This document summarizes a study on flood risk reduction management of the Bhagirathi River in Agradweep, West Bengal, India.
1) The study aims to understand the types and impacts of floods in Agradweep, evaluate the roles of government and NGOs in disaster management and post-flood reconstruction, and identify ways to reduce flood impacts.
2) Primary data was collected through questionnaires and interviews with local communities, and secondary data from government reports and literature. The methodology included site selection, sampling, data collection, analysis, and reporting.
3) The results indicate that Agradweep experiences annual flooding in August-September-October from the Bhagirathi River, causing water
drought monitoring and management using remote sensingveerendra manduri
Monitoring drought and its management became easier with the help of remote sensing..several drought monitoring indices can be used to monitor drought condition. this ppt consists of information regarding droughts in relation to agriculture and their monitoring with the help of remotely sense based indices.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the elasticity, compressive strength, and shear strength of masonry walls constructed from clay bricks commonly used in East Java, Indonesia. Tests were conducted on brick samples from several areas and mortar mixtures to determine their material properties. The results showed that the properties of the local brick walls differ from descriptions in references from Western countries. Specifically, the strength of the bricks tested was lower than the mortar, unlike Western masonry walls where bricks are stronger than mortar. This suggests existing theories for analyzing masonry strength and failure may not apply and a new approach is needed for Indonesian clay brick walls.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a research paper on perceptual color image segmentation using k-means clustering. It begins with an introduction to image segmentation and discusses how clustering can be used. It then reviews different color models (e.g. RGB, CIELAB, HSV) and their suitability for segmentation. The proposed method segments images into perceptual partitions based on hue values using k-means clustering. Results on natural images demonstrate the ability to extract meaningful regions. The technique works well but has higher time complexity than other methods.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document summarizes a study that used Taguchi methods and Grey Relational Analysis to optimize machining parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut) for turning AISI H13 steel to maximize material removal rate and minimize surface roughness. Experiments were conducted based on an L18 orthogonal array design. Analysis of variance identified the significant parameters affecting each response. Optimal conditions for combined effects were found to be a cutting speed of 270m/min, feed rate of 0.1mm/rev, and depth of cut of 1.5mm, achieving a surface roughness of 1.0828μm and material removal rate of 554.04mm3/sec.
This document reviews various methods of wireless power transmission. It discusses Nikola Tesla's early experiments with wireless power transmission using large towers. It also describes several modern methods, including microwave power transmission, which transfers power via directed radio waves; electromagnetic transmission using lasers; inductive coupling using magnetic fields generated by coils; and resonant inductive coupling that improves efficiency through magnetic field resonance between coils. The document provides examples and diagrams to explain these different wireless power transmission technologies.
This document summarizes a study on connecting a wind farm to an AC load through a rectifier-inverter system and using batteries for energy storage. It discusses how batteries can be charged during periods of high wind by storing surplus power generated, and can discharge to supply the AC load during periods of low wind. MATLAB simulation results are presented showing voltage waveforms with and without batteries connected in parallel to the wind farm. The study highlights the importance of energy storage devices like batteries for ensuring continuous power supply to loads, even during low wind conditions, by charging batteries when wind is high and discharging them when wind is low.
drought monitoring and management using remote sensingveerendra manduri
Monitoring drought and its management became easier with the help of remote sensing..several drought monitoring indices can be used to monitor drought condition. this ppt consists of information regarding droughts in relation to agriculture and their monitoring with the help of remotely sense based indices.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the elasticity, compressive strength, and shear strength of masonry walls constructed from clay bricks commonly used in East Java, Indonesia. Tests were conducted on brick samples from several areas and mortar mixtures to determine their material properties. The results showed that the properties of the local brick walls differ from descriptions in references from Western countries. Specifically, the strength of the bricks tested was lower than the mortar, unlike Western masonry walls where bricks are stronger than mortar. This suggests existing theories for analyzing masonry strength and failure may not apply and a new approach is needed for Indonesian clay brick walls.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a research paper on perceptual color image segmentation using k-means clustering. It begins with an introduction to image segmentation and discusses how clustering can be used. It then reviews different color models (e.g. RGB, CIELAB, HSV) and their suitability for segmentation. The proposed method segments images into perceptual partitions based on hue values using k-means clustering. Results on natural images demonstrate the ability to extract meaningful regions. The technique works well but has higher time complexity than other methods.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document summarizes a study that used Taguchi methods and Grey Relational Analysis to optimize machining parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut) for turning AISI H13 steel to maximize material removal rate and minimize surface roughness. Experiments were conducted based on an L18 orthogonal array design. Analysis of variance identified the significant parameters affecting each response. Optimal conditions for combined effects were found to be a cutting speed of 270m/min, feed rate of 0.1mm/rev, and depth of cut of 1.5mm, achieving a surface roughness of 1.0828μm and material removal rate of 554.04mm3/sec.
This document reviews various methods of wireless power transmission. It discusses Nikola Tesla's early experiments with wireless power transmission using large towers. It also describes several modern methods, including microwave power transmission, which transfers power via directed radio waves; electromagnetic transmission using lasers; inductive coupling using magnetic fields generated by coils; and resonant inductive coupling that improves efficiency through magnetic field resonance between coils. The document provides examples and diagrams to explain these different wireless power transmission technologies.
This document summarizes a study on connecting a wind farm to an AC load through a rectifier-inverter system and using batteries for energy storage. It discusses how batteries can be charged during periods of high wind by storing surplus power generated, and can discharge to supply the AC load during periods of low wind. MATLAB simulation results are presented showing voltage waveforms with and without batteries connected in parallel to the wind farm. The study highlights the importance of energy storage devices like batteries for ensuring continuous power supply to loads, even during low wind conditions, by charging batteries when wind is high and discharging them when wind is low.
The document proposes a new strategy called Maximum Distance Point Strategy (MDPS) to evaluate spherical form error from points measured by a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). MDPS selects points that are maximally distant from each other to define a candidate sphere, unlike the commonly used Least Squares Method (LSM) which minimizes the sum of squared deviations of all points from the sphere. The results of MDPS are compared to LSM. MDPS is found to provide comparable or better results than LSM, especially when points are not uniformly distributed. The strategy aims to provide a more robust evaluation of spherical form error compared to existing methods.
El documento describe un proyecto diseñado para desarrollar cualidades de liderazgo e inspirar nuevos líderes. El proyecto se llevará a cabo en varias fases que incluyen la recopilación y análisis de datos, la determinación de metas y logros, y la comunicación de ideas. El enfoque es identificar acciones concretas para mitigar el cambio climático en Costa Rica antes del 2012 basadas en estudios nacionales e internacionales.
Este documento descreve as condições de uma granja suína e fornece recomendações para melhorias. A granja tem 104 matrizes criadas em sistema intensivo e apresenta problemas como baias pequenas, superlotação, instalações danificadas e sujas. O relatório recomenda melhorias como aumentar o tamanho das baias, reduzir a lotação, consertar estruturas danificadas, melhorar a limpeza e implementar métodos de tratamento de resíduos mais adequados.
El documento describe cómo crear presentaciones en Microsoft PowerPoint. Explica que se pueden agregar nuevas diapositivas haciendo clic derecho debajo de la diapositiva actual y seleccionando "Nueva Diapositiva". También describe cómo modificar las diapositivas agregando diseños, animaciones, sonido y efectos. Finalmente, indica que las presentaciones están listas para verse con la opción "Presentación con Diapositivas".
Un grupo de amigos les desea a sus amigos de El Cobay Santa Rosa un feliz año nuevo 2011, esperando que todos sus sueños y propósitos se hagan realidad. El mensaje está firmado por Estela Osorio Baldillo y Jose Emmanuel Pool Sanches.
El documento describe cómo los científicos han descubierto que el sol produce su propia música debido a los inmensos campos magnéticos en su atmósfera. Los bucles coronales del sol suenan como millones de guitarras eléctricas y a veces como instrumentos de viento. La música del sol se debe a su creciente actividad magnética, lo que podría conducir a niveles de energía sin precedentes en el sistema solar en los próximos años.
Este documento propone un plan estratégico para la creación de una plataforma llamada "YOUNGO LATINO" que una a las organizaciones juveniles de América Latina que trabajan en acción climática. El plan incluye realizar un análisis FODA para identificar fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas, y definir los valores, misión, visión, objetivos y estrategia de YOUNGO LATINO. Se pide a las personas interesadas que aporten sus ideas sobre las fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades
El documento describe los tres procesos fundamentales de la memoria: registro, retención y recuperación. Explica que el registro es cuando se aprende y observa la información, la retención es el período entre el registro y la recuperación, y la recuperación es cuando se evoca voluntariamente la información registrada. También menciona factores que pueden afectar estos procesos como el estrés, la falta de sueño o nutrientes, y técnicas como la relajación y respirar que pueden mejorar el funcionamiento de la memoria.
Este documento contém várias frases curtas sobre temas como sabedoria, vida, relacionamentos e autoconhecimento. Algumas das principais ideias são: aprender com os erros do passado, não julgar os outros, e cultivar a paz interior através da reflexão.
A empresa anunciou um novo produto que combina hardware e software para fornecer uma solução completa para clientes. O produto oferece recursos avançados de inteligência artificial e aprendizado de máquina para ajudar os usuários a automatizar tarefas complexas. Analistas esperam que o produto ajude a empresa a crescer em novos mercados e aumentar sua receita nos próximos anos.
O projeto tem como objetivo promover a geração de renda e melhorar as condições de vida de 6 comunidades tradicionais do Pantanal de Paiaguás através da produção, transformação e comercialização de produtos locais e do acompanhamento nas áreas de habitação, agricultura, geração de renda e organização comunitária. O projeto já beneficiou famílias com novos telhados e está construindo poços para garantir o acesso à água. Algumas famílias também buscaram o Ministério P
Clarity2010 A nova linguagem da Segurança SocialClarity2010
O documento descreve os esforços da Segurança Social portuguesa para melhorar a comunicação com os clientes através da criação de uma base de conhecimento online simples e orientada para o cliente, contendo informações sobre mais de 120 produtos e serviços. A base de conhecimento é usada diariamente por mais de 215 atendentes e já respondeu a mais de 4 milhões de pedidos de informação. A Segurança Social também compartilha informações da base de conhecimento com o público em geral através do site e de outros materiais para melhorar a transpar
O documento propõe um projeto de marketing para o Natal que inclui programação especial na BusTV com entrevistas, dicas e promoções. O projeto oferece 4 cotas de patrocínio exclusivas por R$ 150.000 e entrega de mídia digital e impressa. A BusTV atinge 1,2 milhão de pessoas diariamente nas principais cidades brasileiras.
Este documento descreve a espécie Theobroma speciosum, conhecida como cacauí, encontrada na região amazônica do Mato Grosso. Apresenta detalhes sobre a morfologia, taxonomia, distribuição, usos etnobotânicos e fenologia da espécie. O cacauí é uma árvore que produz frutos comestíveis cujas sementes são usadas para fazer chocolate na região. Sua floração ocorre entre setembro e outubro e a frutificação de fevereiro a abril.
La estudiante Kelly Johanna Soto presenta un trabajo sobre los componentes principales de cuatro tarjetas madres Intel, incluyendo la placa base, la memoria RAM, la unidad de procesamiento central y los puertos de entrada y salida.
Perl puede usarse para procesamiento de texto, administrar y monitorear servicios, brindar soluciones rápidas, manejar secuencias biológicas, desarrollar aplicaciones web y de escritorio, y realizar análisis numérico y científico.
This document analyzes drought conditions in the Gagar watershed located in Uttarakhand, India based on weekly rainfall data from 1998-2007. Key findings include:
1) About 35% of months during this period experienced drought conditions according to the defined criteria. Drought months were most common in October-May prior to the monsoon season.
2) 20% of years (1999 and 2001) received annual rainfall more than one standard deviation below the mean and were classified as drought years.
3) The Rabi crop season (October-February) experienced drought in 48% of months, indicating a risk of crop failure under rainfed conditions during this period.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document proposes a new strategy called Maximum Distance Point Strategy (MDPS) to evaluate spherical form error from points measured by a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). MDPS selects points that are maximally distant from each other to define a candidate sphere, unlike the commonly used Least Squares Method (LSM) which minimizes the sum of squared deviations of all points from the sphere. The results of MDPS are compared to LSM. MDPS is found to provide comparable or better results than LSM, especially when points are not uniformly distributed. The strategy aims to provide a more robust evaluation of spherical form error compared to existing methods.
El documento describe un proyecto diseñado para desarrollar cualidades de liderazgo e inspirar nuevos líderes. El proyecto se llevará a cabo en varias fases que incluyen la recopilación y análisis de datos, la determinación de metas y logros, y la comunicación de ideas. El enfoque es identificar acciones concretas para mitigar el cambio climático en Costa Rica antes del 2012 basadas en estudios nacionales e internacionales.
Este documento descreve as condições de uma granja suína e fornece recomendações para melhorias. A granja tem 104 matrizes criadas em sistema intensivo e apresenta problemas como baias pequenas, superlotação, instalações danificadas e sujas. O relatório recomenda melhorias como aumentar o tamanho das baias, reduzir a lotação, consertar estruturas danificadas, melhorar a limpeza e implementar métodos de tratamento de resíduos mais adequados.
El documento describe cómo crear presentaciones en Microsoft PowerPoint. Explica que se pueden agregar nuevas diapositivas haciendo clic derecho debajo de la diapositiva actual y seleccionando "Nueva Diapositiva". También describe cómo modificar las diapositivas agregando diseños, animaciones, sonido y efectos. Finalmente, indica que las presentaciones están listas para verse con la opción "Presentación con Diapositivas".
Un grupo de amigos les desea a sus amigos de El Cobay Santa Rosa un feliz año nuevo 2011, esperando que todos sus sueños y propósitos se hagan realidad. El mensaje está firmado por Estela Osorio Baldillo y Jose Emmanuel Pool Sanches.
El documento describe cómo los científicos han descubierto que el sol produce su propia música debido a los inmensos campos magnéticos en su atmósfera. Los bucles coronales del sol suenan como millones de guitarras eléctricas y a veces como instrumentos de viento. La música del sol se debe a su creciente actividad magnética, lo que podría conducir a niveles de energía sin precedentes en el sistema solar en los próximos años.
Este documento propone un plan estratégico para la creación de una plataforma llamada "YOUNGO LATINO" que una a las organizaciones juveniles de América Latina que trabajan en acción climática. El plan incluye realizar un análisis FODA para identificar fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas, y definir los valores, misión, visión, objetivos y estrategia de YOUNGO LATINO. Se pide a las personas interesadas que aporten sus ideas sobre las fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades
El documento describe los tres procesos fundamentales de la memoria: registro, retención y recuperación. Explica que el registro es cuando se aprende y observa la información, la retención es el período entre el registro y la recuperación, y la recuperación es cuando se evoca voluntariamente la información registrada. También menciona factores que pueden afectar estos procesos como el estrés, la falta de sueño o nutrientes, y técnicas como la relajación y respirar que pueden mejorar el funcionamiento de la memoria.
Este documento contém várias frases curtas sobre temas como sabedoria, vida, relacionamentos e autoconhecimento. Algumas das principais ideias são: aprender com os erros do passado, não julgar os outros, e cultivar a paz interior através da reflexão.
A empresa anunciou um novo produto que combina hardware e software para fornecer uma solução completa para clientes. O produto oferece recursos avançados de inteligência artificial e aprendizado de máquina para ajudar os usuários a automatizar tarefas complexas. Analistas esperam que o produto ajude a empresa a crescer em novos mercados e aumentar sua receita nos próximos anos.
O projeto tem como objetivo promover a geração de renda e melhorar as condições de vida de 6 comunidades tradicionais do Pantanal de Paiaguás através da produção, transformação e comercialização de produtos locais e do acompanhamento nas áreas de habitação, agricultura, geração de renda e organização comunitária. O projeto já beneficiou famílias com novos telhados e está construindo poços para garantir o acesso à água. Algumas famílias também buscaram o Ministério P
Clarity2010 A nova linguagem da Segurança SocialClarity2010
O documento descreve os esforços da Segurança Social portuguesa para melhorar a comunicação com os clientes através da criação de uma base de conhecimento online simples e orientada para o cliente, contendo informações sobre mais de 120 produtos e serviços. A base de conhecimento é usada diariamente por mais de 215 atendentes e já respondeu a mais de 4 milhões de pedidos de informação. A Segurança Social também compartilha informações da base de conhecimento com o público em geral através do site e de outros materiais para melhorar a transpar
O documento propõe um projeto de marketing para o Natal que inclui programação especial na BusTV com entrevistas, dicas e promoções. O projeto oferece 4 cotas de patrocínio exclusivas por R$ 150.000 e entrega de mídia digital e impressa. A BusTV atinge 1,2 milhão de pessoas diariamente nas principais cidades brasileiras.
Este documento descreve a espécie Theobroma speciosum, conhecida como cacauí, encontrada na região amazônica do Mato Grosso. Apresenta detalhes sobre a morfologia, taxonomia, distribuição, usos etnobotânicos e fenologia da espécie. O cacauí é uma árvore que produz frutos comestíveis cujas sementes são usadas para fazer chocolate na região. Sua floração ocorre entre setembro e outubro e a frutificação de fevereiro a abril.
La estudiante Kelly Johanna Soto presenta un trabajo sobre los componentes principales de cuatro tarjetas madres Intel, incluyendo la placa base, la memoria RAM, la unidad de procesamiento central y los puertos de entrada y salida.
Perl puede usarse para procesamiento de texto, administrar y monitorear servicios, brindar soluciones rápidas, manejar secuencias biológicas, desarrollar aplicaciones web y de escritorio, y realizar análisis numérico y científico.
This document analyzes drought conditions in the Gagar watershed located in Uttarakhand, India based on weekly rainfall data from 1998-2007. Key findings include:
1) About 35% of months during this period experienced drought conditions according to the defined criteria. Drought months were most common in October-May prior to the monsoon season.
2) 20% of years (1999 and 2001) received annual rainfall more than one standard deviation below the mean and were classified as drought years.
3) The Rabi crop season (October-February) experienced drought in 48% of months, indicating a risk of crop failure under rainfed conditions during this period.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Drought Index Analizes With Rainfall Patern Indicators Use SPI Method (Case S...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study that analyzed drought in the Bangga watershed in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) method. The study found that:
1) The worst drought in the Bangga watershed occurred in April 2015, with SPI values ranging from -3516 for 1 month to -2922 for 12 months.
2) Projecting conditions to 2050 using the Makesens 1.0 software indicated the Bangga watershed will generally experience dry conditions, with the worst drought predicted in July with SPI values ranging from -3.83 for 1 month to -2.32 for 12 months.
3) The SPI method was used to calculate drought
Natural disasters vulnerability assessment of gondia district, maharashtra, i...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that assessed natural disaster vulnerability in Gondia District, Maharashtra, India using digital terrain modeling (DTM) and GIS techniques. The study focused on the Ghat-Tembhani-Chipia area, which experiences annual flooding. DTM and contour maps were generated from elevation data to analyze the topography. The maps identified areas vulnerable to flooding due to natural obstructions in rivers, inward depressions in land, and high water flow at river confluences. Addressing these issues could help minimize flooding impacts on lives and property in the region.
The document discusses regional flood frequency analysis utilizing L-moments for the Narmada River Basin in India. It presents the methodology used, which includes calculating L-moments for annual peak flood data from 16 gauging sites in the basin to determine regional L-moment ratios. These ratios are used to estimate parameters of the Generalized Extreme Value distribution and develop a regional flood frequency relationship for the basin. Finally, a regional flood formula is created to estimate flood values at different return periods for ungauged sites based on catchment area.
Remote sensing and Geographical Information System using for Water Resources ...AI Publications
Nowadays, studies on water resources management are quite important. This study on a subwatershed of the Bandama River in Côte d’Ivoire got a better understanding of the geomorphological characteristics of the study area. The use of satellite images and geographic information systems tools allowed to respond appropriately the management of water resources. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the Farandougou subwatershed, the Bandama river hydrographic network and the geostatistical analysis of this subwatershed have been shown and interpreted in this study. The area’s elevation is between 0 and 700 meters approximatively. The value of river length minimum is around 11273.091 meters and the value of river length maximum is around 44415.180 meters, the coefficient of variation is around 0.462 for example. The geostatistic of Kohoua at Farandougou has given also mean of 449.621 meters, mediane of 441 meters, variance of 3040.996 meters and standard deviation of 55.145 meters. The majority of the Kohoua subwatershed area has an elevation around 410 meters versus the minority around 715 meters.
This document analyzes drought characteristics in the Pedda Vagu and Ookacheti Vagu watersheds in India using rainfall data from 1986-2013. Key findings include:
- Drought occurrence, magnitude, and recurrence varied significantly between stations in the watershed.
- Spatial maps of drought severity created using spline interpolation showed some regions experienced more severe drought while others were less affected.
- Empirical relationships were developed between drought duration and magnitude to help inform agricultural and water management decisions.
Development of an Equation to Estimate the Monthly Rainfall A Case Study for ...ijtsrd
This study aimed to derived an equation to estimate the monthly rainfall for Catarman, Northern Samar.The observed monthly rainfall data for Catarman N. Samar, Catbalogan Samar, Legazpi City and Masbate were obtained from the Philippine Atmospheric Geographical Astronomical Services Administration PAGASA . The monthly rainfall records of the three 3 neighboring stations Catbalogan, Legazpi, Masbate were used to identify which of the existing rainfall prediction methods, namely, Normal Ratio Method, Distance Power Method and Multi Linear Regression Method is the basis in the development of a new equation. The accuracy by which the existing methods predict the observed monthly rainfall in Catarman was evaluated using T test for correlated samples and the Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. Since none of the methods produced estimates nearest to the observed monthly rainfall in Catarman, an equation has been derived Celeste A. De Asis | Benjamin D. Varela "Development of an Equation to Estimate the Monthly Rainfall: A Case Study for Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35875.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/35875/development-of-an-equation-to-estimate-the-monthly-rainfall-a-case-study-for-catarman-northern-samar-philippines/celeste-a-de-asis
Flood Monitoring and Flood Risk Assessment in Agenebode, Edo State, NigeriaIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study that assessed flood risk in Agenebode, Nigeria located along the River Niger. The researchers conducted a flood frequency analysis using discharge data from 1960-2006 to determine projected flows for different return periods. They analyzed rainfall data from 1983-2010 and created a flood hazard map using GIS and elevation data. The map indicated that approximately 1.8 km2 of the built-up area is at risk of flooding, putting 481 people directly at risk. By identifying flood-prone areas, the study provides information to help protect inhabitants from future flooding.
Time Series Analysis of Rainfall in North Bangalore Metropolitan Region using...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
Rainfall studies are of utmost utility for understanding nature & hence the behaviour of climate changes. Time series is a set of observations taken at specified times usually at equal interval. The inherent variability displayed by many hydrological time series usually mask trends and periodic patterns. This situation has often led to “something” the original time series so that the effects of random variations are reduced and trends or cyclical patterns enhanced. Thus a set of data depending on time is called a Time series. Here, Rainfall series represent the time series. The time series analysis is helpful to compare the actual performance and analyse the cause of variations. By comparing different time series we can draw important conclusion. Graphical method implies in increasing trend for pre-monsoon, south-west monsoon, north-east monsoon and annually.Geo- informatics module consists of GIS mapping for Location map, Geomorphology map and Season wise Rainfall maps are generated. Autocorrelation indicates the periodicity observed as 37,16 & 6 years (PM), 12, 37 & 16 years (SWM), 8, 18 & 6 years (NEM) and 16, 22 & 8 years (Annual) respectively. Power spectral depicts the cyclicity of 37, 4 & 3 years (PM), 2, 4& 2 years (SWM), 3, 7 & 2 years (NEM) and 2, 4 & 2 years (Annual) respectively. Moving average displays prominent positive correlation coefficients at lags of 18 to 42 years in PM & SWM and 12 to 24 years in NEM & Annual. The southwest and southeast parts of the study area experience the heavy rainfall whereas the least rainfall areas are the northern parts of the study area.The short term and long term cyclicity observed in Autocorrelation, power spectrum and Moving Average. Spatial variation of rainfall for the three seasons and annual has been studied
Assessing Drought and Enabling Adaptation through Rain Water HarvestingFECTSL
Rain water harvesting is a tested environmentally friendly mitigation option that has been used
traditionally in Sri Lanka to mitigate drought risk. Its enhanced use can serve as an adaptation
strategy for rising water stress due to climate and land use change. This 12-month project
assessed the water scarcity and the potential for Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) of a village in
Eastern Sri Lanka, Idamelanda, which is vulnerable to severe droughts as established through
interviews with the villagers and local government officials. Meteorological data for the area was
used to assess the severity, making use of two independent assessment methodologies for
meteorological drought. These meteorological drought indices were found to coincide with a
measure of drought disaster for Eastern Sri Lanka – that is the relief payments for drought. In the
next stage, the meteorological data and drought indices were used to design the collector and
storage tanks of a prototypical RWH unit, which is inexpensive and feasible with local technical
resources. A concept note on developing the RWH unit in the community was drawn up so that
RWH may be implemented in Idamelanda as a prototype
Forecasting of drought at taluka levels in gulbarga district of karnataka, (i...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a study that assessed micro-level drought vulnerability in villages in the Peddavagu basin in India. Researchers used GIS and remote sensing to create thematic maps of factors like rainfall, elevation, soils, drainage and water availability. They analyzed these parameters and integrated the maps using weighted overlay analysis in GIS to derive a village-level drought vulnerability map. The goal was to help communities better plan for and cope with drought by understanding spatial variations in vulnerability across the region.
Generation of information system for water resource management in Indo Ganget...Barnava Chatterjee
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1. Biplab Das / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.567-576
Risk Reduction Management Of Flood By Bhagirathi River A Case
Study Of Agradweep Of Bardwan District In Gangetic Delta
Biplab Das
Research Scholar(PhD) Indian Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Kolkata
ABSTRACT:
Many states in our country are flood prone Will Ford Called it as Aghodeep and according to
due to heavy rain or otherwise. The flood causes loss Renel, it was Aaghadweep. To reach there, one has to
to human life and wide spread damage to property. get down in Agradweep railway station, which is in
Unimaginable damage to agriculture takes place Bandel – Katwa railway line and then travel about 2.5
affecting the States planning and upset the financial km by toot or rickshaw to reach the Agradeep village,
budgeting there by slowing down the whole economy which situatied on the banks of the river Bhagirathi.
of the country. The term "flood" is a general or Due to frequent changes in the way of river Bhagirathi,
temporary condition of partial or complete Agradeep in past remained sometimes on east banks
inundation of normally dry land areas from and sometimes on West Banks.
overflow of inland or tidal waters or from the
unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface Agradweep with its varied tectonic elements and
waters from any source. Heavy down pore in the riverine features, is a traditional zone between the
form of rain, brings down more water than can be Jharkhand plateau which constitute a proportion of
disposed by combined factors natural and manmade peninsular shield in the west and Ganga-Brahamaputra
systems causes flooding. The rivers overflow alluvial plain in the north and east. In general
embankments may be breached. Generally rains Jharkhand plateau consists of the meta sedimentary
following storm and hurricane are heavy and bring rocks of a precambrain age .
unmanageable amount of water causing flash
floods. The frequency or probability of a flood The rivers system in Agradweep includes
usually is described by assigning a recurrence Bhagirathi- Hooghly in the east, Ajoy and its tributaries
interval to the flood at each gauging station. This is in the north and the Dwarakeswar, Damodar and its
accomplished by statistically evaluating long-term branches in the south-west. Besides, there are
annual peak stream flows at a station. innumerable khals old river beds all over the area.
I. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: The study area experiences a climate which is
Any research gives us a light of new vision. CWg3 and AW1 types, where ‘C’ stands for ‘warm
The significance of that research work will help us what temperate climates with mild winter’, ‘W’ for dry
are main causes and affect of flood in Agradweep by winter not compensated for by the total rain in the rest
Bhagirathi River and what is the process of flood risk of the year’, ‘g3’ for ‘eastern Ganges type of
reduction management. Local government as well as temperature trend’ and ‘AW1’ for ‘tropical savanna
govt. of India can take necessary step to reduce climates’.
mitigate, and management of flood in Agradweep.
Although flood is a natural hazard, but by which of Averages temperature in hot season is 30 degree
interference by man increase the flood vulnerability that while at the winter season is 20 degree celsius and
should control by the proper govt. policy as well as average rainfall is 150 Millimeters. The cold season
people awareness. starts from about the middle of November and
continues till the end of February, March to May is
II. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: dry summer intervened by tropical cyclone and
Agradweep is an ancient land in katwa Sub- storms. June to September is wet summer while
division. Ptolemy mentioned it as Apnagar or Aagaha, October and November is autumn.
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2. Biplab Das / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.567-576
Fig-1: Location map of study area
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3. Biplab Das / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.567-576
III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
The Objectives of the investigation has been carried to --
1. To understand of flood type in my study area.
2. To identify with focal effects of flood in the investigated area.
3. To value the role of disaster management of Government and NGOs during the flood and post flood
reconstruction.
4. To find out the way of managerial procedure to reduced flood affection
IV. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY:
The primary data collected from the respective authority like panchayet, club and person of the villages.
Though my study is based mainly on primary data but I also collected secondary data from mahakuma library,
Katwa information centre, NATMO, Gazetteer, different books etc. just to get a general idea about the background
of the study area.
The methodologies followed in the present report may be divided into three parts –
Pre-field methods This stage includes - i) collection of districts map ii) collection of secondary information from
district handbook, cesus report, information from B.D.O office, Panchayets ,reports,others books and journals etc.
iii) preparation of questionnaire statistical schedule for collection of primary data which are closely related with the
research work.
Field methods By questionnaire schedule primary data will be collected from the study area. Observation schedule
also help to collect the information.include collection of primary data from aged person in different G.P. and
collection of present condition of Agradweep by photograph in different reliable place of Bhagirathi river.
Post field methods Collected data will be classified in a master table and various cartographic and statistical
techniques will be made in support of the theoretical discussion and preparation the final report.
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4. Biplab Das / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.567-576
RESEARCH DESIGN
Site Selection Investigation Schedule
SAMPLING DESIGN
Information Collection
Information record
Primary Data Collection Secondary Data Collection
1. PRA/ RRA/ FGD with local 1. Different journal,
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:
communities 2. Govt. report of flood
There have some limitations of the research work. First of all the researchers have report
3. NGO faced problem when he had
2. Meeting block office, they did not help him DATA The researcher 4. faced problem when he had gone to
gone to the with administrative properly. again Newspaper
the office of Ichamati Banchao Committee, they help but not properly. All panchayets office also did not record
officer of Agradweep 5. Research Report
COLLECTION
properly the flood related date of their office.
6. Map collection
3. Meeting with different govt
and NGO officers and
related on research work
Report finalize after
Data compilation and preparation
DATA ANALYSIS obtaining secondary
after getting all the information on
impact of flood of Agradweep information of impact
communities and govt and
NGO activities of flood
RESULTS: reduction management
The water logging and drainage congestion problem in these areas under Agradweep of Katwa Sub-Division in
the District Bardwan mainly centre on the river Bhagirathi which is virtually in its death throes. Every year during
the months of August-September-October, the of Flood Katwa Reduction Management logging and flood
Effective Planning people of Risk experienced the worst water
problems causing serious dislocation of public life and destruction of basins.
Fig-2: Lay our of the methodology of Present study
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5. Biplab Das / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.567-576
Flood Discharge: distribution was introduced by Gumble (1941) and is
Flood discharge is an important commonly known as Gumble’s distribution.
characteristic of flood. It can be measured. In fact it It is the most widely used probability distribution
indicates the quantum of flood and it’s capability of function for extreme values in hydrologicstudies and
destruction. The principal river Bhagirathi and its meterological for the prediction of flood peaks, max.
tribaries are responsible for Bardwan flood condition. rainfall, maximum wind speed etc. According to
Thus, the Bhagirathi river discharge and its flood Gumble, a flood as the largest of the 365 days flows
frequency analysis can be analysed using Gumbel’s and thepek annual of flood flows. The general
method. formula for the prediction of extreme flood values
and it’s probability of occurance, is given by Gumble
Flood Frequency Analysis by Gumble’s Method: as below.
Chow (1951) has shown that most frequency
– distribution functions applicable in hydrologic Qp = Q – +K.Sd n-1
studies can be expressed by the following equation
known as the general equation of hydrologic flood Where, Sd n-1 = standerddeviation of the sample
frequency analysis: size, N = √∑ (Q – -Q) 2/ √N-1,Q = Flood discharge,
K = Frequency factor expressed as K = Yt-Y–n/Sn
XT = X+KSd
In which Yt = reduced Variate, a function of T
Where, XT = value of the variate X of a random and is given by Yt = -[In.In T/T-1]
hydraulogic series with a return period T, X = mean
of the variate, Sd=standered deviation of the variate, Or, Yt = -(0.834+2.303LogT/T-1), Yn = reduced
k=frequency factor which depends upan of the return mean, a function of sample size N table.
period, T and the assumed frequency distribution.
The commonly used frequency distribution function Sn = reduced standard deviation, a function of
for the prediction of extreme flood values is the sample size N. The value of Yn and Sn is given in
Gumble’s method. This wxtreme flood value Gumble’s extreme value distribution.
Table -1: Reduced Mean Yn in Gumble’s Extreme Value Distribution (Sample Size N)
N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 .4952 .4996 .5053 .5370 .5100 .5128 .5157 .5181 .5202 .5520
20 .5236 .5252 .5268 .5283 .5296 .5309 .5320 .5332 .5343 .5353
30 .5362 .5371 .5380 .5388 .5396 .5402 .5410 .5418 .5424 .5430
40 .5436 .5442 .5448 .5453 .5458 .5463 .5468 .5473 .5477 .5481
50 .5485 .5489 .5493 .5497 .5501 .5504 .5508 .5511 .5515 .5518
Table-2: Reduced Standard Deviation Sn in Gumble’s Extreme Value Distribution
N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 .9496 .9676 .9833 .9971 1.0095 1.0206 1.0316 1.0411 1.493 1.0565
20 1.0628 1.0696 1.0754 1.0811 1.0864 1.0915 1.0961 1.1004 1.1047 1.1086
30 1.1124 1.1159 1.1193 1.1226 1.1255 1.1285 1.1313 1.1339 1.1363 1.1388
40 1.1413 1.1436 1.1458 1.1480 1.1499 1.1519 1.1538 1.1557 1.1574 1.1590
50 1.1607 1.1623 1.1638 1.1658 1.1667 1.1681 1.1696 1.1708 1.1721 1.1734
Calculation for Peak Discharge and Flood Frequency of River Bhagirathi by Gumble’s Formula at Agradweep is
given here below. In fact, peak annual flood flow is taken into consideration .
Calculation:
Mean / average discharge = Q – =∑ Q/N = 67499/34 = 1985.3 cumec
Standard Deviation = Sd n-1 √∑ (Q – -Q) 2/√N-1 = √ 13488000/√34-1=√408727.27=639.32 cumec.
Now Gumble’s Frequency Factor K = (Yt-Y– n) Sn
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(WhereY–N = expected mean, Sn = expected number)
Standerd Deviation collected from Gumble’s table and
Yt = -(in.in T/T-1) = - (0.834+2.303logLogT/T-1)
From the table , the magnitude of food having frequency of 10,20,30,40,50,80 and 100 years have been
calculated as 2956, 2727, 3609, 3757, 3896, 4152 and 4299cumecs respectively.
So above 40 thousand cumec, high magnitude of flood discharge is noted at Agradweep location. A very little
distortion in the curve is noted which indicates that the evidence of very little influence of Farakka Reservoir-
discharge on this river in the fluctuation of regular flow during flood period. It is also proved that the river is highly
perennial almost after construction of the barrage.
Table-3 : Peak Annual Flood Flow
Annual Peak Frequency Max Probable
Discharge (T=N+1m) Flood
YEAR cumec (Q) Order(m) Q–-Q (Q–Q)2 (in%)P=100/T
1971 3359 1 -1374 1887876 35 2.85
2000 3243 2 -1258 1582564 17.5 5.71
1987 3234 3 -1249 1560001 11.67 8.57
1996 3079 4 -1094 1196836 8.75 11.43
1984 3062 5 -1087 1181569 7 14.29
1999 2781 6 -796 633616 5.83 17.15
1991 2504 7 -519 269361 5 20
1990 2303 8 -318 101124 4.38 22.83
1989 2264 9 -279 77841 3.89 25.707
1978 2255 10 -270 72900 3.5 28.57
1993 2238 11 -253 64009 3.18 31.44
1986 2207 12 -222 49284 2.91 34.36
1988 2054 13 -60 3600 2.69 37.17
1969 2037 14 -52 2704 2.5 40
1998 2014 15 -29 841 2.33 42.91
1995 1975 16 10 100 2.18 45.87
1973 1782 17 203 41209 2.06 48.54
2001 1774 18 211 44521 1.94 52.36
1980 1695 19 290 84100 1.84 54.35
1976 1630 20 355 126025 1.75 57.14
1992 1590 21 395 156025 1.67 59.88
1983 1559 22 426 181476 1.59 62.89
1970 1556 23 429 184041 1.52 65.789
1974 1516 24 469 219961 1.46 68.49
1979 1511 25 474 224676 1.4 71.43
1997 1480 26 505 255025 1.35 74.07
1994 1457 27 528 278784 1.3 76.92
1968 1426 28 559 212481 1.25 80
1981 1373 29 612 374544 1.21 82.64
1985 1367 30 618 381924 1.17 85.47
1977 1356 31 629 395641 1.13 88.495
1982 1347 32 638 407044 1.1 90.9
1975 1282 33 709 502681 1.06 94.33
1972 1189 34 796 633616 1.03 97.08
Sum 67499 13488000
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V. PROCESS OF FLOOD RISK situation in greater elevation by their alternative use
REDUCTION: etc.
In Flood controlling measures are to be taken By this way proper and scientific reservoir
from physical, Economic and social aspects applicable control can manage Bardwan’s flood sustainably.
for Agradweep in Bardwan district. These are as C) Embankment maintenance:
follows: To be effective, embankments must be
adequately maintained even when there has been no
1. Physical Measures: severe flood for several years and local, and even
official, perception of flood risk has perhaps lessened
A) River Channel Improvement: compared with other, more immediate demands on
After construction of Farakka Barrage, the river scarce resources. Many embankments have unplanned
bank erosion at upstream (before berhampore) of uses, particularly on roads, but also for growing trees,
Bhagirathi is increased due to high velocity and as temporary shelters during floods, and as permanent
discharge of water which provides siltation problem at shelters for people displaced by erosion.
the southern part of the district because of very gently
gradiant. Maximum stagnation occurs due to narrow D) Sheet Erosion Control and Soil Conservation by
and single outflow path of Mayurakshi and Dwarka River Bank Protection:
through Hijol and Bhagirathi River. The river
Bhagirathi is getting maximum silt from the rivers of (i) Construction of dyke:
the Rarh region which clogs the Bhagirathi outlet
starting from Kalyanpur (Confluence of Mayurakshi). Construction of dyke in the river bank can control
This silt can be reduced by destroying sand bars in the it’s erosion due to getting more rigidity and diversion
river beds. of river’s turbulence from the sidewalls towards the
middle. So it reduces pressure from river bank and the
B) Proper and Scientific Reservoir control: chance of erosion becomes less. This is applicable for
the non-perennial rivers of the district like Bhagirathi,
a.Controlling Measures of Farakka Barrage: because here erosion occurs only in rainy season and
According to Bibhas Barman, Director in Charge, in summer construction can be done properly.
Haringhata Central Library, River Research Institute,
siltation reduction from the Farakka barrage can be (ii) Geo web Method:
done by alternative opening of the lock gates by
regulators in different sides of the barrage. The change Geo Web method for river bank protection was
of flow from different sides of the pond may clear silt introduced by Markin Corporation at Agradweep near
by reducing water in a systematic interval by katwwa in Bhagirathi River. Some landscape patches
controlling regulators. With the help of early flood in Murshidabad district namely, Jangipur, Beldanga,
prediction water may be released gently with Kashimbazar and Saktipur where river bank erosion is
increasing rainfall intensity. maximum, this methods can also be used for
protection.
b. Controlling Measures of Messanjore Dam:
i). Reduction of siltation from the Massanjore Dam (iii) Concretization of River Bank:
storage.
It is a very costly method. But it is useful method.
ii) Reduction of water throughout the cyclonic Occasionally, this method is used to save the
period which above danger level to reduce pressure important place of the study-area. It may be applied to
from the dam. save other towns and bigger villages or the danger
zones (where is a chance to connect Bhagirathi with
iii) Increasement of carrying capacity of Tilpara Padma) of this district to protect them. It should be
Barrage as the substitute water storage. done with boulder and cement for its longevity.
iv) Several smaller dams may be constructed in 2. Flood Plain Planning:
the upstream of Massanjore Dam to reduce pressure The main aim of flood plain planning is to use of
from the main Dam. These smaller dams can be floodplain properly and to reduce destruction during
utilized for generating hydro-electricity due to its flood. The study of flood intensity, discharge, volume,
duration etc. are very important to reduce destruction
and damage in the floodplain. It needs regional
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division of the flood as it is suggested by Central view to protect them from flood damage. These
Water Commission (CWC) of India in 1975. The measures will certainly help flood water for its quick
suggestions are also permitted by Central Flood discharge in the study-area.
Control Commission and Central Bar Ayog in 1980. D) Early warning Early warning:
According to the recommendation of these
commissions, 1:15000 scale map was prepared with a As a means of reducing a flood hazard, has been a
contour interval of 25c.m. for the country. In India, 1 strategy followed throughout history with the aim of
lakh km square area was specified in this project. living with floods. A flood early warning system
includes the components like Prediction,
After preparation of map it is noted that about Interpretation, Massage construction, Communication,
30,268 km2 areas in West Bengal is identified as flood Response, Review and examining the various aspects
prone area including the Bardwan district which may of the system with a view to improving their
be highly considered for such mapping. The National performance. If flood warning is properly done then
Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) has been working the loss of property and lives can be saved on time.
hard to prepare such maps accurately at micro-level. It
will certainly be meaningful for saving the loss of E) Role of flood insurance:
socioeconomic property of the district. Ultimately, it is Insurance has three main role in flood
useful in land use planning of the study-area. management. First, it provides a means of
reimbursement of damage costs, allowing the victims
A) Cut-off channel: to get recovered from their loss. Second, it confines
The effects of a cut off channel are somewhat irregularity in cost assessment and flood losses over
similar to those of channel improvement. In fact, it both time and space. Third, it can be used to encourage
increases the channel improvement, channel slope and actions, at individual and collective levels for reducing
velocity. In a meandering channel, the land between the exposure of flood loss. If it is done with
the two portions of a bend may dwindle to a narrow international agencies then, flood losses in one country
neck, which may easily be cut across by natural flood may therefore be ultimately spread across the global
flow. financial market. Thus, there is a need of integrated
efforts between national and international agencies for
B) Flood Moderation by construction of terraces: the environmental management.
Terraces are ditch type excavation following the
contour of the ground having a base of about 1.5m to F) People Awareness:
2m and a usual height of 15cm. to 20cm. these are Greater awareness is needed among the people
closely spaced and significant to store surface run-off with commitments to restore the ecological balance. In
without over-topping. The water remains in these fact, mental upliftment programmer formulation and
ditches till it infiltrates into the sub-surface zone. This implementation is the immediate need among the
requires a short time and becomes dry. It is also ready population of the study-area.Flood has a strong impact
for the next rain. They thus serve to reduce flood flow, to create socio-economic problems in the district.
prevent soil erosion, and increase ground water From the above discussion, it is concluded that the
supply. (Garg2077, pp500). This method can be district Bardwan is highly flood prone area in the
applied for Bhagirathi river flood control. Deltaic Region of the Water and sediments which
develops a variety of landforms over the flood plain.
C) Removal of Human Encroachment along river
bank: The changing nature of river and its resultant
From the Bhagirathi river Bank, the Agradweep landforms as well as high intensity of flood are
village is to be shifted as well as the embankment responsible for high risk and mental pressure among
should be made wider to increase water carrying the people of the region throughout the year. So people
capacity so that large volume of water can get starts migrating or leaves themselves on God’s bless
Discharged to ‘Katwa’. The other villages namely, which creates their mentality superstitious.Different
Daihat , bethua have also been obstructing flood water measures like, flood warning at proper time, proper
discharge and responsible for maximum damages in establishment of embankment, canal and barrages,
the study-area. Thus, there is an urgent need to shift awareness, building structure modification etc can
these villages at appropriate locations. give sustainable management of flood. Such measures
can give the Bardwan district a sound environmental
Along the river Bhagirathi the villages like planning.
Agradweep,Daihat,Bethua should be uprooted with a
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Table-4 : Flowchart of Managerial action for Flood Reduction Process of Ichamati River
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VI. CONCLUSION:
Irrigation and Waterways Department (I& 8. Statham, lan, Earth Surface Sediment
WD) Govt. of West Bengal has already taken up transport, (Oxford: Clendon Press, 1977).
disiltation works in some major reaches of the river.
However. Managing flood in any tropical and
developing country is difficult for any single
agency/organization. Flood has a multidisciplinary
dimension where society plays a vital role. With
limitation in prediction of rainfall, flood forecasting
also cannot be very accurate. If we can involve local
people and use their knowledge for devising a disaster
management plan where all available scientific data
are also taken as input then surely we can over come
some of the indeterminate factors of disaster
management.
VII. REFERENCES:
1. Anderson, E., Brakenridge, G. R., and Caquard,
S. (2005). Dartmouth Atlas of Global Flood
Hazard: E100N20, Dartmouth Flood
Observatory, Hanover, USA, from
2. Abbas, N. and Subramaniam, V. (1984).
Erosion and Sediment transport in the Ganges
River Basin (India), Journal of Hydrology,
Vol.69: pp.173-182.
3. Das.B and Bandyopadhyay.A.(2012). ‘Causes
of Flood by Indian River’ A Case Study of
Transboundary River Icchamati in Gangetic
Delta, International Journal of Advanced
Research in Computer Science and Electronics
Engineering,Volume 1, Issue 7, September
2012,277-292, ISSN: 2277 – 9043.
4. Das.B(2011).Flood Risk Management by
Transboundary River of Gangetic Delta ,Lap
Lambert Academic Publishing ,Saarbrücken,
Germany,65-79.
5. Giri.P, Barua.P and Das.B(2012).’Sundarban
Delta: Perspective for the Long Term Future’,
Lap Lambert Academic Publishing
,Saarbrücken, Germany,84-143.
6. Rudra, Kalyan, ‘Living On the Edge: the
Experience alonge The bank of the Ganga in
malda District, West bengal’, Indian Journal of
Geography & Environment vol. 5, 2000, pp. 57-
67.
7. Rudra, Kalyan, ‘Quaternary history of the lower
Ganga distributaries’, Geographical Review of
India, vol. 48, 3, 1987.
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