The document discusses key ideas from the Age of Enlightenment and the foundations of modern geology. It introduces James Hutton, a Scottish farmer who made important observations of rock formations in Scotland. Through these observations, Hutton developed the first modern theory of the Earth, rejecting catastrophism in favor of uniformitarianism. He recognized evidence that geological processes occur gradually over immense periods of time, fundamentally establishing the antiquity of the Earth and landscape.
The universe began about 14.4 billion years ago.
The Big Bang Theory states that, in the beginning, the universe was all in one place.
To know more, see the presentation.
The universe began about 14.4 billion years ago.
The Big Bang Theory states that, in the beginning, the universe was all in one place.
To know more, see the presentation.
The earliest material found in the Solar System is dated to 4.5672±0.0006 by] therefore, it is inferred that the Earth must have been formed by accretion around this time. By 4.54±0.04 by the primordial Earth had formed. The formation and evolution of the Solar System bodies occurred in tandem with the Sun. In theory a solar nebula partitions a volume out of a molecular cloud by gravitational collapse, which begins to spin and flatten into a circumstellar disk, and then the planets
grow out of that in tandem with the star. A nebula contains gas, ice grains and dust
Compress 13 bilion years of the earth's history into a single day and here is how it looks. Humans don't appear until 1 minute and 17 seconds to midnight.
Understanding of Earth history,
The Earth is the stage on which the evolutionary play is performed. Darwin studied evolution in the context of Charles Lyell's geology, but our present understanding of Earth history includes some critical advances made during the last half-century.
A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in the surface or crust of the Earth or a planetary mass object, which allows hot lava, volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface.
On Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. A mid-oceanic ridge, for example the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has examples of volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. By contrast, volcanoes are not usually created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust in the interiors of plates
Are the creation ministries shooting straight with usTimothy Helble
Each week, thousands of people attend “creation conferences” put on by various young earth creation ministries and hear convincing-sounding arguments for a recent creation (6,000 years ago) and against what they broadly refer to as evolution. These young earth presenters talk just like us and share our spiritual beliefs, so we’d much rather believe them than the host of intellectual-sounding scientists who tell us that the Earth and our universe is very old. In my opinion, the young earth creation ministries have not been truthful with Christians at these conferences and it is time to call them to task for this. Can I substantiate my claim with solid evidence that doesn’t rest on opinions? Review this presentation and see for yourself.
The earliest material found in the Solar System is dated to 4.5672±0.0006 by] therefore, it is inferred that the Earth must have been formed by accretion around this time. By 4.54±0.04 by the primordial Earth had formed. The formation and evolution of the Solar System bodies occurred in tandem with the Sun. In theory a solar nebula partitions a volume out of a molecular cloud by gravitational collapse, which begins to spin and flatten into a circumstellar disk, and then the planets
grow out of that in tandem with the star. A nebula contains gas, ice grains and dust
Compress 13 bilion years of the earth's history into a single day and here is how it looks. Humans don't appear until 1 minute and 17 seconds to midnight.
Understanding of Earth history,
The Earth is the stage on which the evolutionary play is performed. Darwin studied evolution in the context of Charles Lyell's geology, but our present understanding of Earth history includes some critical advances made during the last half-century.
A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in the surface or crust of the Earth or a planetary mass object, which allows hot lava, volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface.
On Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. A mid-oceanic ridge, for example the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has examples of volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. By contrast, volcanoes are not usually created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust in the interiors of plates
Are the creation ministries shooting straight with usTimothy Helble
Each week, thousands of people attend “creation conferences” put on by various young earth creation ministries and hear convincing-sounding arguments for a recent creation (6,000 years ago) and against what they broadly refer to as evolution. These young earth presenters talk just like us and share our spiritual beliefs, so we’d much rather believe them than the host of intellectual-sounding scientists who tell us that the Earth and our universe is very old. In my opinion, the young earth creation ministries have not been truthful with Christians at these conferences and it is time to call them to task for this. Can I substantiate my claim with solid evidence that doesn’t rest on opinions? Review this presentation and see for yourself.
While the biosphere is always in flux, there have been notable instances of dramatic changes in the biosphere, the most extreme examples being five mass extinction events. In this resource, Cynthia Stokes Brown defines mass extinction, discusses that K-T extinction in detail, describes the other four major extinctions in Earth history, and ends by describing some of the proposed causes of mass extinction.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. The Age of Enlightenment
Late 18th
century
Tremendous advances in science, politics,
philosophy, economics, etc.
Thomas Jefferson – an American member of the
Enlightenment
2. The Scientific Method
Inductive phase : reasoning from the specific to the genera
(Formulate the hypothesis)
deductive phase: reasoning from the general to the specific
(test the hypothesis)
Example: formulation of the hypothesis
of spontaneous generation; Its testing by Louis Pasteur
7. James Hutton
A “gentleman farmer”
Associate of James Watt
and other members of
the “Oyster Club”
The Scottish
Enlightenment –
centered in Edinburgh
(home of Hume, Smith)
8. Hutton and Deism
Hutton was a Deist
Deism held that one could gain greater
understanding of God by understanding nature –
his creation
The “Denudation Dilemma - a theological
conundrum
9. Denudation Dilemma
Rock and soil are essential to life
Rock is the foundation for where we live
Soil is the foundation of agriculture – sustains
life
To the Deists, this was evidence of God’s
beneficence
10. Denudation Dilemma
Rocks decay at Earth’s surface – weathering
Soil is washed away from farmlands – erosion
Weathering and erosion indicate destruction of
the land
Martin Luther predicted that the world would end
as a result of erosion
11. The Dilemma
How can one reconcile God’s beneficence with
the destruction of the land, which is essential for
life?
12. Hutton’s Observations
Processes of weathering and erosion are slow
Many rocks visible on the land are made up of
the products of weathering and erosion
These rocks are Sedimentary Rocks
Sediments accumulate in the ocean, so these
rocks originally formed in the ocean
14. More of Hutton’s Observations
Not all rocks form by accumulation of sediment
Some rocks are made of crystals
These rocks show signs of having formed at
very high temperatures from molten material
These are Igneous Rocks
16. Hutton’s Solution
Igneous rocks provide evidence for heat within
the Earth
Heat is capable of work (Watt’s influence)
Heat within the Earth lifts rocks from the sea and
creates new land
The dilemma is solved because as erosion
destroys land, heat uplifts new land
17. Implications of Hutton’s Solution
Earth processes are slow
Great changes can be accomplished with great
amounts of time
Evidence of great expanses of time recorded by
the rocks
Conclusion: the Earth must be extremely old
22. Historical Geology
Founders of Historical Geology
Nicolaus Steno (1638-1687)
fossil descriptions
first stratigrapher
Steno's Laws
Superposition
Original Horizontality
Original Lateral Continuity
27. Neptunism vs. Plutonism
Neptunism
Plutonism
the theory that the rocks of the
Earth's crust all consist of material deposited from,
or crystallized out of the ocean.
Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749-1817)
the concept of the formation of crystalline rocks by
solidification from a melt.
James Hutton (1726-1797)
28. Founders of Historical Geology
James Hutton (1726-1797)
dynamic/cyclic concept of Earth history-
“no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end”
recognized significance of unconformities
deep time
Uniformitarianism:
“ The present is the key to the past”
29. Hutton’s “Great unconformity” at Siccar point,
eastern Scotland
Hutton’s “Great
unconformity”
at Siccar point,
eastern Scotland
30. Historical Geology
Founders of Historical Geology
Catastrophism vs. Uniformitarianism
catastrophism
uniformitarianism
the doctrine that sudden violent, short-lived, more
or less worldwide events outside our present
experience or knowledge have greatly modified the
Earth's crust accounting for its present configuration
as well as for the observed distribution of life forms
James Ussher (1581-1656)
the fundamental principle that geological processes
and natural laws now operating to modify the Earth's
crust have acted in much the same manner and with
essentially the same intensity throughout geologic
time, and that past geologic events can be explained
by forces observable today;
"The present is the key to the past."
James Hutton (1726-1797)
31. Uniformitarianism: The present is the key to the past
(Hutton, 1788)
The basic physical, chemical and biological
laws of the present-day world also operated in the
Earth’s past.
Implications:
1. Present day geological processes acting at slow
rates, but over long time periods, can produce
dramatic results.
2. Based on the study of changes that are known to
occur gradually (e.g. wearing down of mountains),
the Earth must be very old.
Misconception:
All geologic processes are slow and gradual.
32. Historical Geology
Founders of Historical Geology
William Smith (1769-1839)
first geologic map
Principle of Faunal Succession
33. Historical Geology
Founders of Historical Geology
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
first geologic time scale
relative time
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
Principle of Inclusions
35. Nonconformity
Unconformity separating younger rocks from distinctly
older, metamorphosed rocks
a) tectonic event produces some sort of crystalline
rock
b) uplift with erosion
c) deposition
39. Uniformitarianism
the laws of nature do not change with time.
Hutton- first to discover geological time, and the first to
state that the Earth is much older than 6000 years.
Before Hutton, everyone believed in catastrophism,
which states that the shape of the Earth came to be
quickly and violently.
Catastrophism was a by-product of the fact that religion
was in control of most governments.
40. An old Earth
Recycling of Earth materials
Evidence for earlier episodes of recycling
“No vestige of a beginning… no prospect of an
end.”
Hutton’s “Theory of the Earth” - 1785
43. Catastrophism: Changes in the Earth are sudden and violent
Major changes in the Earth’s state tend to occur
in short bursts of activity.
Implication:
Geologic changes tend to occur as rare events that
are short-lived with little change occurring between
these events.
Misconceptions:
1. All changes that occur on the Earth are catastrophic
2. The Earth and its present day features were produced
during a single event, and therefore the Earth must be
very young
44. Catastrophic Event: Eruption of Mount Vesuvius, Italy, 79 AD
Effects: Mass human mortality in Pompeii and Herculaneum
volcanic
ash
layerexcavated ruins
45. Catastrophic Event: Chicxulub Crater, Yucutan, Mexico
Impact event: 65 million years ago
Crater size: 180-280 km dia.
Profoundly affected global climate due to atmospheric dust
Possible cause of mass extinction
46. What’s so remarkable about Hutton’s Ideas?
Contrary to prevailing views of the time
Based on observation – what he saw
Hutton drew inferences from his observations
Inferences are hypotheses
Hypotheses are testable
This is an application of the scientific method
to study of the Earth
