This document discusses India's energy security and the role of renewable energy. It notes that India faces challenges in meeting its growing energy demands in a sustainable way given its increasing reliance on imported fossil fuels. Renewable energy technologies can help address energy security issues by diversifying India's energy supply and increasing the use of locally available resources. The document outlines India's significant renewable potential from sources like solar, wind and biomass and various market segments where renewables can be deployed including grid-connected power, distributed generation for rural and industrial uses, and renewable-based cooking solutions.

1. India’s Energy Security: Role
of Renewable Energy
Amit Kumar
TERI, India

2. Outline
 India's energy scenario
 Challenges
 Energy security
 Rationale for renewable energy
 Market segments
 Conclusions

3. The Energy and Resources Institute
(TERI)
 An independent, not-for-profit research institute
established in 1974
 Vision
– To work towards global sustainable
development, creating innovative solutions for a
better tomorrow
 Focus on
– Energy, Environment, Bio-technology, and
Sustainable development issues
 1000 Employee (650 Research Professionals)

4. The Energy and Resources Institute
(TERI)
Sustainable Energy
 Renewable energy technologies
 Sustainable habitats
 Industrial energy efficiency
 Waste management and waste to energy

5. TERI’s international presence

6. India’s Energy Scenario

7. Total primary energy supply mix in
India
40%
24%
6%1%
2%
27%
Coal Oil Natural gas
Nuclear Hydro Biomass and waste
Source: IEA 2009

8. Energy supply
Coal
 Major energy source,
 81% of total thermal generation
Electricity
 Installed generating capacity ~ 207006.04 MW (CEA, August
2012)
 Suffering from huge shortages (2011-12)
– 8.5% energy shortage (likely to increase to 9.3% in
2012-13)
– 10.6% peak shortage
Target: 15000 MW annually for next 7 years
 Captive power generation
– Currently 30,000 MW using fossil fuels

9. 48%
15%
13%
8%
9%
7%
Industry Transport
Residential and Commercial Other energy users
Non-energy users Agriculture
Sector-wise energy consumption

10. Electricity fuel mix (As on August 31,2012)
137,936
4,780
39,291
24,998
207,006
34,444
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
Thermal Nuclear Hydro RES Total Captive

11. Concerns of:
 Energy access
– Increasing energy supply for
sustained economic growth
– Energizing rural areas
– Socio-economic development
 Energy security
– Energy import vulnerabilities
 Ensuring long-term sustainability of
energy use
 Climate change
Challenges

12. Low per-capita energy consumption

13. Energy vs. human development

14. Challenges
Poor electrification status
 Over 289 million people
without access to electricity
(~ 74 million households)
 Over 31,000 villages are
yet to be electrified
 Electricity supply situation
is generally poor even in
electrified villages
Over 80% of rural India
dependent on traditional
fuels for cooking

15. Urban and peri-urban
 Rapid pace of urbanisation
 Use of commercial energy
increasing rapidly in residential
and commercial sectors
 Electricity supply plagued with
black-outs and brown-outs
Challenges

16.  India’s energy demand is growing
 Government’s endeavour for
“Electricity for all by 2012”
 Per capita electricity consumption:
~ 800 kWh/year
– World average: 2596 (2005)
– Target is to increase the
availability to 1000 kWh/year
by 2012.
Challenges

17.  Total commercial energy
consumption is estimated to
increases from 284 mtoe in 2001
to 1727 mtoe in 2031
 The import dependency in 2031
could reach
– Oil: 88%
– Coal: 72%
Challenges

18.  Community services e.g. health,
drinking water, education, and ICTs
suffer due to lack of energy
services
Challenges

19. Energy security
 Energy security
– At the national level
– At the village level
 Energy security is not only about the risks of fuel
supply disruption
 Energy security also pertains to fuel price volatility
– The real risk of volatile energy prices -
unpredictable & cause economic activity to decline.

20. Energy security
 India is endowed with good renewable energy
resources like solar, wind, and biomass
 Even at village level, use of locally available
resources is preferable than using fuels transported
from the far-flung areas.
 Renewable energy is more appropriate as the
resources are diffused and decentralized.

21. Why renewable energy?
 The demand for energy in the country has been
growing rapidly
 The current trends indicate clearly that the country
would be facing constraints in indigenous
availability of conventional energy resources.

22. Plan-wise capacity addition
Plan State-Sector Private - Sector Central Sector Total
Target Actual Target Actual Target Actual Target Actual
7th Plan 12925 11867.14 0 0 9320 9534.5 22245 21401.64
% Achievement 92 102 96
8th Plan 14869.7 6835.2 2810 1430.4 12858 8157 30537.7 16422.6
% Achievement 46 50.9 63.4 53.8
9th Plan 10747.7 9352.8 17588.5 5262.2 11909 4504 40245.2 19119
% Achievement 87 29.9 37.8 47.5
10th Plan 11156.84 8244.64 7121 1930.6 22832 13005 41109.84 21180.24
% Achievement 56 27.1 57 51.5
11th Plan 21355.4 16732.4 197.96.5 23012.5 21222 15220 62373.9 54963.9
% Achievement 77.2 117.5 71.7

23. Why renewable energy?
 Inability of the conventional systems to meet
growing energy demands in an equitable and
sustainable manner.
 Need to efficiently and economically meet the
energy needs of all the citizens, particularly the
rural poor.

24. Diversity
 In today’s environment, there is a need for a broad
variety of resource options:
– Ranging from conventional fossil alternatives to
renewable (low-risk) energy ones
– Renewables have minimal operating cost risk

25. Diversity
Sources/Systems Estimated potential
Power from Renewables
Grid-interactive renewable power
Wind Power 45,000
Small Hydro Power (up to 25 MW) 15,000
Cogeneration-bagasse 5,000
Decentralized Energy Systems
Family Type Biogas Plant 12 million
Solar Photovoltaic Programme 20 MW/Sq.km.
Solar water Heating Systems 140 million sq.m. collector area

26. Renewable energy for diverse needs
 Grid-connected Electricity
 Distributed generation of electricity, heat, and
cooking
– Rural
– Industrial,
– Institutional, commercial and community

27. Grid connected RETs in India
17967.15
3434.07
1209.6 2109.73
93.68 1044.16
Wind power Small hydro power
Biomass power Bagasse cogeneration
Waste to power - Urban Solar power (SPV)

28. Distributed Generation of Electricity and
Heat

29. Off-grid rural electrification
 Around 10,000 villages through off-grid RE
– Solar PV
– Biomass gasification
– Small hydro

30. Distributed generation in industries
 Captive power generation
– Currently 30,000 MW using fossil fuels
– Industries looking at wind, biomass for captive power
generation.
 Thermal energy
– Hot air for drying
• Spices, fish, tea leaves, and tobacco, etc.
 Hot water
• Leather, dairies, textile, and chemicals, etc.
 Co-generation
– 15,000 MW potential
• Sugar, breweries, caustic soda, and rice mills etc.

31. Conclusions
 India has abundant renewable energy resources, which can
contribute towards reduction in dependency on imported fossil
fuels.
– Renewables assume special significance in India
considering its geographic diversity and size, not to
mention the size of its rural economy.
 India has to chart out a course of action that meets its
growing energy needs in a sustainable and environmentally
benign fashion.

32. Conclusions
 This calls for a paradigm shift
– From supply domination to an integrated approach
• A judicious mix of improvements in operational and
end-use efficiencies and renewable energy
technologies.

33. Thank You!
akumar@teri.res.in
www.teriin.org

34. Fossil import dependency
Large energy import infrastructure requirements by 2031 in the RES
Coal import: ~1400 million tonnes, Oil import: ~750 million tonnes

35. Primary commercial energy supply
(2031)

36. Global solar radiation over India

37. Wind resources in India