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‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ú‬‬ ‫:‬ ‫:‬
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. : ) : ) ( : ( . . . : . : . ( ) . : . . . . " " .(*) (Historia de Las Indias, I, 88) .( ) ( / / letter rarissime) (*) . .
( . . ( ) . . : ( ) ) .( . ": ": " " .( / / )" / / )" " ": .( ( / / ) ( / / ) ." " " / " ") " ": "( / " .( / / )" : / / )" ( " "
". .( / / )" . ". . . " (F. Colon, 18) " .( / / " ") " .( ) ": .( / / " ") " " ""Lettre à nourrice") " : .( " .( / / " ") " ) " ( : ." . ": "
": (Las Casas, Historia, 1., 146) . .( / / " Lettre rarissime") ." : ". .( / / )" ": ( / / "Lettre rarissime") " . ." " . " " " ": ." .( " ") " ) ( " :(! ) .( / / " ") " . : : ! . " " .. . " " . "
" " ." ": .( / / "Institution de majorat") " . ": " .( ) ": .( / / "Lettre rarissime") " ) " :( .( / / )" ": ." " " " " .(Historia, 1,2)
:( ) . ). . .( . . ( ) . . . " " ": " ": " : . Las Casas, ) " " (Ibid., 1, 146) " " (Historia, 1,36 . ": / / " ") " : " " .( : . " "
" :( ) . . (...) "Hexameron" : .(Historia, 1, 138) " : . : ( ) : . ( ) ) :( . ." " : ( ) ": .. .(Histioria, 1.135) ." ": " .( ) . . : . " ( )" "
. ." . . ) ( ) ( ) ( ". " .( / / " ") " " .( / / )" " ") " " .( .( )" . : "Imago Mundi" . " :( ) .( / / )" ": . ") " .( / / " ". (! ) (...) " .( ) .
" " . : . ": "Catholicon (Las Casas, Historia, 1.137) ( ) : .( )" " " .( )" ) : " " ) ( : . ( . . . " :( )" " ." . :(" " )" " : . :( ) " " ." : ". . " .( / / )"
" .( / / )" . ! / )" .( / . . . : . " . . . . . .( / / "Lettre rarissime") " . . ": ." . ": .( / / " ") " :( ) :
": ." . . . .. ( ) : ) ) .( ( ". / / )" " .( / / )" / )" " .( " .( / "( / / )" .( / / )" ( ) " " .! . ". : " .( / / )" .( / / )" ". " " .( / / ) " : .( / / )
". " .(Las Casas, Historia, I, 136) " " " .( ) ( / / " ") " : : ": . " ( / / )" " . ": ( ) ." . " ". ": ! ( / / ) " ") " . ": .( / / / / " ") " " .( .(Historia, I, 44) " . ( ) ( ) ": ( ) .( / / )" . ( ) ( ) ".
.( )" . : " ( ) ... .( " ") " ! . " " : ": .( ) ] [ .(Historia, I, 139) " . ": .( / / )" " :( ) . .( " " ) ( ) . (" ") .
: . ." " : . ": Historia, I, ) " ". .(131 . " . " .( / / " ") . : . " .( / / )" . . . / / )" " .( / / )" .( . ". " .( / / ) ." .( / / )" " .( / / )" .( / / )" " " .( / / " ") " . ".
. : ( / / " ") ".. " ": .( / / )" .( / / )" : ": . ": " : .( / / )" ". : .( / / )" . : . . : . . .
. " :(Historia, I, 2) ) ( ( ) " :" " Christum Ferens ." .(...) (...) . ( ) (...) ." (...) ( ) ( ) : ( ) . ": M s × S Y S A .( / / )" ! .
: . . : . ( ) ". . . .( " ") ) ( . ". ( ) " .( / / )" " .( / / )" " .( / / )" / / )" . " .( " .( / / )" (1.195 / / )" .( / / " ") .".. " . ": . . . (...) . ."... . ) (
. ." " ( ) : ... ) ( . . .( / / ) ".. . : ) ( . . : ( ) : . ( ) " " Cacique ": . ( ) / " ") " .( / . . . :
. . ( ) : . . . ( ) . . ( ) . . : .. ": )" : . . .( ) " " ) . " " . (" " Cane / / )" ": .(
. " : ( ) .( / / )" . : " " ": .( / / )" . ( ) ": " " " ." ": ". : " .( / / )" ." ": : .( / / )" " . .( / / )" ) " :( " " .( / / )" . ( / / )" "
) ". .( ) . ( ) ( ) .( / / )" " " ": . ") " .( / / " ) . :( : . ( ) : . . ". . ." . : . .
. ". " .( " ") " " .( / / " ") " :( / / )" ". . . :( / / )" . .( / / ) ".. ": / / )" ": .( " " .( . :( / / ) ) " " .( . " .( / / ) .( / / )" " .( / / ) ." ". .( )" (...) ) : .(
" :( ) . .( / / )" ": " " .( / / )" " .( / / )" ": .( / / )" . : ( ) . ". .( / / )" " " / )" " .( / / ) " .( / .( / / )" . . : / / )" ". " .( / / )" . " .( .( / / )" ( ) ": . . . .( 1.5) " ( )
. / / )" ". / / )" " .( " .( :( / / )" . : / / "Lettre raissime") " " ( : / . " ": " " . : ": " .( / / " ") " ".( / / )" " .( / / )" " ") " .( . " " ") "! / ": ( " : .
: . ". " " " .( / / " ") " .( / / )" . .( / / )" " . ". .(Pierre Martyr, 1.8) " / )" ". " .( / " .( " ") " ": " / / " ") " .( . ": .( )" " " ". ( ) . .( ) "
) ( ": ") " .( / / " ": . " .( / / " ") " " .( / / )" .( " ") " ": " " " " .( )" : ". ") " ") " " ( / / " .( / / " . : . ": ." " " ": " " : ." ) .
( ": " .( ) " " .( ) " .( ) " : ". " ") " " :( / / . ". / / )" ( ) " .( " .( / / )" " ") " .)( . : ": . " . .( / / " ") . . . ) . (
) .( ( ) . . . . " " " " " .( / / ) " .( / / )" .( / / )" . . .( ) . ": " " ( / / ) ".. . ". .( / / )" ". .( / / ) "( ) . " " . . :
: . (...) . / / ) .( / / )" ." " :( ". " ". .(f. Colon, 62. 26 )" ) : ( . ( ) ": .( / / )" ": ( / / " ") " ": "Lettre à la nourrice") " .( : . .( ) .( ) .
". :( / / " ") " : " ": : .( / / ) ) ": . ( ( : ) .( : ) Lettre " " .( / / ) "raissime ". ." ": .( ) " : " ." ": .( / / )" . .
. / / )" " .( / / )" " .( ( ) . : ". .( / / " ") " : ": .( ) " ") " .( . ". .( )" : . " Historia, 1, ) " . (155 (...) ". . .
. . ": ." ." (...) . : ". . : .(Las Casas, Historia, I, 134) " ) . : " .( .( / / " ") " . : . . " . ( ) . ." . ." "
. . : . . " " : . . : . " " ( )" " . : : . . : . (...) (...) " .(...) (...) ." ". ( ) " .( / / ) : .
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: . : ( ) : ( ) : . . . ( ) ( ) . : . . . : . : . . .
. " " . " " . . . ( ) . ( ) , . . . . : . . (*) . : : . .( ) . . ) ( . / : ": (*) : " " " " " " .
.( ) " . : . . . ). , : . " " ( . : . . ( ) ( ) " . ( ) .(Bernal Diaz, 125) " ( ) ". .(Tovar, p. 83) " : ":
.( ) " . ": . . .(v, 3) " ": ": .( ) " ( ) ": ".. . .( ) " ( ) . : : . : : ! " :" " .(III, 16) " : . : :
. . . . . ": . : .( ) " " . . ." ": . : .( ) " (...) ": .(Bernal Diaz, 86) " : . ":
XII, ) " .(26 ": . . (....) . " .(III, 19) " .(III, 21) " . . . . : . " (...) . (Cortes, 3) " . . : ": . .( ) " ( ) ( ) ": ": .( )" ."
) ( ) ": (" " .(Motolinia, III,3) " : ( ) ( ) : . . . . . ( ) ". . " .(Chilam Balam, 22) " Chilam Balam .(Ibid, 5) " ": ". : . Duran, III, ) " .(77
. . : : . : " " . . ) . .( . .( ) " . . .(...) (...) . .(Duran, II, 2) " . .( )
. . . " . . . " .(Duran, III, 2) " :(Motolinia, II, 8) " . : . . . : . . ". " " " " " . " .(Duran, III, 67) " .(Chilam Balam, 22) . : . .
" :(Chilam Balam) . : . . .( ) " . ": . .(II, 2) " ". .(Duran, 1 19) " . . ": . . .(III, 41) " . : . ". Relacion de Michoacan, ) " .(III, 8, cf. III, 12 . .
". .(Duran, 1, 21) " ": Zorita, ) " .(9 . . : : ( ) ": .(Duran, III, 62) " ! ! . ( ) :( ) . ": .(...) . (...) . " .(I, 11)
) .( . ": " ": ." . " " : : ) " " .( . . . . : . . " " " ": . .(III,4) " (...) : ": Codex ) " (...) .(XII, 3, cf florentin .
. " .(Acosta, VI, 10) " . . . ! ": ( ) " (Duran, III, 69) " (...) (CF, XII, 13) "(*) ." " " " ". . " .(Tovar, p. 75) " CF. ) " . .(XII, 13 (*) ) . :( .
. : : . (Duran, III, 26) " ". ": ." ": .(III, 53) " . : . . . : . . ". . (...) . .(III, 68) " ": . " .(Ibid) . ) " .(
( ) " .(Bernal Diaz, 41) " . .(Id, 83) " ": . . Bernal Diaz, ) " ": .(66 . .(Tovar, p. 75) " . . . : .".. ": . . . ". ( ) . ( ) .(Tovar, p. 69) " " "
( ) . . : : . . . . ( ) . . . Chilam .Balam . : . Chilam : Balam ( ) . ! : ": . .(I, 65) " ": " "
: .(I, 10) " ! ": .(I, 15) " ( ) ) ( ) . [ ] ( . : . " " " " ) ". . .(Duran, III, 28) " : . . (CF, X, 29) . . CF, ) " : ":
.(XII, 6 . : : ( ) . ": Chilam Balam . .( ) " *** . : . ": " .(Tovar, P. 9) " " ": ( ) ": (CF. VIII, 20, p. 71) " . )" ": .(Zorita, 9 (...) .(CF, VI, 22) " Pronuntiatio a ctio : .
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5838

  • 1.
  • 2. ‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ú‬‬ ‫:‬ ‫:‬
  • 3. .................................................................................. ................................................................................................ ............................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .......................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ........................................................................ ( ) ...................................................................................................... ( ) ......................................................................................... .................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ............................................................................ ( )
  • 4. .................................................................................................... ( ) .............................................................................. ...................................................................................... ........................................................................ ........................................................................... ( ) .................................................................................................. ( ) ............................................................................ .............................................................................. ........................................................................................ ................................................................................... ........................................................................................................ ..................................................................................... ........................................................................................ ..........................................................................................
  • 5. : * . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . : * . .
  • 6. : * . ( ) .( )" : " : " . " .
  • 7. ." ": . . " " / /
  • 8. " : " " " . " " ) " " ( ) ( " " . " " . . " " " Amerigo " " ." ( ) Vespucci " " . . . " " . : . .
  • 9. . : . . ! . . . " " : . : . . " " . ...
  • 10. . . . " " " " . . " " . . . . . " ." . . .
  • 11. . . . . .. : . : . .. . . . . . . " : " . . .
  • 12. . . . . . . . . . " " : . . . . . " "
  • 13. .
  • 15. . . : : . . " " : : . . : ( ) . . : ( ) : . ( ) . .
  • 16. . : ) : ) ( : ( . . . : . : . ( ) . : . . . . " " .(*) (Historia de Las Indias, I, 88) .( ) ( / / letter rarissime) (*) . .
  • 17. ( . . ( ) . . : ( ) ) .( . ": ": " " .( / / )" / / )" " ": .( ( / / ) ( / / ) ." " " / " ") " ": "( / " .( / / )" : / / )" ( " "
  • 18. ". .( / / )" . ". . . " (F. Colon, 18) " .( / / " ") " .( ) ": .( / / " ") " " ""Lettre à nourrice") " : .( " .( / / " ") " ) " ( : ." . ": "
  • 19. ": (Las Casas, Historia, 1., 146) . .( / / " Lettre rarissime") ." : ". .( / / )" ": ( / / "Lettre rarissime") " . ." " . " " " ": ." .( " ") " ) ( " :(! ) .( / / " ") " . : : ! . " " .. . " " . "
  • 20. " " ." ": .( / / "Institution de majorat") " . ": " .( ) ": .( / / "Lettre rarissime") " ) " :( .( / / )" ": ." " " " " .(Historia, 1,2)
  • 21. :( ) . ). . .( . . ( ) . . . " " ": " ": " : . Las Casas, ) " " (Ibid., 1, 146) " " (Historia, 1,36 . ": / / " ") " : " " .( : . " "
  • 22. " :( ) . . (...) "Hexameron" : .(Historia, 1, 138) " : . : ( ) : . ( ) ) :( . ." " : ( ) ": .. .(Histioria, 1.135) ." ": " .( ) . . : . " ( )" "
  • 23. . ." . . ) ( ) ( ) ( ". " .( / / " ") " " .( / / )" " ") " " .( .( )" . : "Imago Mundi" . " :( ) .( / / )" ": . ") " .( / / " ". (! ) (...) " .( ) .
  • 24. " " . : . ": "Catholicon (Las Casas, Historia, 1.137) ( ) : .( )" " " .( )" ) : " " ) ( : . ( . . . " :( )" " ." . :(" " )" " : . :( ) " " ." : ". . " .( / / )"
  • 25. " .( / / )" . ! / )" .( / . . . : . " . . . . . .( / / "Lettre rarissime") " . . ": ." . ": .( / / " ") " :( ) :
  • 26. ": ." . . . .. ( ) : ) ) .( ( ". / / )" " .( / / )" / )" " .( " .( / "( / / )" .( / / )" ( ) " " .! . ". : " .( / / )" .( / / )" ". " " .( / / ) " : .( / / )
  • 27. ". " .(Las Casas, Historia, I, 136) " " " .( ) ( / / " ") " : : ": . " ( / / )" " . ": ( ) ." . " ". ": ! ( / / ) " ") " . ": .( / / / / " ") " " .( .(Historia, I, 44) " . ( ) ( ) ": ( ) .( / / )" . ( ) ( ) ".
  • 28. .( )" . : " ( ) ... .( " ") " ! . " " : ": .( ) ] [ .(Historia, I, 139) " . ": .( / / )" " :( ) . .( " " ) ( ) . (" ") .
  • 29. : . ." " : . ": Historia, I, ) " ". .(131 . " . " .( / / " ") . : . " .( / / )" . . . / / )" " .( / / )" .( . ". " .( / / ) ." .( / / )" " .( / / )" .( / / )" " " .( / / " ") " . ".
  • 30. . : ( / / " ") ".. " ": .( / / )" .( / / )" : ": . ": " : .( / / )" ". : .( / / )" . : . . : . . .
  • 31. . " :(Historia, I, 2) ) ( ( ) " :" " Christum Ferens ." .(...) (...) . ( ) (...) ." (...) ( ) ( ) : ( ) . ": M s × S Y S A .( / / )" ! .
  • 32. : . . : . ( ) ". . . .( " ") ) ( . ". ( ) " .( / / )" " .( / / )" " .( / / )" / / )" . " .( " .( / / )" (1.195 / / )" .( / / " ") .".. " . ": . . . (...) . ."... . ) (
  • 33. . ." " ( ) : ... ) ( . . .( / / ) ".. . : ) ( . . : ( ) : . ( ) " " Cacique ": . ( ) / " ") " .( / . . . :
  • 34. . . ( ) : . . . ( ) . . ( ) . . : .. ": )" : . . .( ) " " ) . " " . (" " Cane / / )" ": .(
  • 35. . " : ( ) .( / / )" . : " " ": .( / / )" . ( ) ": " " " ." ": ". : " .( / / )" ." ": : .( / / )" " . .( / / )" ) " :( " " .( / / )" . ( / / )" "
  • 36. ) ". .( ) . ( ) ( ) .( / / )" " " ": . ") " .( / / " ) . :( : . ( ) : . . ". . ." . : . .
  • 37. . ". " .( " ") " " .( / / " ") " :( / / )" ". . . :( / / )" . .( / / ) ".. ": / / )" ": .( " " .( . :( / / ) ) " " .( . " .( / / ) .( / / )" " .( / / ) ." ". .( )" (...) ) : .(
  • 38. " :( ) . .( / / )" ": " " .( / / )" " .( / / )" ": .( / / )" . : ( ) . ". .( / / )" " " / )" " .( / / ) " .( / .( / / )" . . : / / )" ". " .( / / )" . " .( .( / / )" ( ) ": . . . .( 1.5) " ( )
  • 39. . / / )" ". / / )" " .( " .( :( / / )" . : / / "Lettre raissime") " " ( : / . " ": " " . : ": " .( / / " ") " ".( / / )" " .( / / )" " ") " .( . " " ") "! / ": ( " : .
  • 40. : . ". " " " .( / / " ") " .( / / )" . .( / / )" " . ". .(Pierre Martyr, 1.8) " / )" ". " .( / " .( " ") " ": " / / " ") " .( . ": .( )" " " ". ( ) . .( ) "
  • 41. ) ( ": ") " .( / / " ": . " .( / / " ") " " .( / / )" .( " ") " ": " " " " .( )" : ". ") " ") " " ( / / " .( / / " . : . ": ." " " ": " " : ." ) .
  • 42. ( ": " .( ) " " .( ) " .( ) " : ". " ") " " :( / / . ". / / )" ( ) " .( " .( / / )" " ") " .)( . : ": . " . .( / / " ") . . . ) . (
  • 43. ) .( ( ) . . . . " " " " " .( / / ) " .( / / )" .( / / )" . . .( ) . ": " " ( / / ) ".. . ". .( / / )" ". .( / / ) "( ) . " " . . :
  • 44. : . (...) . / / ) .( / / )" ." " :( ". " ". .(f. Colon, 62. 26 )" ) : ( . ( ) ": .( / / )" ": ( / / " ") " ": "Lettre à la nourrice") " .( : . .( ) .( ) .
  • 45. ". :( / / " ") " : " ": : .( / / ) ) ": . ( ( : ) .( : ) Lettre " " .( / / ) "raissime ". ." ": .( ) " : " ." ": .( / / )" . .
  • 46. . / / )" " .( / / )" " .( ( ) . : ". .( / / " ") " : ": .( ) " ") " .( . ". .( )" : . " Historia, 1, ) " . (155 (...) ". . .
  • 47. . . ": ." ." (...) . : ". . : .(Las Casas, Historia, I, 134) " ) . : " .( .( / / " ") " . : . . " . ( ) . ." . ." "
  • 48. . . : . . " " : . . : . " " ( )" " . : : . . : . (...) (...) " .(...) (...) ." ". ( ) " .( / / ) : .
  • 49. . : .( )
  • 50. ( ) . ( ) . " " : ( ) . : ( ) . : ( ) . : ( ) . : ( ) . ( ) . ( ) . : ( ) . : ( ) . : ( ) . " " : ( ) . : ( ) . : ( ) . : ( ) . ( ) ( )
  • 52. : . : ( ) : ( ) : . . . ( ) ( ) . : . . . : . : . . .
  • 53. . " " . " " . . . ( ) . ( ) , . . . . : . . (*) . : : . .( ) . . ) ( . / : ": (*) : " " " " " " .
  • 54. .( ) " . : . . . ). , : . " " ( . : . . ( ) ( ) " . ( ) .(Bernal Diaz, 125) " ( ) ". .(Tovar, p. 83) " : ":
  • 55. .( ) " . ": . . .(v, 3) " ": ": .( ) " ( ) ": ".. . .( ) " ( ) . : : . : : ! " :" " .(III, 16) " : . : :
  • 56. . . . . . ": . : .( ) " " . . ." ": . : .( ) " (...) ": .(Bernal Diaz, 86) " : . ":
  • 57. XII, ) " .(26 ": . . (....) . " .(III, 19) " .(III, 21) " . . . . : . " (...) . (Cortes, 3) " . . : ": . .( ) " ( ) ( ) ": ": .( )" ."
  • 58. ) ( ) ": (" " .(Motolinia, III,3) " : ( ) ( ) : . . . . . ( ) ". . " .(Chilam Balam, 22) " Chilam Balam .(Ibid, 5) " ": ". : . Duran, III, ) " .(77
  • 59. . . : : . : " " . . ) . .( . .( ) " . . .(...) (...) . .(Duran, II, 2) " . .( )
  • 60. . . . " . . . " .(Duran, III, 2) " :(Motolinia, II, 8) " . : . . . : . . ". " " " " " . " .(Duran, III, 67) " .(Chilam Balam, 22) . : . .
  • 61. " :(Chilam Balam) . : . . .( ) " . ": . .(II, 2) " ". .(Duran, 1 19) " . . ": . . .(III, 41) " . : . ". Relacion de Michoacan, ) " .(III, 8, cf. III, 12 . .
  • 62. ". .(Duran, 1, 21) " ": Zorita, ) " .(9 . . : : ( ) ": .(Duran, III, 62) " ! ! . ( ) :( ) . ": .(...) . (...) . " .(I, 11)
  • 63. ) .( . ": " ": ." . " " : : ) " " .( . . . . : . . " " " ": . .(III,4) " (...) : ": Codex ) " (...) .(XII, 3, cf florentin .
  • 64. . " .(Acosta, VI, 10) " . . . ! ": ( ) " (Duran, III, 69) " (...) (CF, XII, 13) "(*) ." " " " ". . " .(Tovar, p. 75) " CF. ) " . .(XII, 13 (*) ) . :( .
  • 65. . : : . (Duran, III, 26) " ". ": ." ": .(III, 53) " . : . . . : . . ". . (...) . .(III, 68) " ": . " .(Ibid) . ) " .(
  • 66. ( ) " .(Bernal Diaz, 41) " . .(Id, 83) " ": . . Bernal Diaz, ) " ": .(66 . .(Tovar, p. 75) " . . . : .".. ": . . . ". ( ) . ( ) .(Tovar, p. 69) " " "
  • 67. ( ) . . : : . . . . ( ) . . . Chilam .Balam . : . Chilam : Balam ( ) . ! : ": . .(I, 65) " ": " "
  • 68. : .(I, 10) " ! ": .(I, 15) " ( ) ) ( ) . [ ] ( . : . " " " " ) ". . .(Duran, III, 28) " : . . (CF, X, 29) . . CF, ) " : ":
  • 69. .(XII, 6 . : : ( ) . ": Chilam Balam . .( ) " *** . : . ": " .(Tovar, P. 9) " " ": ( ) ": (CF. VIII, 20, p. 71) " . )" ": .(Zorita, 9 (...) .(CF, VI, 22) " Pronuntiatio a ctio : .