smart technology design in smart buildings is the compassionate of consumers’ attitudes and
the merging of this perspective into the smart technology. Implementation of PLC based controlling system is a
convenient method to save the power and energy strategy for whole building. Furthermore, prepare a lighting
scheme can results a rapid response in energy conservation. Consequently, PLC Automatic system removes the
human intervention which makes the process smart and energy reduction will gives benefits to the consumers in
terms of reducing the cost of electricity bills. Nonetheless, contemporary buildings’ energy conservation has been
significant solution to cope with the rising electricity necessity.
Integrated Energy Management of Residential Halls at University of Dhaka by U...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper analyses the electrical energy
consumption of two residential halls at University of Dhaka
and design the best approach to diminish the electrical energy
consumption and reduce the carbon emission and achieve
efficient energy utilization in the halls. Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall were selected for a
detailed study of electricity consumption. Series of data were
taken to estimate the electrical energy consumption and the
electrical energy losses across different loads. Afterwards with
the results of electrical usage, an energy stability was made by
considering the energy efficient electrical appliances along
with a solar photovoltaic system to reduce the electrical energy
wastage and reduce the carbon emission to maintain the
environment clean. Overall energy losses can be minimized up
to 40% and 41% at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall respectively with new energy
efficient devices. A total of 43% and 44% energy consumption
can be reduced at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall with the proposed new energy
management system that implies to utilize solar energy using
solar photovoltaic. The emission of carbon reduction estimate
was about 302 tons and 290 tons of CO2 at Fazlul Haque
Muslim Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall
respectively. The payback period of the investment to replace
the electrical appliances with energy efficient appliances and
to install a solar photovoltaic system is 2.45 years.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Renewable Energy & Alternative Technologies and Services for Rural IndiaShantanu Basu
Creating Renewable Energy & Alternative Technologies and Services for Rural India like solar, biomass and biogas energy, mobile services, water and waste management, etc.
Social and Environmental Study on Wind Power Development in Ayeyarwaddy, MyanmarIJARIIT
To integrate the power grid and more efficient power serving to the local residents of Ayeyarwaddy Region,wind
power is better resource from this study of social and environmental findings. The main objective is to provide a better
understanding of the socio-economic requirements that contribute to the integration of wind energy in sustainable power
supply systems. The demonstration wind farm area was performedby excluding the social land use. The wind farm siting was
observed withsufficient distance from the residences to effect environmental impact appropriately in noise emission and in
shadow flickering by employingNoise calculation model: Danish 2007 and shadow flickering model in WindPro software.
These acquired results are not high impact to the local resident’s atKyonkadun village, Ayeyarwaddy Region. Hence, this paper
will initiate new discussions about the future of wind power project and to safeguard the long-term societal acceptance in
Ayeyarwaddy Region, Myanmar.
Integrated Energy Management of Residential Halls at University of Dhaka by U...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper analyses the electrical energy
consumption of two residential halls at University of Dhaka
and design the best approach to diminish the electrical energy
consumption and reduce the carbon emission and achieve
efficient energy utilization in the halls. Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall were selected for a
detailed study of electricity consumption. Series of data were
taken to estimate the electrical energy consumption and the
electrical energy losses across different loads. Afterwards with
the results of electrical usage, an energy stability was made by
considering the energy efficient electrical appliances along
with a solar photovoltaic system to reduce the electrical energy
wastage and reduce the carbon emission to maintain the
environment clean. Overall energy losses can be minimized up
to 40% and 41% at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall respectively with new energy
efficient devices. A total of 43% and 44% energy consumption
can be reduced at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall with the proposed new energy
management system that implies to utilize solar energy using
solar photovoltaic. The emission of carbon reduction estimate
was about 302 tons and 290 tons of CO2 at Fazlul Haque
Muslim Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall
respectively. The payback period of the investment to replace
the electrical appliances with energy efficient appliances and
to install a solar photovoltaic system is 2.45 years.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Renewable Energy & Alternative Technologies and Services for Rural IndiaShantanu Basu
Creating Renewable Energy & Alternative Technologies and Services for Rural India like solar, biomass and biogas energy, mobile services, water and waste management, etc.
Social and Environmental Study on Wind Power Development in Ayeyarwaddy, MyanmarIJARIIT
To integrate the power grid and more efficient power serving to the local residents of Ayeyarwaddy Region,wind
power is better resource from this study of social and environmental findings. The main objective is to provide a better
understanding of the socio-economic requirements that contribute to the integration of wind energy in sustainable power
supply systems. The demonstration wind farm area was performedby excluding the social land use. The wind farm siting was
observed withsufficient distance from the residences to effect environmental impact appropriately in noise emission and in
shadow flickering by employingNoise calculation model: Danish 2007 and shadow flickering model in WindPro software.
These acquired results are not high impact to the local resident’s atKyonkadun village, Ayeyarwaddy Region. Hence, this paper
will initiate new discussions about the future of wind power project and to safeguard the long-term societal acceptance in
Ayeyarwaddy Region, Myanmar.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
BRIEFING NOTE: ELECTRIFICATION OF TOP-PERFORMING INDUSTRIES IN TAMIL NADUAurovilleConsulting
Tamil Nadu is one of the most industrialised states in India and accounted for 9.47% of India’s GDP in FY 2020-21. Tamil Nadu aspires to be a leading export state in India at a time when more countries are proposing Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). CBAM includes the introduction of a carbon price on certain products imported into the European Union (EU). This will put restrictions at the borders of the EU on goods produced with carbon and Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). As per an assessment of the World Bank, many countries are considering setting a carbon price in the years to come. Tamil Nadu could be exporting its finished goods to a few of those countries in the future. For the exported goods from Tamil Nadu to be regulation-proof, it is important to decarbonise the production. The first step towards decarbonisation is the electrification of the processes in the industries. This briefing note explores the potential for the electrification of some of the processes in the top-performing (in terms of contribution to the State’s GDP) industrial sectors of Tamil Nadu.
Telecom towers have traditionally relied on Gensets and Batteries for their power backup. With these methods, the challenges of high operating costs due to maintenance, repairs and cost of fuel are well known. Fuel cells have lately emerged as a potential alternate for this application. It is a market to watch closely as further technology improvements in the coming years will happen. The time is right to further improve upon the backup power technology. The Government, TRAI and telecom operators will need to work together to make fuel cells usage mainstream. Given the competitiveness of solar power, a hybrid of fuel cell & solar could emerge as a perfect combination which is reliable, sustainable, and a green alternative in future
Energy (in) efficiency for energy & environment managementY P Chawla
Abstract: Amongst various inputs to the cost of production, Energy is an important part. Its efficiency or inefficiency makes the enterprise competitive or otherwise. The Cost of Energy as an external input has so far generally been outside the control of a manufacturing organization not owning a captive power plant. The internal factors that contribute to the higher energy consumption are in its equipment and manufacturing processes involved. The passive plant managers offload the problem of inefficiencies to external consultants while the proactive managers get involved in the process of making the plant energy efficient themselves or through their team. The reduced cost of energy input has now been possible by generation through the distributed energy resources-Solar or the Wind or a compelling couple of the Solar and Wind together. If the surplus Power Generated through renewable sources(RE) is available for the sales to the other users (Industry in this case), and the block chain technology combined with IoT in the energy sector helps in the electricity purchases and its settlement by connecting non-utility end users (or possibly prosumers) rather than sourcing it from licensed distribution companies (Discoms). The energy inefficiency as Transmission and Distribution Losses (T&D) are external to the Industrial set up can be offset by the local generation through Renewable Energy or bought from the third party generating surplus REpower for sale to the third party.
Battery Storage System(BSS) associated with Renewable Energy can help meet the peak power requirements of the manufacturing process. The demand shift of the power load can also improve the inefficient utilization of non-peak power.
Virtual Net Metering as is allowed by the proactive Joint Electricity Regulatory Commission for Goa and Union Territories makes way for the Solar Power Generation away from the point of Consumption. Community Solar Farms can help to sell the surplus power to the Industry during the peak power consumption period. BSS makes it flexible to allow storage consumption at the time it is needed or costliest the most if sourced from licensed Discoms. The Industry drawing power at High voltage while using a chunk of the same at LT takes advantage of Distributed Power Generation stepped up only to LT level again adding to Energy Efficiency. The distributed energy sources and block chain of energy creates opportunities for T&D reduction while posing the regulatory challenging.
Key Words: Energy (in) efficiency, Block chain in Renewable Energy, Management of Environment, Internet of Things (IoT), Demand Shift, Battery Storage System (BSS), Virtual Net Metering, Regulatory measures, Skills in BlockChain
It is just a name for utilizing fast-growing trees, sugar cane, crop residue etc. for use in small power generation schemes. cogeneration using bagasse, power from biomass as fuel and biomass gasifier systems are together classified as dendro power.
1. M.Gohul, A.Mohamed Syed Ali, T.G.Raju, M.R.Saravanan, Dr.A.Pasupathy / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1421-1427
Implementation Of Cogeneration Technique In Textile Industry
For Energy Conservation
1
M.Gohul, 2A.Mohamed Syed Ali, 3 T.G.Raju, 4M.R.Saravanan,
5
Dr.A.Pasupathy
1
Customer Support Engineer with Power Lab Instruments Pvt. Ltd., Chennai.
2
M.Tech Student,Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,Tamilnadu,India.
3
Service Engineer, Schnell Medical Services Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai.
4
Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, KNSK.College of Engineering,Tamilnadu,India
5
Professor, Department of Mechanical, KNSK.College of Engineering,Tamilnadu,India
Abstract
Energy means any form of energy pollution and climate changes (such as global
derived from fossil fuels, nuclear substances, warming). Therefore it is essential to adopt an
Hydro-electricity and includes electricity approach that encourages the production and
generated from renewable sources of energy or consumption of the minimum amount of energy to
biomass connected to grid. Energy conservation meet man's urban lifestyle. Such an approach that
is the reduction of quantity of energy used. leads to efficient energy usage is called Energy
Energy conservation supports the eco friendly Conservation. Energy Conservation leads to lower
lifestyle by providing energy, which saves the costs but it also helps to promote a healthy
money and at the same time saves the earth. A environment. By opting and adopting encon
vast majority of the Asian countries has yet to tap measures, it is possible to tap a huge potential of
the existing cogeneration potential to the surplus energy at comparatively lower cost.
maximum. Considering the rapid industrial
growth in many parts of the region, one would II. Cogeneration:
expect many more new process industries and The simultaneous generation of electricity
commercial buildings to be added to the existing and heat in the form of steam, typically where the
stock within a short span of time [1]. Owners of need for both arises for industrial or commercial
existing as well as new industries and commercial purposes and where the steam is generated by
buildings will benefit from these schemes by utilizing the waste heat from electricity generation
[2]
having access to low-cost and more reliable .
energy supplies. This paper deals with a
comparison study on the aspects of energy III. Why Cogeneration?
economics in textile industry using conventional Thermal power plants are a major source of
system and cogeneration system. electricity supply in India. The conventional method
of power generation and supply to the customer is
Keywords: - Energy, Cogeneration, Energy wasteful in the sense that only about a third of the
Economics, Energy Conservation primary energy fed into the power plant is actually
made available to the user in the form of electricity.
I. Introduction: In conventional power plant, efficiency is only 35%
Energy is one of the critical inputs for and remaining 65% of energy is lost. The major
economic development of any country. Developing source of loss in the conversion process is the heat
countries like India accounts for only 40 % of rejected to the surrounding water or air due to the
world’s total energy consumption, while constituting inherent constraints of the different thermodynamic
80 % of world’s total population. The Government cycles employed in power generation. Also further
of India has planned to double its installed capacity losses of around 10-15% are associated with the
by 2020 to meet the exponentially increasing power transmission and distribution of electricity in the
requirement. Energy conservation and Energy electrical grid. In a conventional fossil fuel fired
efficiency are presently the most powerful tools in power plant, maximum fuel efficiency of about 35%
our transition to a clean energy future [2]. Energy is is achieved. Maximum heat loss occurs by way of
mainly required to run manufacturing units, the heat rejection in a steam condenser where a
factories, machines, automobiles, homes (for straight condensing steam turbine is used[1]. Some
example, electricity for heating and lighting) and so improvement in the efficiency could be attained
on. This energy is provided by fuel such as coal and through extraction-cum-condensing steam turbine
oil [3]. Producing energy is expensive. Producing instead of straight condensing. The steam so
energy from fuels such as coal and oil is also extracted could be supplied to either process
harmful to the environment because it leads to consumer or to heat the feed water before it enters
1421 | P a g e
2. M.Gohul, A.Mohamed Syed Ali, T.G.Raju, M.R.Saravanan, Dr.A.Pasupathy / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1421-1427
into boiler. The rejected heat energy from the steam the rest of the economy, thus providing indirect
turbine is most efficiently used to meet the thermal employment to many more millions.
energy requirement for cogeneration system. The
overall efficiency of around 80-85%. VI. Types of Textile Sectors:
The textile industry has three main sectors
IV. Merits of Cogeneration: Organized Mill sector (Traditional weaving
1. Cogeneration results more efficient use of fuel, and spinning)
and corresponding reductions in the emissions of PowerLoom sector (Mechanized Looms)
SO2, NOx and CO2. HandLoom sector.
2.One often misleadingly compares the efficiency of
cogeneration around 85% with the efficiency of It also includes the sub-sectors which are common in
power generation facilities (i.e. condensing power industries
plants) in the order of 40%. For a correct Spinning
comparison, one must take the weighted average of Weaving
the efficiency of power and heat production and Knitting
compare it with the efficiency of cogeneration. Garmenting
3.With separate production of heat in modern Manmade fibres account for around 40 per
boilers, efficiency will be significantly above 85%, cent share in a cotton-dominated Indian textile
and with condensing gas boilers even close to 100%. industry. India accounts for 15% of world's total
For condensing power stations, such as gas-fired cotton crop production and records largest producer
combined-cycle plants, whose market share can only of silk. It is the second largest employer after the
increase, efficiency approaches 60%. As a result, the agriculture sector in both rural and urban areas. India
advantages of cogeneration have a tendency to
has a large pool of skilled low-cost textile workers,
decrease.
experienced in technology skills. Almost all sectors
4.With a proper comparison between separate or of the textile industry have shown significant
combined production of heat and power in modern
achievement. The sector has shown a 3.66 per cent
facilities, the energy advantage amounts to 15-20%,
CAGR over the last five years. Cost competitiveness
which is still significant from an ecological is driving the penetration of Indian basic yarns and
viewpoint? Where feasible, this advantage should be grey fabrics in international commodity markets.
exploited.
VII. Textile Production:
V. Implementation of Cogeneration System Fiber processing Involves
in Textile Industry: Spinning
A. Overview Weaving
The Indian textile Industry is currently one
Knitting machines
of the largest and most important sectors in the
Dyeing and printing
economy in terms of output, foreign exchange
Other finishing process
earnings and employment in India. Textiles account
for 20 per cent of India’s industrial production and A. Spinning:
It is the Process of twisting the fiber. The
around 35 per cent of its export earnings.
amount of twist given the yarns determines various
The total production of fabrics in all the
characteristics. Light twisting yields soft-surfaced
three sectors combined was around 42 billion square
fabrics, whereas hard-twisted yarns produce hard-
meters, with 59 % of the total fabric production
surfaced fabrics, which provide resistance to
produced by the power loom sector, 19 % by the
handloom sector, 17 % by the knit yarn sector, and abrasion and are less inclined to retain dirt and
the rest by the organized mill sector [2]. The textile wrinkles. Hard twisted yarns are used in producing
industry is a self -reliant industry from the hosiery and crepes.
production of raw materials to the delivery of final
products with considerable value addition at each
stage of processing.
B. Contribution to Economy:
It accounts for 9% of GDP, for nearly 20%
of the total national industrial production and 35% of
the export earnings, making it India’s largest net
foreign exchange industry. This industry contributes
less than 1.5 % to the gross import bill of the Fig. 1: Spinning Section
country. It directly employs 35 million workers and B. Weaving:
has widespread forward and backward linkages with Two sets of yarns, called the warp and the
woof (more commonly filling, or weft) are used in
1422 | P a g e
3. M.Gohul, A.Mohamed Syed Ali, T.G.Raju, M.R.Saravanan, Dr.A.Pasupathy / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1421-1427
weaving, which is carried out on a mechanism SHREDDING
known as a loom. Warp yarns run along the length The pressed alkali cellulose is shredded
of the loom; filling yarns run across it. Different mechanically to yield finely divided, fluffy particles
patterns and textures are achieved by varying the called "crumbs". This step provides increased
number of warp yarns and by altering the sequence surface area of the alkali cellulose, thereby
in which they are raised or lowered. increasing its ability to react in the steps that follow.
AGING
`The alkali cellulose is aged under
controlled conditions of 18-30°C in order to
depolymerize the cellulose to the desired degree of
polymerization. In this step the average molecular
weight of the original pulp is reduced by a factor of
two to three
Fig. 2: Weaving Section
XANTHATION
C. Dyeing and Printing: In this step the aged alkali cellulose crumbs
The fabrics can be dyed after weaving or are placed in vats and are allowed to react with
knitting is completed (piece-dyed).The loose fibers carbon disulphide under controlled temperature (20
can be dyed in a vat (stock-dyed) or the yarn or to 30° C) to form cellulose xanthate viscous orange
filament can be dyed before weaving (yarn-dyed). colored solution called "viscose", which is the basis
for the manufacturing process is produced
D. Types of Fiber:
DISSOLVING
The yellow crumb is dissolved in aqueous
caustic solution. The large xanthate substituents on
fibre the cellulose force the chains apart, reducing the
interchain hydrogen bonds and allowing water
natural man made
molecules to solvate and separate the chains
RIPENING
cotton rayon The viscose is allowed to stand for a period
wool nylon of time to "ripen". Two important processes occur
silk polyesters during ripening .Redistribution and loss of xanthate
groups.
Fig. 3: Fiber Classification FILTERING
E. Process Involved in Rayon Fiber Manufacture The viscose is filtered to remove
undisclosed materials that might disrupt the spinning
PHYSICAL PROCESSES process or cause defects in the rayon filament.
Steeping DEGASSING
Bubbles of air entrapped in the viscose
Degassing must be removed prior to extrusion or they would
Pressing Desizing
cause voids, or weak spots, in the fine rayon
Spinning
Shredding filaments
Bleaching
Drawing
Aging SPINNING
Dyeing spin bath containing Sulphuric acid,
Washing Sodium sulphate, Zinc sulphate -for acidification - to
Xanthation
Stentering impart a high salt content for coagulation of
Dissolving Cutting viscose,- exchange with sodium xanthate to form
Processes
requiring
zinc xanthate, to cross-link the cellulose molecules
Ripening
Thermal Energy respectively. Slow regeneration of cellulose and
stretching of rayon will lead to greater areas of
Filtering
crystallinity within the fiber, as is done with high-
tenacity rayon.
Fig. 4: Physical Process
1423 | P a g e
4. M.Gohul, A.Mohamed Syed Ali, T.G.Raju, M.R.Saravanan, Dr.A.Pasupathy / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1421-1427
DRAWING
The rayon filaments are stretched while the
cellulose chains are still relatively mobile. This
causes the chains to stretch out and orient along the
fiber axis. Washing the freshly regenerated rayon
contains many salts and other water soluble
impurities which need to be removed
CUTTING
If the rayon is to be used as staple, the
group of filaments (termed "tow") is passed through
a rotary cutter to provide a fiber which can be
processed in much the same way as cotton
The Process which require heat energy are Fig. 6: 5.5T/hr @ 7 bar/200°C
Bleaching
This operation is done to remove the natural A. Conventional system:
colouring pigments. Cloth is maintained at steam Assumption
pressure of 2 to 3 atm Efficiency of Boiler = 75%
Calorific value of firewood = 3500 kcal/kg
Dyeing Cost of firewood = Rs.700/tonne
In this process cloth is passed through the dye which Operating days = 330 days
is all time maintained at 60oC Boiler 1
Outlet condition = 3bar/150ºc
Drying Steam requirement = 7.5tonnes/hr
Here the cloth before passed on to the printing Cost = Rs.7000000/Mw
process is dried in drying ranges which are kept hot Boiler 2
by 3.5 atm steam Outlet condition = 7bar/200ºc
Steam requirement = 5.5tonnes/hr
Stentering Cost = Rs.6000000/Mw
Here the dimensions of the cloth are stabilised. Heat output from boiler 1
Cloths are passed through hot chamber and the cloth = 7.5x103 (2760.4 – 546.3)
is pulled to the required dimension with 4 atm steam. 3600
= 4.612 MW
Heat output from boiler 2
VIII : Results & Discussion:
= 5.5x103 (2844.2 – 546.3)
Annual Production: 200000 mtrs of rayon
3600
Electricity Requirement : 800 kW
= 3.510 MW
Process Heat Requirement
Total output = 8122 kW
For Dyeing &Bleaching : 7.5Tonnes/hr @3
Heat input to boiler = 8122
bar/150°C
0.75
Drying : 5.5 Tonnes/hr@7bar/200°C
= 10.829 MW
Mass flow rate of fuel = 10829
3500x4.186
= 0.7391kg/sec
Mass of fuel/annum
= 0.7391x3600x24x330
= 21073219 kg/annum
Fuel cost = 700 x 21073219
= Rs.1.47crores
Capital investment cost
Cost of boiler 1 = 7000000 x 4.612
= Rs.3.23 crores
Cost of boiler 2 = 6000000 x 3.510
= Rs.2.10 crores
Total investment cost = Rs.5.33 crores
Utility cost
PUMP Interest @ 12% = Rs.0.6396 crores
Fig. 5: 7T/hr @ 3 bar/150°C Depreciation@ 10% = Rs.0.533 crores
Operating& Maintenance cost@5%
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5. M.Gohul, A.Mohamed Syed Ali, T.G.Raju, M.R.Saravanan, Dr.A.Pasupathy / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1421-1427
= Rs.0.2665 crores Mass flow rate of fuel
Utility cost = Rs. 1.44crores = 13190
Total expenditure
Total expenditure = Fuel cost + Utility cost 3500x4.186
= 1.47 + 1.44 = 0.9002 kg/sec
= Rs.2.9 crores Mass of fuel/annum
= 0.9002x3600x24x330
B. Cogeneration System: = 25666502 kg/annum
Assumption Fuel cost = 700 x 25665.5
Outlet condition = 70 bar/ 450ºc = Rs.1.79 cr
Efficiency of Boiler = 75% Unit Cost
Cost of boiler = Rs.8000000/MW Unit Cost = 17900000
Efficiency of Turbine = 88% 13860000
Cost of Turbine = Rs.1 crore/ MW = Rs 1.3
Calorific value of firewood = 3500 kcal/kg Capital investment cost
Cost of firewood = Rs.700/tonne Cost of boiler = 8000000 x 9.893
Operating days = 330 days = Rs.7.9 crores
Cost of turbine = 10000000 x 1.75
= Rs.1.75 crores
Total investment cost = Rs.9.33 crores
Utility cost
Interest @ 12% = Rs.1.1196 crores
Depreciation@ 10% = Rs.0.933crores
Operating& Maintenance cost@5%
= Rs.0.4665 crores
Utility cost = Rs.2.52crores
Total expenditure
Total expenditure = Fuel cost + Utility cost
= Rs.4.31 crores
Savings
Total power produced = 1750 kW
Power required = 800 kW
Excess power available = (1750 – 800)
= 950 kW
Cost savings if purchased from E.B
Fig. 7: Topping Cogeneration Cycle = 800x24x330(4.75–1.3)
= Rs2.19 crores
Power output from turbine Cost savings if sold to E.B
Input = Output = 950x24x330x2.5
m1h1 = ( p / 0.88) + m2h2 + m3h3 + m4h4 = Rs. 1.88 crores
13x103 (3285) = ( p / 0.88)+ 6.0x103 Total savings through electricity
3600 3600 (2762)+ = 2.19 + 1.88
5.5x103 (2724) +1.5x103 = Rs4.07 crores
3600 3600 (2665 )
Increase in expenditure3600
Power output = 1.75 MW = (Total expenditure in cogeneration) – (Total
Electricity produced / annum expenditure in conventional system)
= 1750x24x330
= 13860000kWh = 4.31 – 2.91
Heat output from boiler = Rs.1.4 crores
= 13x103 (3285-546.3) Net savings = (Savings through
3600 Electricity) – (Increase in expenditure)
= 4.07 – 1.4
= 9893kW = Rs.2.67crores
= 9.893 MW Increase in investment = (Investment in
Heat input to boiler Cogeneration) – (Investment in conventional
= 9893 System)
0.75
= 13.19 MW = 9.33 – 5.33
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6. M.Gohul, A.Mohamed Syed Ali, T.G.Raju, M.R.Saravanan, Dr.A.Pasupathy / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1421-1427
= Rs 4 crores Ta Phut cogeneration plant”, Proceedings
Simple payback = Increase in investment 1994 Cogeneration Conference, AIC
Net savings Conferences, Bangkok, 20-21 June 1994.
= 4.00
2.67 M.Gohul received his B.E degree in
= 1.5 Electrical and Electronics
= 1 year & 6 months Engineering from KNSK College of
IX. Conclusion: Engineering, Nagercoil under Anna
Conservation and efficient utilization of University of Technology
energy resources play a vital role in narrowing the Tirunelveli, TamilNadu in 2011.
gap between demand and supply of energy. Energy Now he is working as a Customer Support Engineer
conservation is the quickest, cheapest and most with Power Lab Instruments Pvt. Ltd., Chennai.He
practical method of overcoming energy shortage. has already published many papers in international
Many communications consider the development of journals and conference proceedings. He is highly
cogeneration, next to more use of renewable energy expertise in the project development related to
as one of the most important instrument for CO2 Renewable Energy sources and his area of interest
reduction. Decentralized cogeneration is considered includes Energy conservation and Renewable
of paramount importance. The feasibility of Energy source. He is the member of Solar Energy
installing Cogeneration in a Textile mill with Society of India (SESI), New Delhi and Energy and
processing capability is studied and the results favor Fuel Users’ Association of India (ENFUSE),
the setting up of a cogeneration facility with a Chennai.
payback period of 2 to 3 years. This study clearly
shows that in the economical point of view and the A. Mohamed Syed Ali received
energy saving potential point o f view the proposal his B.E degree in Electrical and
system satisfies the entire requirement and hence the Electronics Engineering from KNSK
setting up of Cogeneration facility is recommended. College of Engineering, Nagercoil
It is encouraging to note that there are already a Under Anna University of
large number of cogeneration plants which have Technology, Tirunelveli, TamilNadu,
been commissioned in some Asian countries in the India in 2011.Now he is pursuing his M.Tech degree
last decade or so. Considering the developments that in Computer & Information Technology from
can be expected, decentralized cogeneration Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli,
facilities are unlikely to play the role attributed to Tamilnadu. He has already attended several
them by 2020 in many studies. conferences in the field of Solar Energy, Energy
conservation in buildings, cogeneration and
References: published papers in international journals and
[1] Sood A.K. (1997), “Commercial role of conference proceedings. His area of interest includes
cogeneration in petrochemical industry”, Energy conservation, Renewable Energy,
Proceedings cogeneration Asia 97 Networking and Mobile Communication. He is the
conference, AIC Conferences, Singapore, member of Solar Energy Society of
[2] Srisovanna P. (1998), “Case study of India(SESI),New Delhi and Energy And Fuel Users’
cogeneration in textile sector”, Proceedings Association of India(ENFUSE),Chennai.
ESCAP South-East Asia Sub-regional
Seminar on Promotion of Energy
Efficiency and Pollution Control through T.G. Raju received his B.E degree in
Cogeneration, Hanoi, 10-11 November Electrical and Electronics
1998. Engineering from KNSK College of
[3] Patel M.M. and Raheja P.R. (1996), “Case Engineering, Nagercoil under Anna
study presentation on cogen project and University of Technology,
benefits at South India Paper Mills”, Tirunelveli, TamilNadu in 2011. Now he is working
Proceedings CII Energy Summit’96, as a Service Engineer with Schnell Medical
Chennai 11-14 September 1996. Services Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai. He has already attended
[4] Low L. (1997), “Investing in cogeneration several conferences in the field of Solar Energy and
for efficiency, competitiveness, reliability Energy conservation and published papers in
and ease of operation at Kilang Sawit international journals and conference proceedings.
United Bell”, Proceedings Cogeneration His area of interest includes Power electronics
Asia 97 conference, AIC Conferences, application in Renewable Energy sources.
Singapore, 25-26 November 1997.
[5] Le Scraigne Y. (1994), “The first IPP
project developed in Thailand – The Map
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7. M.Gohul, A.Mohamed Syed Ali, T.G.Raju, M.R.Saravanan, Dr.A.Pasupathy / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1421-1427
M.R. Saravanan received his B.E.
degree in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering from Arulmigu
Kalasalingam College of Engineering,
Srivilliputhoor under Madurai
Kamaraj University in 2001. He was
completed his M.E. degree at College
of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai
with the specialization in Energy Engineering in the
year of 2006. He was a Senior Design Engineer with
M/s Stelmec Limited, Mumbai for 3 Years and
completed one year training in the O & M of
230/110kV SS switchgear products. He joined as a
Lecturer in SKR Engineering College, chennai in the
year 2004 and presently working as an Assistant
Professor in department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering, KNSK college of Engineering,
Nagercoil. He has already published many papers in
international journals and conference proceedings.
He is also pursuing for his Ph.D in the area of
Thermal energy storage systems from Anna
University Tamilnadu. His area of interest includes
Solar Energy storage systems and Energy
conservation in buildings and automobiles. He is the
member of Solar Energy Society of India
(SESI),New Delhi
Dr.A.Pasupathy received his B.E.
Degree in Mechanical Engineering
in the year 1988 from The Indian
Engineering College. He obtained his
Master’s degree in the field of
Energy Technology from
Pondicherry Government
Engineering College in the year 2001. He received
his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) through Anna
University Chennai in the research topic of “Studies
on Thermal Management in Buildings using Phase
Change Material” in the year 2007. He worked as a
Marine Engineer in Barber / Bergesen Ship
Management Limited, Norway for 10 Years and
having one year experience in the Erection Field. He
served as Professor / Head, Director, and vice –
Principal& Principal in various reputed Engineering
Colleges in Tamilnadu for 12 Years. Presently he is
working as Principal of KNSK College of
Engineering, Nagercoil. He has published /
presented several papers in various International &
National Journals / Conferences.His area of Interest
includes Heat Transfer, Thermodynamics, Thermal
Engineering, Energy Conservation, Design of Heat
Exchanger and Thermal Energy Storages
Technologies. At present, four Research Scholars are
doing research under his supervision in the field of
Solar Thermal Storage Technologies using Phase
Change Materials.
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