The document discusses the history of determining the age of the Earth. It begins with pre-scientific beliefs that the Earth was only a few thousand years old based on biblical accounts. Starting in the 1600s, scholars began speculating on the Earth's origins but with little field work. In the late 1600s, Steno formulated principles of stratigraphy and rock layering that helped establish relative dating of formations. By the 1700-1800s, studies of strata, fossils, earthquakes, and erosion led to acceptance that the Earth was much older than previously believed. Radiometric dating methods developed in the 1800s-1900s allowed estimation of absolute ages, showing the Earth to be billions of years old.
This file is mainly useful for undergraduate Earth science students. Explains various non-radiometric and radiometric methods of finding the age of Earth.
The "best" age for the Earth is based on the time required for the lead isotopes in four very old lead ores (galena) to have evolved from the composition of lead at the time the Solar System formed, as recorded in the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite (Arizona, USA).
This file is mainly useful for undergraduate Earth science students. Explains various non-radiometric and radiometric methods of finding the age of Earth.
The "best" age for the Earth is based on the time required for the lead isotopes in four very old lead ores (galena) to have evolved from the composition of lead at the time the Solar System formed, as recorded in the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite (Arizona, USA).
Are the creation ministries shooting straight with usTimothy Helble
Each week, thousands of people attend “creation conferences” put on by various young earth creation ministries and hear convincing-sounding arguments for a recent creation (6,000 years ago) and against what they broadly refer to as evolution. These young earth presenters talk just like us and share our spiritual beliefs, so we’d much rather believe them than the host of intellectual-sounding scientists who tell us that the Earth and our universe is very old. In my opinion, the young earth creation ministries have not been truthful with Christians at these conferences and it is time to call them to task for this. Can I substantiate my claim with solid evidence that doesn’t rest on opinions? Review this presentation and see for yourself.
This slide is about Palaentology, specifically geological time scale. The geologic time scale is the “calendar” for events in Earth history. It subdivides all time into named units of abstract time called—in descending order of duration—eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages.
Are the creation ministries shooting straight with usTimothy Helble
Each week, thousands of people attend “creation conferences” put on by various young earth creation ministries and hear convincing-sounding arguments for a recent creation (6,000 years ago) and against what they broadly refer to as evolution. These young earth presenters talk just like us and share our spiritual beliefs, so we’d much rather believe them than the host of intellectual-sounding scientists who tell us that the Earth and our universe is very old. In my opinion, the young earth creation ministries have not been truthful with Christians at these conferences and it is time to call them to task for this. Can I substantiate my claim with solid evidence that doesn’t rest on opinions? Review this presentation and see for yourself.
This slide is about Palaentology, specifically geological time scale. The geologic time scale is the “calendar” for events in Earth history. It subdivides all time into named units of abstract time called—in descending order of duration—eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages.
Introduction
Stratigraphy is the study of strata (sedimentary layers) in the Earth's crust, it is the relationship between rocks and time.
Stratigrapher are concerned with the observation, description and interpretation of direct and tangible evidence in rocks to determine the history of the Earth.
The combination of sedimentology and stratigraphy allows us to build up pictures of the Earth’s surface at different times in different places and relate them to each other through the relative ages of rocks
A more modern way of stating the same principle is that the laws of nature (laws of chemistry and physics) that have operated in the same way since the beginning of time.
And thus if we understand the physical and chemical principles by which nature operates, we can assume that nature operated the same way in the past.
Basic principles of stratigraphy
Principle of Uniformitarianism
Principle of Lateral Horizontality
Principle of Superposition
Principle of Cross-cutting Relations
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Chilled Margins
Correlation
A Simple Presentation depicting the concepts os Stratigraphy. The Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers and layering .
Time is closely related with geology. The geological timescale is a method of finding the relation between the events that have taken place in the history of the time. This presentation will give you a general knowledge about the relation of time and geology. Cheers!
geologic time, the extensive interval of time occupied by the geologic history of Earth. Formal geologic time begins at the start of the Archean Eon (4.0 billion to 2.5 billion years ago) and continues to the present day.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
3. Speculative cosmogonies
AD 1600-1700
• Speculation on origins with little field
work on the age of the earth.
• James Ussher – Church of England
Prolific Scholar. Published
chronology to establish time/date
of creation.
“Determined” creation occurred
the night preceding Sunday, 23
October 4004 BC.
4. Steno’s Laws or Principles
1669, Niels Stensen (1638-1686), better known then and now by
his Latinized name Nicolaus Steno, formulated some rules to make
sense of rocks he viewed in Tuscany and other places.
Studied anatomy and geology. Later became a Catholic Bishop.
5. disestablishment of Genesis
AD 1700-1780
• Studies of strata (e.g. fossils,deposit type)
• Studies of earthquakes and volcanoes
• Observation of erosional forces (rain,
wind, water (rivers, seas)
6. Catastrophism vs. Uniformitarianism
• Catastrophism –earth shaped by sudden,
short-lived, violent events.
• Uniformitarianism – Present is the key to
the past. Slow, incremental changes over
long periods of time created
• Debate ranged from ~1780-1850.
• Uniform processes over time does not
mean catastrophic events do not occur.
7. Accepted earth had a long history
AD 1800
• Uniformatarians- (Hutton, Lyell)
theorized earth indefinitely old
• Catastrophists (Cuvier 1812, de
Beaumont 1852, Buckland 1836)
• Lord Kelvin in 1862 estimated the
age of the Earth to be 98 million
years (cooling model).
8. James Hutton (1726–1797)
• Father of Modern Geology
• Through observation developed ideas of the
rock cycle and uniformitarianism.
10. Used in the study of sedimentary and
layered volcanic rocks.
• The principle of superposition
• The principle of original horizontality
• The principle of lateral continuity
• The principle of cross cutting relationships
• The principle of faunal succession
(fossils and index fossils) (Not Steno’s)
Stratigraphy and Relative Dating
11. Principle of Super Position
Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence,
with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on
the top.
12. Principle of Original Horizontality
Exceptions: Angle of repose, conform to existing basins.
13. Principle of Lateral Continuity
• layers of sediment initially extend laterally in all
directions; in other words, they are laterally
continuous.
• As a result, rocks that are otherwise similar, but
are now separated by a valley or
other erosional feature, can be assumed to be
originally continuous.
16. Principle of Crosscutting
• Principle of cross-cutting relationships states
that the geologic feature which cuts another
is the younger of the two features.
• Operates at various scales (large and
microscopic)
25. Limitations of relative dating
• No absolute dates
• Tectonic events can cloud relative
relationships
26. Radioactivity
• Some elements transmute to another element
• Different types of radiation are emitted:
– Alpha, Beta, Gamma
27. Elements
• pure chemical substance consisting of a single
type of atom
• distinguished by its atomic number
• number of protons in its atomic nucleus.
33. Unstable Isotopes
• Unstable isotopes = radioactive
• Nucleus that decays = Parent Isotope
• Product of the decay = Daughter Isotope
• Amount of time for ½ of the parent isotope to
decay is = ½ life of the isotope.
• If the parent isotope=daughter isotope then one
½ life has occurred.
• By calculating ratios between parent and
daughter isotopes age can be determined.
35. Radiometric Dating
• Radioactive elements were incorporated into the
Earth when the Solar System formed.
• Rocks and minerals contain tiny amounts of these
radioactive elements.
• Radioactive elements are unstable; they
breakdown spontaneously into more stable
atoms over time, a process known as radioactive
decay.
• Radioactive decay occurs at a constant rate,
specific to each radioactive isotope.
• By calculating ratios between parent and
daughter isotopes age can be determined.
38. Setting the radiometric clock.
• When does the radiometric clock gets set?
• Radiometric clocks are "set" when each rock
forms. "Forms" means the moment an
igneous rock solidifies from magma, a
sedimentary rock layer is deposited, or a rock
heated by metamorphism cools off. It's this
resetting process that gives us the ability to
date rocks that formed at different times in
earth history.
39. Zircon
The zircon mineral incorporates uranium and thorium atoms into its crystalline
structure, but strongly rejects lead. Therefore we can assume that the entire lead
content of the zircon is radiogenic (i.e produced by radioactive decay),
43. Types of Radiometric Dating
Type Half Life Used for other
U235 - Pb207
U238 - Pb206
770 my
4.5 by
Granite
(Zircon,
baddeleyite)
Resistant to
lead.
Sm147-Nd143 1.06 x 1011 yrs Rocks and
meterorites
Acc. 2 million
yrs / 2.5 by
K40-Ar40 1.3 by Micas,
feldspars,
hornblends
Rb87-Sr87 50 by Old igneous /
metamorphic
Acc 30-50my
for 3 by
sample.
U234-Th230
U235-Pa231
Th230-Th232
80K yrs
34,300 yrs
Ocean
sediments
C14 5730 yrs Radiocarbon Organic
44. Advancements in Dating
• 1945 – Manhattan Project ends
• Focus of weapons research to pure
science
• Mass spectrometry
• Geochronology
45. Other types of Dating
• Fission Track
• Thermoluminescence
• Electron spin
• Cosmogenic nuclides
• Magnetostratigraphy
• Tephrochronology
Editor's Notes
Credit:
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/geohist.html
Changing Views of the History of the Earth
by Richard Harter
Credit to: Smithsonian Institution
Uniformitarianism took hold in science as a concept.
Ideas built on and articulated by Charles Lyell
Nonconformity. Sedimentary rock on top of igneous rock.
An unconformity is a buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages, indicating that sediment deposition was not continuous.
