The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of human rights and economic development in the developing countries. A quantitative method used in order to analyze data gathered by the researcher. The researcher used questionnaire in order to be able to analyze the current study. A random sampling method used, where almost all participants will have equal chances of being selected for the sample. The researcher gathered 161 questionnaires, however 12 questionnaires were invalid and 149 questionnaires were properly completed. The questionnaire structured in the form of multiple choice questions. The finding of this study showed that there is a strong and positive relationship between human right and economic development in developing countries, according the research hypothesis was found to be supported which stated that a developed economic in developing country will have a positive relationship with the protection of human rights.
1.. Islamic Rule and the Emancipation of the Poor and Pious
I estimate the impact of Islamic rule on secular education and labor market outcomes with a new and unique dataset of Turkish municipalities. Using a regression discontinuity design, I compare elections where an Islamic party barely won or lost municipal mayor seats. The results show that Islamic rule has had a large positive effect on education, predominantly for women. This impact is not only larger when the opposing candidate is from a secular left-wing, instead of a right-wing party; it is also larger in poorer and more pious areas. The participation result extends to the labor market, with fewer women classified as housewives, a larger share of employed women receiving wages, and a shift in female employment towards higher-paying sectors. Part of the increased participation, especially in education, may come through investment from religious foundations, by providing facilities more tailored toward religious conservatives. Altogether, my findings stand in contrast to the stylized view that more Islamic in‡uence is invariably associated with adverse development outcomes, especially for women. One interpretation is that limits on religious expression, such as the headscarf ban in public institutions, raise barriers to entry for the poor and pious. In such environments, Islamic movements may have an advantage over secular alternatives.
2. Islam and Long-Run Development
I show new evidence on the long-run impact of Islam on economic development. Using the proximity to Mecca as an instrument for the Muslim share of a country's population, while holding geographic factors fixed, I show that Islam has had a negative long-run impact on income per capita. This result is robust to a host of geographic, demographic and historical factors, and the impact magnitude is around three times that of basic cross-sectional estimates. I also show evidence of the impact of Islam on religious influence in legal institutions and women's rights, two outcomes seen as closely associated with the presence of Islam. A larger Islamic influence has led to a larger religious influence in legal institutions and lower female participation in public institutions. But it has also had a positive impact on several measures of female health outcomes relative to men. These results stand in contrast to the view that Islam has invariably adverse consequences for all forms of women's living standards, and instead emphasizes the link between lower incomes and lower female participation in public institutions.
3. The Rise of China and the Natural Resource Curse in Africa
We produce a new empirical strategy to estimate the causal impact of selling oil to China on economic and political development, using an instrumental variables design based on China's economic rise and consequent demand for oil in interaction with the pre-existence of oil in Sub-Saharan Africa.
This document analyzes survey data from over 40 developing countries to understand determinants of radicalism, support for violence, and participation in anti-regime actions. It finds that individuals who feel politically and economically marginalized are more likely to harbor extremist views but less likely to join collective political movements. This potentially explains why marginalized groups are difficult to mobilize in nation-wide movements, despite their attitudes. It also finds that arenas for active political participation are more likely dominated by upper-middle income groups committed to preserving the status quo. Suppressing these forms of participation may push these groups towards more radical preferences. The findings suggest the poor may be caught in a cycle of increasing self-exclusion and marginalization.
This policy brief examines the timing of Turkey’s authoritarian turn using raw data measuring freedoms from the Freedom House (FH). It shows that Turkey’s authoritarian turn under the ruling AKP is not a recent phenomenon. Instead, the country’s institutional erosion – especially in terms of freedoms of expression and political pluralism – in fact began much earlier, and the losses in the earlier periods so far tend to dwarf those occurring later.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the economic development effects of coups. It finds that coups overthrowing democratic governments have distinctly negative effects on economic growth, lowering GDP per capita by 1-1.3% per year over a decade. By contrast, coups in autocratic countries show smaller and imprecise positive effects. These results are robust across different empirical methods and not explained by alternative hypotheses. Additionally, coups reversing economic reforms, increasing debt, and reducing social spending, suggesting a shift in priorities away from the public.
Recent work on the so-called resource curse has focused on the importance of the interaction between institutional quality and resource abundance. The combination of low quality institutions and easily appropriable resources (such as oil and minerals) tend to be particularly bad for economic development. On the other hand, if institutions are good these same resources contribute more to economic growth than other types of natural wealth. While certainly pointing in the right direction this strand of literature leaves some open questions. First, it is vague on the precise channels through which institutional quality operates. Second, the empirical measures of institutions are often composite measures that arguably include measures of institutional outcomes rather than durable “rules of the game”. Using data for the period 1970-2003, this paper study the extent to which combinations of resource-types and constitutional setup determine the degree of appropriative activity in a country. Our results show that parliamentary regimes and majoritarian electoral systems are associated with less (or no) resource curse-effect than are presidential and proportional electoral systems. These effects are particularly strong in countries having much ores, metals and fuels.
By Jesper Roine (with A. Boschini and J. Pettersson), proceedings from "Meeting Global Challenges in Research Cooperation", Uppsala.
This document summarizes a study examining the characteristics and effects of political influence on firms in developing countries. The study finds that politically influential firms receive economic benefits like lower taxes and easier access to credit. However, these firms also provide benefits to politicians through maintaining higher employment levels and paying more taxes. While influential firms earn higher profits, they are less productive than non-influential firms and are less likely to invest or innovate due to restrictions on firing workers and unpredictable taxes imposed on them. Overall, the study suggests that political influence undermines firm performance and can prolong economic underdevelopment.
High coordination costs are often identified as the reason for the low quality of public goods available to the poor. We report findings from a unique combination of a village-randomized controlled trial and a lab-in-the-field experiment. An in-depth survey of 1,600 women before and after an intervention establishing membership-based organizations in one of the poorest districts in India shows that the presence of these groups increased villagers’ capacity to address water delivery problems, and improved access to, and quality of, water service. Public goods games with over 200 participants in a subset of control and treatment villages show that the presence of village groups increased cooperation among both members and non-members in treated villages. We find little evidence that cooperation is facilitated by more common tastes among group members. These results suggest that, in contrast to traditional community development programs, membership groups can help poor communities build social capital.
New Report Exposes Chinas Malign Influence And Corrosion Of Democracy Worldwi...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.iri.org/resource/new-report-exposes-chinas-malign-influence-and-corrosion-democracy-worldwide IRI (INTERNATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE) is the premier international democracy-development organization https://youtu.be/XhBUbbQyhxE New Report Exposes China's Malign Influence and Corrosion of Democracy Worldwide You are hereHome > New Report Exposes China's Malign Influence and Corrosion of Democracy Worldwide CHINESE MALIGN INFLUENCEAND THE CORROSION OF DEMOCRACY An Assessment of Chinese Interference in Thirteen Key Countries The report, entitled "Chinese Malign Influence and the Corrosion of Democracy," brings together research by experts from 12 vulnerable democracies — Cambodia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Serbia, Ecuador, Zambia, Mongolia, Hungary, The Gambia, Myanmar, Malaysia and the Maldives — and provides local perspectives on how China is impacting the politics and economics of these countries. https://www.iri.org/country/asia/details INTERNATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE info@iri.org
1.. Islamic Rule and the Emancipation of the Poor and Pious
I estimate the impact of Islamic rule on secular education and labor market outcomes with a new and unique dataset of Turkish municipalities. Using a regression discontinuity design, I compare elections where an Islamic party barely won or lost municipal mayor seats. The results show that Islamic rule has had a large positive effect on education, predominantly for women. This impact is not only larger when the opposing candidate is from a secular left-wing, instead of a right-wing party; it is also larger in poorer and more pious areas. The participation result extends to the labor market, with fewer women classified as housewives, a larger share of employed women receiving wages, and a shift in female employment towards higher-paying sectors. Part of the increased participation, especially in education, may come through investment from religious foundations, by providing facilities more tailored toward religious conservatives. Altogether, my findings stand in contrast to the stylized view that more Islamic in‡uence is invariably associated with adverse development outcomes, especially for women. One interpretation is that limits on religious expression, such as the headscarf ban in public institutions, raise barriers to entry for the poor and pious. In such environments, Islamic movements may have an advantage over secular alternatives.
2. Islam and Long-Run Development
I show new evidence on the long-run impact of Islam on economic development. Using the proximity to Mecca as an instrument for the Muslim share of a country's population, while holding geographic factors fixed, I show that Islam has had a negative long-run impact on income per capita. This result is robust to a host of geographic, demographic and historical factors, and the impact magnitude is around three times that of basic cross-sectional estimates. I also show evidence of the impact of Islam on religious influence in legal institutions and women's rights, two outcomes seen as closely associated with the presence of Islam. A larger Islamic influence has led to a larger religious influence in legal institutions and lower female participation in public institutions. But it has also had a positive impact on several measures of female health outcomes relative to men. These results stand in contrast to the view that Islam has invariably adverse consequences for all forms of women's living standards, and instead emphasizes the link between lower incomes and lower female participation in public institutions.
3. The Rise of China and the Natural Resource Curse in Africa
We produce a new empirical strategy to estimate the causal impact of selling oil to China on economic and political development, using an instrumental variables design based on China's economic rise and consequent demand for oil in interaction with the pre-existence of oil in Sub-Saharan Africa.
This document analyzes survey data from over 40 developing countries to understand determinants of radicalism, support for violence, and participation in anti-regime actions. It finds that individuals who feel politically and economically marginalized are more likely to harbor extremist views but less likely to join collective political movements. This potentially explains why marginalized groups are difficult to mobilize in nation-wide movements, despite their attitudes. It also finds that arenas for active political participation are more likely dominated by upper-middle income groups committed to preserving the status quo. Suppressing these forms of participation may push these groups towards more radical preferences. The findings suggest the poor may be caught in a cycle of increasing self-exclusion and marginalization.
This policy brief examines the timing of Turkey’s authoritarian turn using raw data measuring freedoms from the Freedom House (FH). It shows that Turkey’s authoritarian turn under the ruling AKP is not a recent phenomenon. Instead, the country’s institutional erosion – especially in terms of freedoms of expression and political pluralism – in fact began much earlier, and the losses in the earlier periods so far tend to dwarf those occurring later.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the economic development effects of coups. It finds that coups overthrowing democratic governments have distinctly negative effects on economic growth, lowering GDP per capita by 1-1.3% per year over a decade. By contrast, coups in autocratic countries show smaller and imprecise positive effects. These results are robust across different empirical methods and not explained by alternative hypotheses. Additionally, coups reversing economic reforms, increasing debt, and reducing social spending, suggesting a shift in priorities away from the public.
Recent work on the so-called resource curse has focused on the importance of the interaction between institutional quality and resource abundance. The combination of low quality institutions and easily appropriable resources (such as oil and minerals) tend to be particularly bad for economic development. On the other hand, if institutions are good these same resources contribute more to economic growth than other types of natural wealth. While certainly pointing in the right direction this strand of literature leaves some open questions. First, it is vague on the precise channels through which institutional quality operates. Second, the empirical measures of institutions are often composite measures that arguably include measures of institutional outcomes rather than durable “rules of the game”. Using data for the period 1970-2003, this paper study the extent to which combinations of resource-types and constitutional setup determine the degree of appropriative activity in a country. Our results show that parliamentary regimes and majoritarian electoral systems are associated with less (or no) resource curse-effect than are presidential and proportional electoral systems. These effects are particularly strong in countries having much ores, metals and fuels.
By Jesper Roine (with A. Boschini and J. Pettersson), proceedings from "Meeting Global Challenges in Research Cooperation", Uppsala.
This document summarizes a study examining the characteristics and effects of political influence on firms in developing countries. The study finds that politically influential firms receive economic benefits like lower taxes and easier access to credit. However, these firms also provide benefits to politicians through maintaining higher employment levels and paying more taxes. While influential firms earn higher profits, they are less productive than non-influential firms and are less likely to invest or innovate due to restrictions on firing workers and unpredictable taxes imposed on them. Overall, the study suggests that political influence undermines firm performance and can prolong economic underdevelopment.
High coordination costs are often identified as the reason for the low quality of public goods available to the poor. We report findings from a unique combination of a village-randomized controlled trial and a lab-in-the-field experiment. An in-depth survey of 1,600 women before and after an intervention establishing membership-based organizations in one of the poorest districts in India shows that the presence of these groups increased villagers’ capacity to address water delivery problems, and improved access to, and quality of, water service. Public goods games with over 200 participants in a subset of control and treatment villages show that the presence of village groups increased cooperation among both members and non-members in treated villages. We find little evidence that cooperation is facilitated by more common tastes among group members. These results suggest that, in contrast to traditional community development programs, membership groups can help poor communities build social capital.
New Report Exposes Chinas Malign Influence And Corrosion Of Democracy Worldwi...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.iri.org/resource/new-report-exposes-chinas-malign-influence-and-corrosion-democracy-worldwide IRI (INTERNATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE) is the premier international democracy-development organization https://youtu.be/XhBUbbQyhxE New Report Exposes China's Malign Influence and Corrosion of Democracy Worldwide You are hereHome > New Report Exposes China's Malign Influence and Corrosion of Democracy Worldwide CHINESE MALIGN INFLUENCEAND THE CORROSION OF DEMOCRACY An Assessment of Chinese Interference in Thirteen Key Countries The report, entitled "Chinese Malign Influence and the Corrosion of Democracy," brings together research by experts from 12 vulnerable democracies — Cambodia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Serbia, Ecuador, Zambia, Mongolia, Hungary, The Gambia, Myanmar, Malaysia and the Maldives — and provides local perspectives on how China is impacting the politics and economics of these countries. https://www.iri.org/country/asia/details INTERNATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE info@iri.org
This document is a research proposal that will examine how the concept of national sovereignty is evolving in the face of increased globalization and multilateral cooperation. Sovereignty, which forms the basis of citizenship and identity, is being challenged by new international laws, organizations, and the ability of individuals to circumvent borders. While sovereignty is recognized as changing, there is little empirical data to show how this dynamic evolution may impact global governance structures. The proposed research aims to help understand how sovereignty is adapting without intentional guidance and what this means for international relations theory and institutions.
Corruption and Election in Conflict Northeast Indiainventionjournals
Democracy largely depends on the modus operandi of electioneering practices. Most of the politicians usually adopted various techniques and strategies to get their ends beyond electoral integrity. One or either form of corrupt practices appears widely in India’s northeast too which greatly demeans democracy. In the backdrop of various demands of different ethnic-based insurgencies, elections are also conducting in regular interval in this India’s Northeast. This study is based on quantitative and empirical methods through SPSS interpretation. Sources of data were mainly from structured questionnaire collected on the basis of random sampling method from electorates of India’s northeast. In contemporary, many insurgent groups have been interfering in the elections since they entered peace dialogue with government of India. This paper attempts to analyse corrupt practices and modus operandi of electioneering practices. Majority of electorates were also on the whims of perpetrators. The state of democracy in India’s northeast is clear example of flawed democracy where elections are in servitude.
This document is a research paper that aims to provide a holistic analysis of the global "corruption war" by examining the components, dynamics, measurement, and prevention of corruption. It begins by defining three major types of corruption - grand political corruption, illicit financial transfers, and tax dodging. It then discusses the anthropological, cultural, and social dimensions of corruption, as well as potential stages of corruption. The paper also analyzes issues with accountability, laws/regulations, and methods of measuring corruption. The goal is to further the understanding of corruption in order to more effectively develop anti-corruption policies and programs.
The increasing juridification and judicialization of societies make understanding, measuring, preventing and combating the corruption plague much more complex since white-collar criminals and their political and judicial cronies continuously act to circumvent the rule of law. Therefore it is important to contextualize the major parameters involved in such dynamics in order to allow among other things quantitative modeling of corruption and related causal variables.
This paper analyzes the relationship between women empowerment, as measured by the proportion of seats held by women in national parliament, and corruption. It uses data from multiple countries over 2001-2010 and controls for various economic and socio-political variables. Preliminary OLS regressions found women empowerment benefits developed countries more than developing countries. However, instrumental variable regressions concluded women empowerment is beneficial for reducing corruption in both developing and developed countries. The paper is organized into sections on literature review, data/model specification, and conclusions.
Although there exists a vast literature on aid efficiency (the effect of aid on GDP), and that aid allocation determinants have been estimated, little is known about the minute details of aid allocation. This article investigates empirically a claim repeatedly made in the past that aid donors herd. Building upon a methodology applied to financial markets, this article finds that aid donors herd similarly to portfolio funds on financial markets. It also estimates the causes of herding and finds that political transitions towards more autocratic regimes repel donors, but that transitions towards democracy have no effect. Finally, identified causes of herding explain little of its overall level, suggesting strategic motives play an important role.
The Relationship Rural Development and CrimesAI Publications
This document summarizes research on the relationship between rural development and crimes. It discusses several theories from criminology that explore this relationship, such as social disorganization theory, strain theory, and subcultural theory. The document also presents eight hypotheses about the positive relationships between various factors like law enforcement, urbanization, demographic characteristics, and industries/enterprises with rural development and crimes. Finally, it reviews literature on this topic and discusses methods used in the research study, including a survey of 118 people to analyze the relationship between rural development and crimes.
Corruption is a widespread phenomenon that is generally considered harmful for important economic and political outcomes. Conversely, judicial accountability has positive connotations, suggesting honesty in upholding the rules of the game. We ask whether, as many seem to think, corruption worsens, and judicial accountability improves, inequality, and investigate this empirically using data from 145 countries 1960–2014. More specifically, we relate perceived corruption and de facto judicial accountability to gross-income inequality and consumption inequality, while controlling for other explanatory factors of potential importance. The study shows that corruption is negatively, and that judicial accountability is positively, related to both types of inequality. We suggest that this can be explained either by the non-elites being more skillful at using “petty corruption” or by the elites, deliberately (to retain a long-term power base) or unconsciously bringing about outcomes that benefit others more. The results are particularly pronounced in democracies; they withstand a region and decade jackknife analysis; and in the case of consumption inequality, the effect of corruption is increasing in the stability of political institutions, suggesting causal effects from corruption and judicial accountability. The findings suggest that what we conceptualize as “unfair procedures” – corruption and deviations from judicial accountability – may benefit the economically worst off and worsen the situation of the economic elite. As such, corruption may not be entirely bad, if one of its consequences is to reduce inequality – nor need judicial accountability be entirely good, if it serves to increase inequality. This does not imply that corruption is generally desirable, or that judicial accountability is generally undesirable, but knowledge of these effects can guide policymakers, in their attempts to battle corruption and strengthen judicial accountability, to handle increasing inequality through other methods.
What we see may not always be the reality and what we
presume as real may not be our observation always. In a democratic
set-up, this has often emerged as a reality. Democracies had always been subjected to criticism but it is astonishing to note how the
interplay of corrupt vision and changing social attitudes playing a
havoc in our democratic systems. This paper broadly investigates
the voting behavior and attitudes in response to sophisticated
tempting actions by political parties to pull voters. This research
demonstrates that higher the level of temptation combined with
many socio-economic perils leads to higher biasness towards
them. Participatory research, interviews, journals, publications,
and observation and media reporting have been studied, analyzed,
and scrutinized to discover how different poor and illiterate people
vote. Findings and results attribute a greater role of education,
financial liberty, backwardness, and awareness to political reality
in determining voting behavior.
Combating Corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa: Corruption Perceptions of Public...Premier Publishers
The document summarizes a research article that analyzes data from a corruption perception survey of 90 public administration students in Eritrea. The survey asked about perceptions of corruption prevalence, causes, and remedies. Key findings were that most students believe corruption is a serious problem caused by low public sector pay, lack of merit-based hiring, and non-transparent government. Students recommended civil service reforms like improved pay, accountability reforms like an anti-corruption commission, and political reforms like rule of law to address corruption. The document provides context on corruption challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and definitions of corruption before outlining the study's purpose and methodology.
Origin, Forms of Corruption that Negatively Affects Public Life, Causes and C...YogeshIJTSRD
This article describes the origins, forms, types, causes and consequences of corruption, as well as the fact that it covers all areas as a negative evil in society. Raximova Dilshoda Baxritdinovna Samarqand | Xidirov Khoshim Ibodullaevich "Origin, Forms of Corruption that Negatively Affects Public Life, Causes and Consequences" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38736.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/38736/origin-forms-of-corruption-that-negatively-affects-public-life-causes-and-consequences/raximova-dilshoda-baxritdinovna-samarqand
This document discusses the effectiveness of "naming and shaming" as a policy tool for enforcing international human rights law. It hypothesizes that less developed and autocratic states are more likely to violate human rights laws because they have less to lose from negative international reputation effects. The author aims to analyze if naming and shaming is less effective on these states compared to developed democracies that are more dependent on global economic participation. Prior research is examined that finds naming and shaming can sometimes increase violations or be strategically ignored. The study will consider political and economic characteristics that impact a state's responsiveness to such enforcement techniques.
This document discusses power, resources, and strategies for creating social change in Malawi. It defines key terms like power, resources, access, and control. Power refers to the degree of control over material and immaterial resources. Resources include both tangible things like money and land, as well as intangible things like relationships and self-confidence. Access means the opportunity to use resources, while control means the ability to choose how resources are used. The document argues that change requires addressing both visible and hidden power, and building positive alternatives like power within, power to, and power with others. It presents the case study of HIV-positive women in Malawi who organized to change perceptions of themselves and demand better healthcare, as an example
Rethink the politics of development in Africa? how the political settlement s...Dr Lendy Spires
This document analyzes how the distribution of political power within ruling coalitions in Ghana shaped the allocation of resources to the education sector from 1993 to 2008. It finds that under both the NDC and NPP governments, regions with more powerful factions within the ruling coalition received more education spending per capita compared to need. A political settlements approach focusing on how power is distributed within ruling coalitions provides insights into how politics influences development outcomes in Africa.
This document discusses three paradigms for analyzing corruption: the economic paradigm, cultural paradigm, and neo-institutional paradigm. The economic paradigm views corruption as rational choices made by individuals based on costs and rewards. The cultural paradigm examines how cultural and social norms influence moral preferences and willingness to break rules. The neo-institutional paradigm considers informal rules and networks that regulate corrupt exchanges even without legal enforcement. The author argues an analysis of corruption requires considering multiple factors and there is no single approach, as it is a complex phenomenon influenced by individual and collective choices.
Arrangements by which politically connected firms receive economic favors are a common feature around the world, but little is known of the form or effects of influence in business-government relationships. We argue that influence not only brings significant privileges for selected firms, but requires firms to relinquish certain control rights in exchange for subsidies and protection. We show that, under these conditions, political influence can actually harm firm performance. Enterprise surveys from approximately 8,000 firms in 40 developing countries indicate that influential firms benefit from lower administrative and regulatory barriers (including bribe taxes), greater pricing power, and easier access to credit. But these firms also provide politically valuable benefits to incumbents through bloated payrolls and greater tax payments. These firms are also less likely to invest and innovate, and suffer from lower productivity than their non-influential counterparts. Our results highlight a potential channel by which cronyism leads to persistent underdevelopment.
Abstract: The menace of corruption in Nigeria is very pervasive with global implications. So pervasive is corruption in Nigeria that almost every aspect of National life is affected one way or the other (Matthew et al 2013). According to Woodward 2015, psychosocial approach looks at individuals in the context of the combined influence that psychological factors and the surrounding social environment have on their physical and mental wellness and their ability to function. This approach is used in broad range of helping professions in health and social care settings as well as by medical and social science researchers. It is however difficult to provide the exact date that corruption became a subject of national discourse in Nigeria (Matthew et al 2013). The age of corruption in Nigeria however, has affected the socio-psychology of the citizenry as there have been little or no effective measures put in place to curb the menace of corruption. It is also undisputedly true that corruption in the Nigerian society has eaten deep into the law enforcement agencies, political parties, political leaders, judicial system, government and private ministries and parastatals, law makers, etc., and above all, the psycho-social standing of the citizenry is greatly affected. Thus, curbing corruption in Nigeria may seem too daunting to dare but before proffering critical remedies/strategies/recommendations that will help tremendously in curbing corruption in Nigeria, a closer look at some two major factors that have been grossly infected by corruption will be considered. These two factors are carefully selected because the multiplier effects of corruption we see today in Nigeria find their roots in these two factors which are political corruption and judicial corruption. If corruption in these two institutions mentioned is curbed, then corruption in other aspects of life would have been greatly diminished and the slogan “change begins with me” would become more productive in the reduction of corruption as well as conscience upliftment and Nigeria would be in her way forward to a corrupt-free nation.
Keywords: corruption.
Title: TOWARDS CURBING CORRUPTION IN NIGERIAN SOCIETY
Author: NWUZOR, E. EZIAKU, ANYAOGU, BONIFACE E
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH),
ISSN 2349-7831,
Paper Publications
This dissertation examines whether refugee influxes into fragile democracies in Sub-Saharan Africa increase levels of xenophobia. It analyzes South Africa, Kenya, and Uganda as case studies. The literature review discusses research on the economic and social impacts of refugees on host communities and links between refugee presence and xenophobic behavior. The methodology section outlines a qualitative comparative case study approach. The structure previews chapters on refugee terms/trends in SSA, links between xenophobia/fragile states, economic impacts of refugees, roles of regional economic unions, and responses in the three case study countries.
Leniency policies and asymmetric punishment are regarded as potentially powerful anticorruption
tools, also in the light of their success in busting price-fixing cartels. It has been
argued, however, that the introduction of these policies in China in 1997 has not helped
fighting corruption. Following up on this view, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist
Party passed, in November 2015, a reform introducing heavier penalties, but also
restrictions to leniency. Properly designing and correctly evaluating these policies is difficult.
Corruption is only observed if detected, and an increase in convictions is consistent
with both reduced deterrence or improved detection. We map the evolution of the Chinese
anti-corruption legislation, collect data on corruption cases for the period 1986-2010, and
apply a new method to identify deterrence effects from changes in detected cases developed
for cartels by Miller (2009). We document a large and stable fall in corruption cases
starting immediately after the 1997 reform, consistent with a negative effect of the reform
on corruption detection, but under specific assumptions also with increased deterrence. To
resolve this ambiguity, we collect and analyze a random sample of case files from corruption
trials. Results point to a negative effect of the 1997 reform, linked to the increased leniency
also for bribe-takers cooperating after being denounced. This likely enhanced their ability
to retaliate against reporting bribe-givers – chilling detection through whistleblowing – as
predicted by theories on how these programs should (not) be designed.
Response with 250 words each. Response 1Intergovernmenta.docxzmark3
Response with 250 words each.
Response 1:
Intergovernmental organizations were created for the nations to follow rules, norms but mostly to keep the peace amongst the world of course I believe the IGOs were created for the nations to meet at a common ground. Implying that the nations have to be functional on their own and keep evolving with the rest of the powerful nations. The authors have an optimistic view and tried to explain the institutional independence is important for the nations, more or less independent institutions may be more or less effective at promoting various objectives, such as reducing conflict or facilitating trade (Yoram, Thompson, 270). From a different scope the nations have to see all of the issues they have to be aware of if they are going to be independent from the rest of the nations like security, human rights, environment among others.
Intergovernmental Organizations have to play nice with each other and interact often in order to successfully attain mutual interests. In other words, socialization is not only a process but also an outcome (Kent,344). This is proof that cooperation is possible when negativity is set aside. Existing patterns of behavior within the nations show that coercion does not work effectively when trying to work together to bring peace and security within nations. There are consequences for every action regardless what a nation contributes as a whole, everyone can suffer negative consequences as a result of the bad actions.
China as a growing power country has been enhanced and working with the international organizations has facilitated the participation in globalization and modernization. It doesn’t seem like China is going to stop any time soon, China still has considerable goals to surpass the other great nations but meanwhile they have to play nice with the other nations. Participation has had the effect of protecting and extending China’s sovereignty, protecting and enhancing its international status, maintaining its strategic independence, preserving an external environment conducive to its own developmental goals, and promoting internal development aims through foreign investment, expanded trade, technology transfer, and development assistance (Kent, 348).
Globalization amongst business expansions are rapidly increasing but I don’t agree that power is used and abused as the authors Grant and Keohane claim. The authors are expressing their thoughts through their conventional standpoint. There are standards yes but when it comes to accountability the nations have to be responsible and held accountable for keeping in touch with the rest of the leaders. There might be some communication problems with a few of the international organizations but don’t blame the rest of the organizations. Checks and balances are mechanisms designed to prevent action that oversteps legitimate boundaries by requiring the cooperation of actors with different institutional interests to produ.
Corruption And Comparative Politics.pdfWajidKhanMP
Corruption And Comparative Politics
In general, established democracies have lower levels of corruption than dictatorships and fledgling democracies (Montinola & Jackman, 2002; Warren, 2004). However, if the regime is democratic, this alone does not guarantee freedom from corruption (Kramer, 2018; Kube, 2017; Seldadyo & De Haan, 2011; Uslaner & Rothstein, 2016). Wajid khan gives an example, if a democracy lacks transparency in political or campaign finance, has outdated freedom of information laws, has inadequate protection against whistleblowers, or uses untrustworthy media, a democratic state may experience corruption.
Moreover, crime, or at least the perception thereof, tends to increase as countries develop democratic processes. Governments have often not developed effective anti-corruption and integrity mechanisms and are currently trapped in cycles of corruption and weak democratic institutions." Using a panel of 103 countries over five years, Sung (2004) found that corruption first decreased, then increased, and then decreased again in countries becoming more democratic.
That is a combination of growing economic opportunities in the form of achievable rents (Menes, 2006) and the inability of state agencies to establish adequate control and oversight mechanisms for these new opportunities (Schneider, 2007). Sandvig (2006) says that corruption increases in places undergoing "rapid change," such as rapidly developing economies, post-communist countries, or countries transitioning from authoritarian to democratic governments. I am explaining.
Wajid khan Mp says A particular incentive is increased uncertainty. Over time, corruption decreases as governments develop their institutions and capabilities. However, this is not inevitable, and research shows that corruption exists even in the most stable and prosperous democracies (Pring & Vushi, 2019; On critical reflection, see Stephenson, 2019). Therefore, even if democracy is viewed as the preferred anti-corruption system, it is not democracy.
However, specific political institutions, actors, and processes play the role of checks and balances, including the role played. This provides an anti-corruption effect—different political parties. Moreover, when discussing corruption and democracy, it is necessary to recognize that there are many different types of democratic systems around the world, ranging from liberal democracies to democratic socialism to direct and indirect democracies. I have.
Other democratic systems can have various forms and levels of corruption. Nonetheless, as discussed in more detail below, the risk of corruption is generally driven by informally defined executive powers, limited political pluralism, media control, human rights abuses, and militarization of regimes, high in authoritarian systems (or dictatorships) that tend to be characterized. These fe
This study examines the relationship between US foreign aid and human rights violations in Latin American countries. It analyzes quantitative data on the amount of US bilateral aid received by Latin American countries from 2000-2010, and correlates it with those countries' physical integrity index scores, a measure of adherence to human rights standards. Previous studies have found mixed results on the influence of human rights on US foreign aid allocation. This study aims to provide new insight into how US foreign aid policies may impact human rights in recipient Latin American nations.
This document is a research proposal that will examine how the concept of national sovereignty is evolving in the face of increased globalization and multilateral cooperation. Sovereignty, which forms the basis of citizenship and identity, is being challenged by new international laws, organizations, and the ability of individuals to circumvent borders. While sovereignty is recognized as changing, there is little empirical data to show how this dynamic evolution may impact global governance structures. The proposed research aims to help understand how sovereignty is adapting without intentional guidance and what this means for international relations theory and institutions.
Corruption and Election in Conflict Northeast Indiainventionjournals
Democracy largely depends on the modus operandi of electioneering practices. Most of the politicians usually adopted various techniques and strategies to get their ends beyond electoral integrity. One or either form of corrupt practices appears widely in India’s northeast too which greatly demeans democracy. In the backdrop of various demands of different ethnic-based insurgencies, elections are also conducting in regular interval in this India’s Northeast. This study is based on quantitative and empirical methods through SPSS interpretation. Sources of data were mainly from structured questionnaire collected on the basis of random sampling method from electorates of India’s northeast. In contemporary, many insurgent groups have been interfering in the elections since they entered peace dialogue with government of India. This paper attempts to analyse corrupt practices and modus operandi of electioneering practices. Majority of electorates were also on the whims of perpetrators. The state of democracy in India’s northeast is clear example of flawed democracy where elections are in servitude.
This document is a research paper that aims to provide a holistic analysis of the global "corruption war" by examining the components, dynamics, measurement, and prevention of corruption. It begins by defining three major types of corruption - grand political corruption, illicit financial transfers, and tax dodging. It then discusses the anthropological, cultural, and social dimensions of corruption, as well as potential stages of corruption. The paper also analyzes issues with accountability, laws/regulations, and methods of measuring corruption. The goal is to further the understanding of corruption in order to more effectively develop anti-corruption policies and programs.
The increasing juridification and judicialization of societies make understanding, measuring, preventing and combating the corruption plague much more complex since white-collar criminals and their political and judicial cronies continuously act to circumvent the rule of law. Therefore it is important to contextualize the major parameters involved in such dynamics in order to allow among other things quantitative modeling of corruption and related causal variables.
This paper analyzes the relationship between women empowerment, as measured by the proportion of seats held by women in national parliament, and corruption. It uses data from multiple countries over 2001-2010 and controls for various economic and socio-political variables. Preliminary OLS regressions found women empowerment benefits developed countries more than developing countries. However, instrumental variable regressions concluded women empowerment is beneficial for reducing corruption in both developing and developed countries. The paper is organized into sections on literature review, data/model specification, and conclusions.
Although there exists a vast literature on aid efficiency (the effect of aid on GDP), and that aid allocation determinants have been estimated, little is known about the minute details of aid allocation. This article investigates empirically a claim repeatedly made in the past that aid donors herd. Building upon a methodology applied to financial markets, this article finds that aid donors herd similarly to portfolio funds on financial markets. It also estimates the causes of herding and finds that political transitions towards more autocratic regimes repel donors, but that transitions towards democracy have no effect. Finally, identified causes of herding explain little of its overall level, suggesting strategic motives play an important role.
The Relationship Rural Development and CrimesAI Publications
This document summarizes research on the relationship between rural development and crimes. It discusses several theories from criminology that explore this relationship, such as social disorganization theory, strain theory, and subcultural theory. The document also presents eight hypotheses about the positive relationships between various factors like law enforcement, urbanization, demographic characteristics, and industries/enterprises with rural development and crimes. Finally, it reviews literature on this topic and discusses methods used in the research study, including a survey of 118 people to analyze the relationship between rural development and crimes.
Corruption is a widespread phenomenon that is generally considered harmful for important economic and political outcomes. Conversely, judicial accountability has positive connotations, suggesting honesty in upholding the rules of the game. We ask whether, as many seem to think, corruption worsens, and judicial accountability improves, inequality, and investigate this empirically using data from 145 countries 1960–2014. More specifically, we relate perceived corruption and de facto judicial accountability to gross-income inequality and consumption inequality, while controlling for other explanatory factors of potential importance. The study shows that corruption is negatively, and that judicial accountability is positively, related to both types of inequality. We suggest that this can be explained either by the non-elites being more skillful at using “petty corruption” or by the elites, deliberately (to retain a long-term power base) or unconsciously bringing about outcomes that benefit others more. The results are particularly pronounced in democracies; they withstand a region and decade jackknife analysis; and in the case of consumption inequality, the effect of corruption is increasing in the stability of political institutions, suggesting causal effects from corruption and judicial accountability. The findings suggest that what we conceptualize as “unfair procedures” – corruption and deviations from judicial accountability – may benefit the economically worst off and worsen the situation of the economic elite. As such, corruption may not be entirely bad, if one of its consequences is to reduce inequality – nor need judicial accountability be entirely good, if it serves to increase inequality. This does not imply that corruption is generally desirable, or that judicial accountability is generally undesirable, but knowledge of these effects can guide policymakers, in their attempts to battle corruption and strengthen judicial accountability, to handle increasing inequality through other methods.
What we see may not always be the reality and what we
presume as real may not be our observation always. In a democratic
set-up, this has often emerged as a reality. Democracies had always been subjected to criticism but it is astonishing to note how the
interplay of corrupt vision and changing social attitudes playing a
havoc in our democratic systems. This paper broadly investigates
the voting behavior and attitudes in response to sophisticated
tempting actions by political parties to pull voters. This research
demonstrates that higher the level of temptation combined with
many socio-economic perils leads to higher biasness towards
them. Participatory research, interviews, journals, publications,
and observation and media reporting have been studied, analyzed,
and scrutinized to discover how different poor and illiterate people
vote. Findings and results attribute a greater role of education,
financial liberty, backwardness, and awareness to political reality
in determining voting behavior.
Combating Corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa: Corruption Perceptions of Public...Premier Publishers
The document summarizes a research article that analyzes data from a corruption perception survey of 90 public administration students in Eritrea. The survey asked about perceptions of corruption prevalence, causes, and remedies. Key findings were that most students believe corruption is a serious problem caused by low public sector pay, lack of merit-based hiring, and non-transparent government. Students recommended civil service reforms like improved pay, accountability reforms like an anti-corruption commission, and political reforms like rule of law to address corruption. The document provides context on corruption challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and definitions of corruption before outlining the study's purpose and methodology.
Origin, Forms of Corruption that Negatively Affects Public Life, Causes and C...YogeshIJTSRD
This article describes the origins, forms, types, causes and consequences of corruption, as well as the fact that it covers all areas as a negative evil in society. Raximova Dilshoda Baxritdinovna Samarqand | Xidirov Khoshim Ibodullaevich "Origin, Forms of Corruption that Negatively Affects Public Life, Causes and Consequences" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38736.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/38736/origin-forms-of-corruption-that-negatively-affects-public-life-causes-and-consequences/raximova-dilshoda-baxritdinovna-samarqand
This document discusses the effectiveness of "naming and shaming" as a policy tool for enforcing international human rights law. It hypothesizes that less developed and autocratic states are more likely to violate human rights laws because they have less to lose from negative international reputation effects. The author aims to analyze if naming and shaming is less effective on these states compared to developed democracies that are more dependent on global economic participation. Prior research is examined that finds naming and shaming can sometimes increase violations or be strategically ignored. The study will consider political and economic characteristics that impact a state's responsiveness to such enforcement techniques.
This document discusses power, resources, and strategies for creating social change in Malawi. It defines key terms like power, resources, access, and control. Power refers to the degree of control over material and immaterial resources. Resources include both tangible things like money and land, as well as intangible things like relationships and self-confidence. Access means the opportunity to use resources, while control means the ability to choose how resources are used. The document argues that change requires addressing both visible and hidden power, and building positive alternatives like power within, power to, and power with others. It presents the case study of HIV-positive women in Malawi who organized to change perceptions of themselves and demand better healthcare, as an example
Rethink the politics of development in Africa? how the political settlement s...Dr Lendy Spires
This document analyzes how the distribution of political power within ruling coalitions in Ghana shaped the allocation of resources to the education sector from 1993 to 2008. It finds that under both the NDC and NPP governments, regions with more powerful factions within the ruling coalition received more education spending per capita compared to need. A political settlements approach focusing on how power is distributed within ruling coalitions provides insights into how politics influences development outcomes in Africa.
This document discusses three paradigms for analyzing corruption: the economic paradigm, cultural paradigm, and neo-institutional paradigm. The economic paradigm views corruption as rational choices made by individuals based on costs and rewards. The cultural paradigm examines how cultural and social norms influence moral preferences and willingness to break rules. The neo-institutional paradigm considers informal rules and networks that regulate corrupt exchanges even without legal enforcement. The author argues an analysis of corruption requires considering multiple factors and there is no single approach, as it is a complex phenomenon influenced by individual and collective choices.
Arrangements by which politically connected firms receive economic favors are a common feature around the world, but little is known of the form or effects of influence in business-government relationships. We argue that influence not only brings significant privileges for selected firms, but requires firms to relinquish certain control rights in exchange for subsidies and protection. We show that, under these conditions, political influence can actually harm firm performance. Enterprise surveys from approximately 8,000 firms in 40 developing countries indicate that influential firms benefit from lower administrative and regulatory barriers (including bribe taxes), greater pricing power, and easier access to credit. But these firms also provide politically valuable benefits to incumbents through bloated payrolls and greater tax payments. These firms are also less likely to invest and innovate, and suffer from lower productivity than their non-influential counterparts. Our results highlight a potential channel by which cronyism leads to persistent underdevelopment.
Abstract: The menace of corruption in Nigeria is very pervasive with global implications. So pervasive is corruption in Nigeria that almost every aspect of National life is affected one way or the other (Matthew et al 2013). According to Woodward 2015, psychosocial approach looks at individuals in the context of the combined influence that psychological factors and the surrounding social environment have on their physical and mental wellness and their ability to function. This approach is used in broad range of helping professions in health and social care settings as well as by medical and social science researchers. It is however difficult to provide the exact date that corruption became a subject of national discourse in Nigeria (Matthew et al 2013). The age of corruption in Nigeria however, has affected the socio-psychology of the citizenry as there have been little or no effective measures put in place to curb the menace of corruption. It is also undisputedly true that corruption in the Nigerian society has eaten deep into the law enforcement agencies, political parties, political leaders, judicial system, government and private ministries and parastatals, law makers, etc., and above all, the psycho-social standing of the citizenry is greatly affected. Thus, curbing corruption in Nigeria may seem too daunting to dare but before proffering critical remedies/strategies/recommendations that will help tremendously in curbing corruption in Nigeria, a closer look at some two major factors that have been grossly infected by corruption will be considered. These two factors are carefully selected because the multiplier effects of corruption we see today in Nigeria find their roots in these two factors which are political corruption and judicial corruption. If corruption in these two institutions mentioned is curbed, then corruption in other aspects of life would have been greatly diminished and the slogan “change begins with me” would become more productive in the reduction of corruption as well as conscience upliftment and Nigeria would be in her way forward to a corrupt-free nation.
Keywords: corruption.
Title: TOWARDS CURBING CORRUPTION IN NIGERIAN SOCIETY
Author: NWUZOR, E. EZIAKU, ANYAOGU, BONIFACE E
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH),
ISSN 2349-7831,
Paper Publications
This dissertation examines whether refugee influxes into fragile democracies in Sub-Saharan Africa increase levels of xenophobia. It analyzes South Africa, Kenya, and Uganda as case studies. The literature review discusses research on the economic and social impacts of refugees on host communities and links between refugee presence and xenophobic behavior. The methodology section outlines a qualitative comparative case study approach. The structure previews chapters on refugee terms/trends in SSA, links between xenophobia/fragile states, economic impacts of refugees, roles of regional economic unions, and responses in the three case study countries.
Leniency policies and asymmetric punishment are regarded as potentially powerful anticorruption
tools, also in the light of their success in busting price-fixing cartels. It has been
argued, however, that the introduction of these policies in China in 1997 has not helped
fighting corruption. Following up on this view, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist
Party passed, in November 2015, a reform introducing heavier penalties, but also
restrictions to leniency. Properly designing and correctly evaluating these policies is difficult.
Corruption is only observed if detected, and an increase in convictions is consistent
with both reduced deterrence or improved detection. We map the evolution of the Chinese
anti-corruption legislation, collect data on corruption cases for the period 1986-2010, and
apply a new method to identify deterrence effects from changes in detected cases developed
for cartels by Miller (2009). We document a large and stable fall in corruption cases
starting immediately after the 1997 reform, consistent with a negative effect of the reform
on corruption detection, but under specific assumptions also with increased deterrence. To
resolve this ambiguity, we collect and analyze a random sample of case files from corruption
trials. Results point to a negative effect of the 1997 reform, linked to the increased leniency
also for bribe-takers cooperating after being denounced. This likely enhanced their ability
to retaliate against reporting bribe-givers – chilling detection through whistleblowing – as
predicted by theories on how these programs should (not) be designed.
Response with 250 words each. Response 1Intergovernmenta.docxzmark3
Response with 250 words each.
Response 1:
Intergovernmental organizations were created for the nations to follow rules, norms but mostly to keep the peace amongst the world of course I believe the IGOs were created for the nations to meet at a common ground. Implying that the nations have to be functional on their own and keep evolving with the rest of the powerful nations. The authors have an optimistic view and tried to explain the institutional independence is important for the nations, more or less independent institutions may be more or less effective at promoting various objectives, such as reducing conflict or facilitating trade (Yoram, Thompson, 270). From a different scope the nations have to see all of the issues they have to be aware of if they are going to be independent from the rest of the nations like security, human rights, environment among others.
Intergovernmental Organizations have to play nice with each other and interact often in order to successfully attain mutual interests. In other words, socialization is not only a process but also an outcome (Kent,344). This is proof that cooperation is possible when negativity is set aside. Existing patterns of behavior within the nations show that coercion does not work effectively when trying to work together to bring peace and security within nations. There are consequences for every action regardless what a nation contributes as a whole, everyone can suffer negative consequences as a result of the bad actions.
China as a growing power country has been enhanced and working with the international organizations has facilitated the participation in globalization and modernization. It doesn’t seem like China is going to stop any time soon, China still has considerable goals to surpass the other great nations but meanwhile they have to play nice with the other nations. Participation has had the effect of protecting and extending China’s sovereignty, protecting and enhancing its international status, maintaining its strategic independence, preserving an external environment conducive to its own developmental goals, and promoting internal development aims through foreign investment, expanded trade, technology transfer, and development assistance (Kent, 348).
Globalization amongst business expansions are rapidly increasing but I don’t agree that power is used and abused as the authors Grant and Keohane claim. The authors are expressing their thoughts through their conventional standpoint. There are standards yes but when it comes to accountability the nations have to be responsible and held accountable for keeping in touch with the rest of the leaders. There might be some communication problems with a few of the international organizations but don’t blame the rest of the organizations. Checks and balances are mechanisms designed to prevent action that oversteps legitimate boundaries by requiring the cooperation of actors with different institutional interests to produ.
Corruption And Comparative Politics.pdfWajidKhanMP
Corruption And Comparative Politics
In general, established democracies have lower levels of corruption than dictatorships and fledgling democracies (Montinola & Jackman, 2002; Warren, 2004). However, if the regime is democratic, this alone does not guarantee freedom from corruption (Kramer, 2018; Kube, 2017; Seldadyo & De Haan, 2011; Uslaner & Rothstein, 2016). Wajid khan gives an example, if a democracy lacks transparency in political or campaign finance, has outdated freedom of information laws, has inadequate protection against whistleblowers, or uses untrustworthy media, a democratic state may experience corruption.
Moreover, crime, or at least the perception thereof, tends to increase as countries develop democratic processes. Governments have often not developed effective anti-corruption and integrity mechanisms and are currently trapped in cycles of corruption and weak democratic institutions." Using a panel of 103 countries over five years, Sung (2004) found that corruption first decreased, then increased, and then decreased again in countries becoming more democratic.
That is a combination of growing economic opportunities in the form of achievable rents (Menes, 2006) and the inability of state agencies to establish adequate control and oversight mechanisms for these new opportunities (Schneider, 2007). Sandvig (2006) says that corruption increases in places undergoing "rapid change," such as rapidly developing economies, post-communist countries, or countries transitioning from authoritarian to democratic governments. I am explaining.
Wajid khan Mp says A particular incentive is increased uncertainty. Over time, corruption decreases as governments develop their institutions and capabilities. However, this is not inevitable, and research shows that corruption exists even in the most stable and prosperous democracies (Pring & Vushi, 2019; On critical reflection, see Stephenson, 2019). Therefore, even if democracy is viewed as the preferred anti-corruption system, it is not democracy.
However, specific political institutions, actors, and processes play the role of checks and balances, including the role played. This provides an anti-corruption effect—different political parties. Moreover, when discussing corruption and democracy, it is necessary to recognize that there are many different types of democratic systems around the world, ranging from liberal democracies to democratic socialism to direct and indirect democracies. I have.
Other democratic systems can have various forms and levels of corruption. Nonetheless, as discussed in more detail below, the risk of corruption is generally driven by informally defined executive powers, limited political pluralism, media control, human rights abuses, and militarization of regimes, high in authoritarian systems (or dictatorships) that tend to be characterized. These fe
This study examines the relationship between US foreign aid and human rights violations in Latin American countries. It analyzes quantitative data on the amount of US bilateral aid received by Latin American countries from 2000-2010, and correlates it with those countries' physical integrity index scores, a measure of adherence to human rights standards. Previous studies have found mixed results on the influence of human rights on US foreign aid allocation. This study aims to provide new insight into how US foreign aid policies may impact human rights in recipient Latin American nations.
This study examines the relationship between multilateral aid allocations from the OECD and levels of government respect for human rights from 1992-2001. Specifically, it tests two hypotheses: 1) That ODA has a direct positive effect on human rights scores, and 2) That ODA has an indirect effect on human rights by positively impacting regime type and economic development, which are known to positively impact human rights. The study uses data from the OECD, World Bank, Polity IV Project, and Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Data Set to conduct statistical analyses, including regression models. Preliminary results indicate that while regime type and economic development are positively associated with human rights, ODA allocations have a negative impact
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Public Policy Essay
Public Policy Reflection Paper
Procedural Public Policy Essay
Essay On Public Policy
Public Policy Importance
Essay on Public Policy and Administration
Each response is 250 words eachResponse 1For me, this.docxjoellemurphey
Each response is 250 words each
Response 1:
For me, this weeks’ readings were more difficult than last weeks. Human right is such a powerful subject because, in my view, it’s a big “What’s in it for me”? “There was outrage about the Holocaust, but the fact is that genocide and crimes against humanity were integral to European colonization of the 18th through 20th centuries” (Benjamin 2009). I keep circling back to this point as Western Democracies hold themselves in such esteem, a vast majority of issues were self-created through colonization. Only four of the worlds’ countries were not colonized by Europe; Japan, Korea, Thailand, Liberia (Fisher 2015). I believe that legacy of living under forced rule creates a deep, systemic culture of potential abuse. The 2020 Human Rights Watch world reports identifies human rights violations or notable situations in120 nations or 61 percent of all countries (Human Rights Watch 2020). As complete as that sounds, it further reports more situation under investigation (ibid). It includes the United States for its criminal legal system (death penalty, racial disparity of incarcerated), juveniles in the court system, racial justice and policing and on and on. Going back further in our history, our genocide against the Native American population and the linkage between Nazi Germany patterning its Nuremburg Laws after our Jim Crow laws (Rose 2018) should give us pause for thought on why this is so important and how committed we should be to the cause. How did the United States escape shame and punishment for its own apartheid with Jim Crow when South Africa did not? So, we ask how we determine if human rights IOs are effective? Big issues like genocide, famine, displacement, refugees, make headlines, create some international action but then fade into the former news cycle. Human Rights Watch (HRW) provides an annual report on global issues. But how many people know what HRW is? This comes across as rather jaded and I suppose it is a realist point of view as only the strongest survive and nations only act when they can get something in return. Agreeing to human rights treaties offers nothing in return aside from the satisfaction of standing up for other humans.
Hathaway (2007) considers important factors of why states agree to human rights treaties. I find it obvious that less than democratic countries with poor human rights records buck these types of treaties because they have no foundational respect for human rights. The observation, “formal international legal enforcement of the treaties is minimal to nonexistent” Merry (2006), reminds me of Robin Williams describing how the police in the UK stop a crime by saying, “Stop, or I’ll say stop again!” (Williams 1986). It goes back to my original question of what is in it for me? Is naming and shaming the best route (Meernik, et al. 2012)? Is it the boomerang theory? IOs have made strides in broadening our understanding of human rights.
Course Readings After clicking on a citation below, enter your m.docxvanesaburnand
Course Readings
After clicking on a citation below, enter your myWalden user name ([email protected]) and password 3#icldyoB1A+ at the prompt. (if necessary)
Abramson, P. R., & Aldrich, J. H. (2000). Challenges to the American two-party system: Evidence from the 1968, 1980, 1992, and 1996 presidential elections. Political Research Quarterly, 53(3), 495–522.
Alexander, J., & Richmond, S. A. (2007). Administrative discretion: Can we move beyond cider house rules? The American Review of Public Administration, 37(1), 51–64.
Barrett, A. W., & Barrington, L. W. (2005). Bias in newspaper photograph selection. Political Research Quarterly, 58(4), 609–618.
Barrett, A. W., & Barrington, L. W. (2005). Is a picture worth a thousand words? Newspaper photographs and voter evaluations of political candidates. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10(4),98–113.
Bourgon, J. (2007). Responsive, responsible and respected government: Towards a new public administration theory. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 73(1), 7–26.
Bourgon, J. (2009). New directions in public administration: Serving beyond the predictable. Public Policy and Administration, 24(3), 309–330.
Bowler, S., & Donovan, T. (2006). Direct democracy and political parties in America. Party Politics, 12(5), 649–669.
Bowman, J. S., & West, J. P. (2009). State government "little hatch acts" in an era of civil service reform: The state of the nation. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 29(1), 20–40.
Brady, D., Beckfield, J., & Seeleib-Kaiser, M. (2005). Economic globalization and the welfare state in affluent democracies, 1975–2001. American Sociological Review, 70(6), 921–948.
Brunell, T. L. (2005). The relationship between political parties and interest groups: Explaining patterns of PAC contributions to candidates for Congress. Political Research Quarterly, 58(4), 681–688.
Catlaw, T. J., & Jordan, G. M. (2009). Public administration and "the lives of others": Toward an ethics of collaboration. Administration & Society, 41(3), 290–312.
Cohen, F., Solomon, S., Maxfield, M., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2004). Fatal attraction: The effects of mortality salience on evaluations of charismatic, task-oriented, and relationship-oriented leaders. Psychological Science, 15(12), 846–851.
Ferguson, A. (2008). We can't handle the truth. The Weekly Standard, 13(43), 12–13.
Gershtenson, J. (2003). Mobilization strategies of the Democrats and Republicans, 1956–2000. Political Research Quarterly, 56(3), 293–308.
Grynaviski, J. D. (2006). A Bayesian learning model with applications to party identification. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 18(3), 323–346.
Heaney, M. T., & McClurg, S. D. (2009). Social networks and American politics: Introduction to the special issue. American Politics Research, 37(5), 727–741.
Howell-Moroney, M. E. (2008). A mixed method look at state growth management policy. American Review of Public Administration, 38(3), 339–361.
Ireni Saban, L. (2011). L.
The increase in political instability as well as anarchy and anomie in the world is a prominent feature of politics
in the 21rst century.It has dire consequences for the population in the country torn apart by cilvil war or anarchy.
It consequences for the handling of the climate change question and the general problem of environmental
degradation. Global ecology coordination can only work if the participating governments lead strong states. The
more governments have to concentrate upon anarchy or civil wars, the less the time and resources would be
available for environmental policy-making and ecological protection. And environmental destruction tends to
worsen in countries that are not “well-ordered” (Rawls, 1971), as ecological laws are disobeyed and natural
resources dissipated until exhaustion or annihilation
SummaryThe national interest is examined through a constructivi.docxmattinsonjanel
Summary:
The national interest is examined through a constructivist viewpoint by Weldes, who believes that realist arguments can not accurately explain the actions of the state in international politics. Melde believes that under the realist perspective, the national interest is too vague of a concept for analysts to correctly judge what actions a statesmen should take.In the realist perspective, the national interest also has the fault of the analyst being unaware of what the “national interest” truly is, since it is up to interpretation. Weldes’ constructivist approach claims that national interest are social constructs created by the state to understand their position with respect to the other states. The state creates these constructs to have a better understanding of what their goals are and the obstacles that may appear in the form of other states or other organizations. The social constructs are created as a way to have an understanding of the surroundings of the state. These surroundings can be identified as other states, non-state organizations, social movements, etc. They are then described in relation to their impact to the state, like being a threat, an ally, or neutral.
Key Terms:
National interest: helps to identify what is important in international politics and to legitimize the actions taken by the state in foreign affairs
“Security dilemma”: states remain in inevitable and perpetual competition without the existence of the supra-state
Quasi-causal: not focused on accurate cause and effect; relies on patterns that can be easily noticed and justified
Domino theory: cold war belief that having one state fall to communism will lead to surrounding states following the first one
Articulation: using keywords from the language to attribute to political situations and events; a catchphrase for political terms
Interpellation: generating recognition and identification; creating a national identity to give illusion of unified state towards a common goal
Individuals:
Steve Smith: “the national interest” is a malleable term that can be used to the advantage of any state that uses it as a defense for their actions
Hans Morgenthau: “the national interest” is a term that can be considered the focus of the states’ actions in international politics
Alexander Wendt: uses constructivist perspective; the interpretations of interests and objects dictate how the state will react to different situations, so national interest will have a fixed meaning with boundaries in place that are different from the situations of other states
Week Five Learning Outcomes
This week students will:
1. Analyze collective bargaining processes and the major factors of contract negotiation.
2. Evaluate hazardous conditions and compliance issues.
Readings
Read the following chapters in: A Framework for Human Resource Management:
1. Chapter 9: Managing Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining
2. Chapter 10: Protecting Safety and Health
Discussions
To partici ...
Report #3 Changing Public Opinion Before beginning this MoseStaton39
Report #3: Changing Public Opinion
Before beginning this assignment, make certain that you have read Chapter 6 in your text (“Public Opinion
and Political Action”), the 2021 Pew Research Center Report titled “Americans See Broad Responsibilities for
Government; Little Change Since 2019” (March 17), and the 2020 article by Eli Finkel et al. from Science titled,
“Political Sectarianism in America” (October, Vol. 370, Issue 6516). Then write a brief report that contains
three separate sections that address all the points in each set of questions. Notice the expected word count
for each section (exceeding the word count will not negatively affect your grade, but please try to stay within
the range).
1. Relying on the Pew Research Center Report, briefly summarize what Americans think about the role
of the federal government in addressing various policy issues (indicate specific areas and indicate
where support is strongest and where it is weakest). Also, describe general levels of trust of and
contentment with the federal government and indicate what changes can be detected over time.
(approximately 150-200 words)
2. How do attitudes about federal government responsibilities differ by age, race, income, and
partisanship (Democrats and Republicans)? Be sure to indicate where the differences are the least and
where they are the greatest on each of these dimensions (age, race, income, and partisanship).
(approximately 150-200 words)
3. Based on your reading of “Political Sectarianism in America,” (a) summarize the article’s major
findings, (b) list and describe the three causes identified for the increase in political sectarianism, and
(c) identify and elaborate on a few of the consequences of this trend. (approximately 150-200 words)
Be careful not to plagiarize. If you want to quote directly, do so using quotation marks (giving the page number
if available). But try to do this sparingly and simply use your own words in addressing the questions.
In your writing, use an analytical tone that is free of your personal opinions. In other words, try to answer the
questions in a straightforward and objective manner.
When you are done, save the document as a Word file or as an Adobe PDF file (it cannot be Google docs, etc.)
and upload it through Moodle (these parts are very important!). Papers not uploaded by the deadline will receive
a grade penalty.
WARNING: This is an individual assignment and you are to do your own work. Use of another person’s
words without proper citation or copying from another student’s paper is considered plagiarism. All papers are
checked and retained in a plagiarism software program to identify cheating. Any suspicion of plagiarism or
other violations of the university’s academic conduct policies are turned over to the Dean of Students.
Links to the articles:
Pew Report: "Americans See Broad Responsibilities for Government"
Science: "Political Sectarianism in America"
...
Research Paper draftHave changes implemented by the Trump .docxverad6
Research Paper draft
Have changes implemented by the Trump era Justice Department affected civil rights and if so,
how have civil rights been affected?
Ayala Layen-Slann
Prof. Jean, Adeline Bernadette
ENC-1101-OL2: COMPOSITION
St. Thomas University
Tuesday, December 11, 2018
Jean Adeline Bernadette
106850000000004004
The United States Justice Department has greatly reduced enforcement of civil rights 2
For decades, the Department of Justice (DOJ) has used court-enforced agreements to
protect civil rights, successfully desegregating school systems, reforming police departments,
ensuring access for the disabled and defending religious freedom (Huseman and Waldman 2017).
In 2016 the many of the new first-time voters exercised their right to vote, hoping to be able to
see how “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness” (Jefferson, 1776) take place in a free and
democratic country.
Since the election in November 2016, the general concept is that the country is in a
continued ride on a roller-coaster where many core values are compromised, and more conflicts
arise. In the following pages, a conflict of interest and how it affects the political, economic and
social system will be reviewed. Additionally, suggested approaches to this conflict of interest will
be reviewed as well.
The Office of the Attorney General was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789, as a part-
time position. By 1870, after the civil war, the Congress passed the act to establish the
Department of Justice with the Attorney General as its head. The DOJ mission as it is taken from
their website states ”To enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to
the law; to ensure public safety against threats foreign and domestic; to provide federal leadership
in preventing and controlling crime; to seek just punishment for those guilty of unlawful
behavior; and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans.”(DOJ,
2018). There is no doubt that changes implemented by the Justice Department under President
Trump are having the overall effect of reducing the enforcement of civil rights laws.
On June 16, 2017, Elizabeth Hill, press secretary for the Department of Education told
ProPublica that the new “enforcement instructions seek to clear out the backlog while giving
every complaint the individualized and thorough consideration it deserves.” (Huseman and
Waldman 2017). The DOJ under Attorney General Jeff Sessions is now taking more of a light
Jean Adeline Bernadette
106850000000004004
A comma is generally not needed in an in-text citation.
Jean Adeline Bernadette
106850000000004004
All of this should be one Introduction paragraph.
Jean Adeline Bernadette
106850000000004004
A running head is not used in the MLA format.
The United States Justice Department has greatly reduced enforcement of civil rights 3
approach towards enforcement of civil rights whi.
There are 6 types of causes of Organizational Conflict. Interdepronnag9bkla
There are 6 types of causes of Organizational Conflict. Interdependence, difference in power, status, and culture, organizational ambiguity, competition for scarce resources, drive for autonomy, and bifurcation of submit interests. Competition for Scarce Resources is about the battle line between individuals and when their own goals conflict with others due to scarce resources. Organizations have limited budgets, personnel, equipment, and other resources to give to individuals therefore, conflicts arise. This type of conflict can range from disrespect to intentional sabotage. Patrol officers normally feel exploited and become very cynical normally because they feel like they have been denied resources therefore, they cannot do their job. “As competition for scarce resources increases, cities are turning toward marketing strategies to attract economic and social development. Innovation is a key component of success for destination marketing organizations (DMOs), but there is a need for additional empirical and theoretical development. Findings from this research based on analysis of interviews with 12 DMO leaders illuminate the need for (1) an innovation-centered organizational culture, (2) the ability to use external stakeholders as knowledge sources, and (3) the ability to use and develop knowledge internally” (Daspit, Zavattaro, 2016). To handle this issue a leader would have to step in and sort out all resources equally among everyone, from top to bottom, no matter what rank the individual is. This would help make everyone equal and give everyone a chance.
Chronic health issues have a high effect on the cost of operating in the criminal justice organization. This will always be a need that one will have in system. A way to lower the cost of the individuals care is to get a hospital help. The hospital can then get tax credits for taking in that prison/jail. This way not only is the hospital doing something for the community, but they are getting a tax break. Who doesn’t like tax breaks? Another way that the criminal justice organization can help with the chronic health issues with the costs is helping prisoners get health care. Finding a way to get them health care approved. “Healthcare coverage rates among released prisoners may be improving with the roll-out of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).[6,7] The ACA provides several mechanisms to increase healthcare coverage. Two primary mechanisms include tax credits to help middle-income persons purchase private insurance through the state or federal "marketplaces" and the expansion of Medicaid eligibility criteria. Whereas Medicaid traditionally served impoverished adults who were aged, disabled, or had dependents, the ACA expanded criteria to provide coverage to low-income adults regardless of disability or dependents” (Grodensky, Holley, Rosen. 2016). If we make sure individuals in system have health care then some if not most of their bills would be covered which would then lower the cost of ...
This document proposes a book summarizing case studies of police department reforms related to use of force. It aims to help the public understand the complex reform process and how public pressure can support reform. The book would analyze surveys, reports, court documents and news articles related to reform efforts in cities like Cincinnati. It would discuss key concepts in reform like problem-oriented policing and experimental regulation. The goal is to develop public understanding and accountability in the reform process.
Corruption & the Need for Corruption Prevention.pdfWajidKhanMP
The document discusses corruption and its negative impact on economic development. It asserts that countries with higher levels of corruption have lower citizen approval ratings and happiness indices, which can inhibit long-term economic growth. It also states that corruption disproportionately harms underprivileged communities and undermines the fundamental foundations of society. The document examines different views on the role of law in economic development and the conclusion that corruption poses a major challenge by limiting growth, competition, and risking legal/reputational issues for businesses.
Corruption & the Need for Corruption Prevention.pdfWajid Khan MP
Prevention
It is relatively easy to define corruption and how much money it involves. Instead, this essay emphasizes the value of fighting corruption from an economic standpoint. It aims to demonstrate to the reader:
The importance of redistribution based on the Marginal Utility theory, the role that law plays in economic development, the adverse effects of income inequality on sustainable economic growth, the damaging effects of low approval ratings (unhappiness) on sustainable economic growth, and the harmful effects of corruption on redistribution as well as approval ratings and consequently on sustainable.
Wajid khan simply put, the reasoning is as follows:
#wajidkhan #wajidkhanMP #politics #canadianpolitician #wajidkhanpolitician
This essay analyzes a 65-year-old retired man from Wisconsin based on his political views regarding the role of government, economic issues, social issues, military, and the environment. In interviews, the man expressed left-leaning views, supporting a larger regulatory role for government and same-sex marriage. However, he did not support abortion. Overall, his views tended to align more with Democratic ideology on most issues discussed.
Politics about big money or power games.docxsdfghj21
This document discusses interest groups and their role in health care policy and politics. It provides context on the development of interest groups in the US and describes their common functions of lobbying, grassroots mobilization, influencing elections, shaping public opinion, and litigation. The document analyzes the landscape of contemporary health care interest groups, noting that the pharmaceutical industry spends the most on lobbying. It also discusses the American Nurses Association's political action committee and involvement in campaigns.
The dilemmas of the developmental state: democracy and economic development i...FGV Brazil
Is it possible to reconcile one of the institutional strategies to promote development, known in the literature as “the developmental state”, with contemporary democratic systems of government? If so, what are the challenges, trade-offs and potential gains that such an effort may entail? The vast literature on “the developmental state” claims that it is more likely to succeed under autocratic regimes. While a “democratic developmental state” seems possible in theory, there is very little empirical evidence to show how it would work in practice. This article tries to contribute to this debate by analyzing the case of Brazil, a country that transitioned from a military dictatorship to a democratic regime in the late 1980s, and has been moving towards increasing state interventionism since 2002. While the policies implemented by the “New Developmental State” in Brazil have been explored in the academic literature, their democratic dimensions remain unchartered.
Date: 2015
Authors:
Prado, Mariana Mota
Schapiro, Mario Gomes
Coutinho, Diogo R.
Interest Groups in Health Care Policy and Politics.docx4934bk
Interest groups play a significant role in health care policy and politics. They influence policy through lobbying legislators, mobilizing public support, influencing elections, and shaping public opinion. Some key interest groups discussed are trade unions, business associations, and social advocacy groups focused on issues like civil rights, the environment, and access to healthcare. However, some groups pose as unbiased while actually representing hidden industry interests, like tobacco companies. Overall, interest groups are a complex part of the policy process that both empower citizens and influence politics through money and lobbying.
Similar to Human rights in developing countries and its relationship with country’s economic development (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Human rights in developing countries and its relationship with country’s economic development
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Human rights in developing countries and its
relationship with country’s economic development
Khalid Abas Rashid Kurachi
Public Law, Erbil, Kurdistan
Email: khalid.abaskurachi@gmail.com
Abstract— The purpose of this study is to examine the
relationship of human rights and economic development in
the developing countries. A quantitative method used in
order to analyze data gathered by the researcher. The
researcher used questionnaire in order to be able to analyze
the current study. A random sampling method used, where
almost all participants will have equal chances of being
selected for the sample. The researcher gathered 161
questionnaires, however 12 questionnaires were invalid and
149 questionnaires were properly completed. The
questionnaire structured in the form of multiple choice
questions. The finding of this study showed that there is a
strong and positive relationship between human right and
economic development in developing countries, according
the research hypothesis was found to be supported which
stated that a developed economic in developing country will
have a positive relationship with the protection of human
rights.
Keywords— Human rights, economic development,
developing countries.
I. INTRODUCTION
The perception of elevated requirements of human rights
security has for some time been perceived as one of the
recognizing highlights of cutting edge social orders. An
unmistakable distinction exists between cutting edge
countries and creating nations notwithstanding when we
separate between various categories of human rights, for
example, common and political rights and financial and
social rights. The surviving cross-national and quantitative
writing on human rights has looked either expressly at
financial elements or certainly as control factors nearby
extraordinary arrangements of social, political and social
informative factors (Freeman &Staley, 2018). Demonstrate
estimations in the writing additionally incorporate controls
for settled impacts or for provincial and sub-territorial variety
commonly as heartiness checks (Horne, 2018). In this paper,
we center expressly around the monetary and geological
parts of human rights execution as for physical honesty rights
utilizing a consolidated human rights factor score, local sham
factors, and spatial weightings for both the size and vicinity
of neighbors. The part of human rights (other than property
rights and the control of law) to these pivotal connections in
the formative procedure is still, be that as it may, blurred in
lack of definition. (Pildes, 2018), indicates a reasonable part
for human rights-type factors in advancing financial
development. Be that as it may, notwithstanding solid
contentions that political foundations underlie the neediness
traps plaguing numerous nations, there has still been
moderately little examination of the part of human rights
other than property rights in managing such traps. To some
degree, this may mirror the impact of the 'institutional school'
contending that human rights are to some degree
insignificant to the formative procedure, where they are
believed to be a 'decent' which wealthier nations supply to
their populace. Against this, we can set (Kuruvilla, et al.
2018), contention for a wide range of human rights. For this,
issues, for example, opportunity, reasonableness and
correspondence are all of equivalent significance and social
capital (which is accepted to include components of both
monetary and noneconomic rights) positively affects welfare
and development. Somewhere in the range of conditional
proof for contention has originated from (Duflo, 2012), who
discovered positive connections between both property rights
and non-monetary human rights and improvement. Why and
when do governments mishandle human rights? For quite a
few years, analysts have endeavored to answer this inquiry
by investigating the political, financial, lawful, and social
factors that seem to influence governments' basic leadership.
This examination motivation has yielded a few vital
discoveries: Governments have a tendency to quell human
rights with a specific end goal to keep up control when they
see dangers from contradicting groups. Majority rule
governments tend to direct less such misuse than despotic
governments. Suppression is less predominant in wealthier
and littler nations, while increments in infringement of
human rights are likely amid times of common war. Lawful
organizations additionally seem to factor into these choices:
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nations with free judiciaries are less inclined to disregard
human rights, and legitimized human rights seem to decrease
constraint. Standardizing factors are likewise pivotal, and
support bunches depend on the energy of standards to change
social qualities with respect to human rights rehearses. While
the huge writing on the suppression of human rights offers a
wide range of points of view, one shared trait among
researchers with here and there clashing perspectives is the
emphasis on the manners by which exhibit day factors
influence human rights rehearses. Researchers who center on
auxiliary elements give speculations and observational proof
with respect to the connection between contemporary
legitimate, political, and monetary factors and contemporary
levels of suppression. The individuals who center on
standards dissect how contemporary social and social
qualities, characters, and thoughts influence the regard for
human rights.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Human rights
The reach of human rights considers has a tremendous
writing in the practices, reasoning, political science,
worldwide law, and additionally financial matters of human
rights. (Aker & Mbiti, 2010), has been a long standing
protector of human rights in morals and financial matters,
and has contributed much to the field of human rights
examines. (Mansilla & Jackson, 2011), have scrutinized
"standard" financial structures for fail to consider to the
inborn and instrumental estimation of human rights, asserting
that prevailing methodologies in monetary examinations
have focused on monetary procedures and results barely
deciphered as far as utility with no particular affirmation of
basic flexibilities and human rights. (Sachs, 2012), contends
that "political freedom and common flexibilities are
specifically essential all alone, and don't need to be
legitimized in a roundabout way as far as their impact on the
economy". Furthermore, he additionally contends that
insurance of human rights is productivity upgrading in that
more prominent opportunity improves the capacity of
individuals to encourage themselves. As (Cingranelli, &
Richards, 2010), contends, the characteristic estimation of
security of human rights is an indispensable piece of human
welfare, and can't be overemphasized. For instance,
insurance against torment, discretionary capture and the
privilege to political support can be seen as products of
greatly high esteem. In reality, finding the inherent
estimation of assurance of the different kinds of human rights
is an interesting report in itself. The feedback that financial
specialists have a tendency to overlook human rights' inborn
esteem is a completely substantial feedback of this
examination. In any case, as I would like to think, the
instrumental estimation of human rights has additionally
been understudied by financial experts. This proposition is an
endeavor to add to the last field. It will center exclusively on
the instrumental estimation of human rights assurance,
through customary monetary measures of welfare (Coalter,
2010). How does insurance of human rights influence
development? Which channels do they work through,
assuming any? I will endeavor to portray a portion of the
more conceivable channels underneath. Be that as it may,
first I will take a gander at a portion of the switch causality
instruments. This paper expects to research how practices of
some human rights influence financial development. In any
case, it is likely that monetary development influences
practices of human rights, and that we have a two-way
causality. This may prompt one-sided estimators in the exact
examination. Before advancing into the primary investigation
on how human rights insurance influences development, I
will in this way think about the switch case: how does
monetary development influence the security of human
rights? An early endeavor to research the causes and
connections between human rights infringement, estimated
through torment and political detainment, and political and
financial elements (Chang, 2011). The creators question
whether the poorest countries are the most noticeably bad
violators of human rights, if the most noticeably awful
violators have a specific frontier foundation, and whether
more up to date countries are more inclined to quell. The
article endeavors to test these theories utilizing bivariate
factual investigation for a predetermined number of nations.
The creators find that the monetary variables have more
illustrative use than the political components. They discover
restricted help for the postulation that poor nations are more
inclined to suppression, and that lone nations with high wage
do well on human rights. A later observational examination
of the reasons for human rights infringement was attempted
by (Appel, 2018). Utilizing pooled cross-sectional time
arrangement information, the creators relapsed various
logical factors on measures of human rights rehearses, among
them level of GDP and development of GDP. The creators
anticipate that level of GDP will positively affect the security
against human rights infringement, since nations with higher
earnings are more averse to confront local disobedience to
which nation pioneers may react with constraint.
Nonetheless, they contend that the impact of financial
development on human rights practices may not be clear. On
one hand, monetary development creates a bigger economy,
so nations confront less asset imperatives that may prompt
residential disobedience. Then again: "Financial development
would expand suppression since it builds the quantity of
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déclassé people and gatherings that are most inclined to
advance precariousness" (Horne, 2018). The creators contend
that these two impacts pull in inverse ways. A past report
embraced by the creators demonstrated no noteworthy
impacts of development on human rights hones. The
evaluated impact of level of GDP is exceptionally huge and
positive on human rights rehearses, so a higher local pay
level is related with better practices. The assessed impact of
GDP development is critical at the 1% level in one of their
particulars, and positive, however the evaluated coefficient
isn't huge. Indeed, even an amazingly high development rate
every year would effects affect human rights hones
(Cingranelli & Filippov, 2018).
Economic Development
Research on the connection amongst advancement and the
assurance of human rights can be sorted out in no less than
two gatherings: to begin with, articles that address the results
of financial improvement for rights insurance too essentially,
second, articles that emphasis on particular instruments of
monetary improvement, for example, outside venture, special
exchange understandings, World Bank and International
Monetary Fund programs, global guide – and their effect on
the security of human rights (Savelsberg, 2018). In the two
cases, the writing is managing original human rights, and,
generally, rights to physical trustworthiness. I will take after
this structure and present research that has moved the way
researchers have customarily taken a gander at political
structures, improvement and prosperity, trailed by several
articles that examine the effect of particular instruments of
advancement on rights protection (Zembylas, 2018). It leaves
from the suspicion that each pioneer needs to stay in control
and that along these lines political survival is there as a
matter of first importance inclination. The choices pioneers
make in a commonwealth are arranged towards securing his
or her political survival, and the choice to ensure the
privileges of people under their locale is no special case.
Keeping that in mind, human rights insurance falls under the
class of open merchandise in that assurance of those rights
meets the criteria on non-excludability and non-equal
utilization. In straightforward terms, once these products are
influenced accessible anybody in the commonwealth to can
make the most of their advantages; additionally, utilization
(or delight) by one gathering does not decrease the supply of
the useful for different gatherings (Talbot & Carter, 2018). In
light of these preliminaries, each country comprises of a
gathering of occupants, some of whom have the ability to
participate in choosing who the pioneer will be. People who
can take an interest in the determination of the pioneer have a
place in a gathering called the electorate. With a specific end
goal to stay in control, the pioneer needs the help of a
triumphant coalition or the gathering of people drawn from
the electorate, whose help is fundamental if the pioneer is to
remain in control. The triumphant coalition can be little – as
in most tyrant administrations – or very substantial, such as
choosing dominant parts in a majority rules system. As
indicated by the model, pioneers managing a little winning
coalition will compensate these people with private
merchandise in return for their help (Thuon, 2018). Private
products are satisfactory here in light of the fact that the
gathering of recipients is little, else it would turn out to be
restrictively costly to do as such. In huge winning coalition
administrations, as most majority rules systems seem to be,
on account of pioneers can't repay their steadfast supporters
with private products they swing to the arrangement of open
merchandise. Human rights insurance is one among different
types of pay that fall under general society great class. It is
straightforward how the creators represent the way that the
level of human rights security is higher among majority rules
systems – accurately the administrations that are described
by substantial winning coalitions. Another relevant
commitment, drawing specifically from their exploration,
identifies with the dynamic part of their model, particularly
in regards to monetary advancement. They indicate how
substantial winning coalition administrations are for the most
part corresponded with higher GDP per capita and
development rates, while little winning coalition
administrations have a tendency to be poorer, by and large
(Vadlamannati, et al. 2018). As the span of the triumphant
coalition develops, for instance, amid changes to majority
rules system, development rates psychologist and GDP per
capita goes down – even beneath prior little winning
coalition levels! This finding shows that the "street to
majority rules system" is tricky and can avoid into dictator
breaks effortlessly. This outcome runs as one with the
examination of the results of democratization for the
insurance of human rights offered in the past segment. By
and by, once a country achieves a specific limit, development
resumes and GDP per capita mirrors the new situation.
Results from this examination plan convey shrewd
admonitions to researchers and policymakers working with
human rights security in transitional social orders.
Responsibilities regarding larger amounts of security might
be – and regularly are – self-serving to the initiative, which
should battle declining financial execution as an outcome of
the move from an accentuation on the arrangement of private
products to the arrangement of open merchandise, human
rights included. A nuanced talk inside a similar general
system is offered by (De Wet, 2018). As the title of the
article, Development and Democracy, recommends, the
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writers try to research whether the regular knowledge that
monetary improvement definitely prompts democratization
remains constant. They start by taking a gander at
illustrations that resist generally held convictions with
respect to the connection amongst improvement and majority
rule government: Russia and China are the guilty parties. In
these two cases, one sees unfaltering financial development
unmatched by huge enhancements along the majority rule
scale – with very much reported ramifications for human
rights insurance (Anyanwu, 2018). They continue to contend
that pioneers have progressed toward becoming
progressively canny with regards to overseeing development
spurts and overflows to keep the strengthening and
preparation of the working classes, which, agreeing the
conventional story, would achieve democratization and
responsibility. Pioneers do as such by separating between
coordination products and customary open merchandise. The
previous are basic to advancement, while the last are vital to
empowering strengthening and activation – at last achieving
democratization. To be clearer, coordination products include
things like open advanced education, political rights,
opportunity of press and human rights, all the more
extensively. Customary open merchandise, in their
investigation, comprise of things like framework, general
wellbeing, essential training, transportation, and security.
These are basic for monetary movement to flourish and
blossom. Diminishing the arrangement of this merchandise
would antagonistically affect financial development itself. So
pioneers pick the better of the two universes: development,
which repays their triumphant coalitions, in the customary
non-equal utilization design, with the political the present
state of affairs that outcomes from a consider push to end
political assembly through the withholding of coordination
products. Pioneers' worries with their political survival are
the key idea in this exploration motivation. The model
difficulties the outdated perspective of vote based system as a
heuristic resource, to show that pioneers representing an
equitable nation are no less self-intrigued than those heading
a tyrant administration (Grabe, 2018). Systems for political
survival will differ for each situation, with critical results for
human rights insurance. In any case, the researcher and
professional might need to watch out for his or her
arrangement objectives, marking down the talk that is
frequently present in just talk. Incredulity is additionally the
expression of request in the three articles that I talk about
straightaway, which manage financial instruments and their
viability in accomplishing enhancements in rights security.
The principal article, by (Fariss, 2018), examines whether
particular exchange understandings that address human rights
affect the level of rights assurance in the objective nation.
She talks about two systems of impact that are all around
investigated in the writing: influence and intimidation.
Influence is generally considered and upheld among
constructivist global relations researchers, for whom the
inclinations of states are always being formed by different
states engaged with the procedure. As it were, inclinations
and decisions of activity are socially impacted. Influence is a
conspicuous component to achieve congruity with standards
and tenets. Then again, the second instrument examined in
the article, compulsion, draws from a pragmatist way to deal
with state conduct, nearer to the pragmatist and
institutionalism universal relations grant. Intimidation
assumes the capacity to force a tenable danger and the way to
execute it. It likewise requires that the risk speak to an
important misfortune for the objective nation. According to
(Patel & Bhui, 2018), exploration configuration offers
abundant chance to watch the two components at work, as
her dataset of special exchange economic developments
consulted by the European Union and the United States with
different nations thinks about the two systems. To be sure, a
few economic developments incorporate a delicate condition
whereby states that are entering the understanding focus on
enhancing the circumstance of human rights in their domain.
In these delicate understandings, there is no punishment for
neglecting to go along. The other arrangement of economic
developments, purported hard understandings, incorporate a
similar human rights proviso, and however condition the
continuation of the consent to genuine upgrades in the level
of rights security. As such, if the objective nation does not
enhance the circumstance of human rights in its region, it
will lose the exchange benefits related with the economic
development (Adonis, 2018).
Relationship between human rights and economic
development
According to (Simmons, 2018), the primary sort of market
unconstrained, he additionally partition the second kind of
business sectors into two subsets: irrepressible and socially
thought up. The previous are markets where the increases
from exchange to the two sides are sufficiently huge that they
work at an abnormal state of exchanges even without
corresponding foundations, e.g., the business sectors for
illicit products and enterprises. The last are markets where
the nonattendance of correlative organizations keeps them
from working at an abnormal state of exchanges. For, this
nonappearance prompts generous increments in the hazard to
the increases from exchange by members on either side of
the market. These dangers are to such an extent that even
possibly huge additions from exchange can be deficient for
these business sectors to exist or work at an abnormal state of
exchanges where they do figure out how to exist, e.g., money
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related markets. A correlative foundation required for
socially thought up business sectors to exist and capacity at
an abnormal state, as per (Fournier & Ortiz, 2018), is the
presence of agreement authorization components. According
to (Meier & Gostin, 2018), contends that another correlative
foundation for this sort of market to flourish is the
nonattendance of predation by government over nationals. As
per (Sanders, 2018), describes this fundamental organization
as 4 responsibilities regarding the run of law and contends
that security of human rights is the best pointer of this
dedication. In a different strand of writing (Clément, 2018),
require the need to unbundle foundations, separate between
property rights organizations and contracting establishments
and connect the previous with obliging government and first
class seizure of different gatherings. Experimentally, (Chan,
2018), go ahead to demonstrate that what is important for
monetary development are property rights foundations,
estimated as Constraints on the Executive, and not
contracting organizations, estimated as Legal Formalism.
(Freeman &Staley, 2018), utilize an indistinguishable
procedure from these creators with the as of late
disaggregated records of common freedoms by Freedom
House. This enables them to show that second era human
rights, in particular those related with monetary and social
decision, are much more capable in clarifying financial
development or the level of tasks of speculation products
markets than some other factors utilized as a part of the
writing. These incorporate, among others, the measures
utilized by (Pildes, 2018), original human rights, for instance
flexibility of articulation and opportunity of gathering, and
political rights. A couple of different strands of writing
encroach upon our subject in a more extraneous manner and
we address them quickly before building up our contentions.
One strand is the customary human rights writing. An issue
that has emerged in this writing is the way to total and relate
numerous measurements of human rights and different
measurements of results of intrigue, e.g., measures of
financial prosperity, in a sensible way from the factual
perspective. Here the concentration lies in disaggregating
measurements of human rights and on relating every one of
them to the standard measure of monetary prosperity in the
financial aspects (Duflo, 2012).
III. RESEARCH METHOD
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of
human rights and economic development in the developing
countries. A quantitative method used in order to analyze
data gathered by the researcher. The researcher used
questionnaire in order to be able to analyze the current study.
A random sampling method used, where almost all
participants will have equal chances of being selected for the
sample. The researcher gathered 161 questionnaires, however
12 questionnaires were invalid and 149 questionnaires were
properly completed. The questionnaire structured in the form
of multiple choice questions. The participants were asked to
mark each item on five point scales ranging from definitely
agree to do not agree at all. According the main research
aim, the researcher set a hypothesis to measure the
relationship between human rights and economic
development by stating that a developed economic in
developing country will have a positive relationship with the
protection of human rights. However, the researcher
distrusted questionnaires randomly, based on the
demographic analysis it was found that; In terms of
participants’ gender 78% were male and 22% were female.
In terms of participants’ age, 18.1% of participants fall into
group 18-25 years old, 26.8% of participants fall into group
26-32 years old, 32.2% of participants fall into group of 33-
38 years old, and 15.4% of participants fall into group of 39-
45 years old and 7.4% of participants fall into group of 45
years old and above. In terms of year (s) of experiences
24.8% of participants had 1-2 years of experience(s), 33.6%
of participants 3-4 years of experiences 26.2% of participants
had 5-6 years of experiences, 9.4% of participants had 7-8
years of experiences and 6% of participants had 8 years and
above of experiences. And finally, concerning participants’
level of education, 14.1% of participants had obtained
diploma certificate, 74.5% of participants had obtained
bachelor degree and 11.4% of participants had obtained
Master degree.
Analyzing the collected data
Table.1: Reliability statistics
Factors Reliability statistics
Cranach’s Alpha
Number of
used items
Human rights .812 12
Economic
development
.734 12
Table (1) shows Reliability test for human right as
independent variable and economic development as
dependent variable. Concerning human rights the Statistics
Cranach’s Alpha ∂=.812, this indicates that 12 questions used
to measure human rights were reliable for this study,
moreover, concerning of economic development reliability
Statistics Cranach’s Alpha ∂=.734, also indicates that 12
questions used to measure economic development were
reliable for this study.
Table.2: Correlation Analysis
Factors Pearson correlation Economic
development
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Human right Pearson correlation .758 **
Sing. (2-tailed) .000
N 149
** correlation is significant at the level 0.01 level (2-tailed)
According to correlation test as seen in table (2), the
researcher found that human right has significant correlation
(r=.758**, p<0.01) with economic development in
developing countries.
Table.3: Model summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .801(a) .747 .48 .891
a Predictors: (constant), human right
Table.3: ANOVA
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
Regression
Residual
Total
112.312
28,192
140.504
7
102
109
21.321
.203
61.231 .563
Table.4: Multiple regression Analysis
Unstandardized
coefficients
Standardized
coefficients
B Std.
Error
Beta t Sig.
(constant) 21.213 .612 .9189 .000
Human rights .712 .04 .719 3.124 .000
Dependent : economic development
Table (4) explains the results research hypothesis. The
research hypothesis which stated that a developed economic
in developing country will have a positive relationship with
the protection of human rights. The result showed that the
value of B for human right is .712 this indicates that there is
a strong and positive relationship between human right and
economic development in developing countries, according
the research hypothesis was found to be supported which
stated that a developed economic in developing country will
have a positive relationship with the protection of human
rights.
IV. CONCLUSION
What human rights can accomplish being developed
identifies with the production of a space of security and
respect around the human individual from where
improvement can push ahead. At the level concerning the
most critical performers being developed, i.e., the human on-
screen characters and their fundamental occupation security
and association with experts and power, human rights and
advancement are commonly strengthening. Human rights can
serve to think the focal point of improvement around the
human individual. There are hence solid linkages between a
human improvement worldview and human rights. In the
1990s, human rights and advancement endeavors were united
as the fundamental desires and destinations inside the two
regions changed, and as another worldwide request, with
human rights as one of its constituting qualities, were built
up. This has impacted how the primary propensities inside
the two orders have been figured, and how NGOs have
connected human rights and improvement help. In the
meantime, it mirrors a positive propensity that is being
conveyed forward by nonwestern mindsets that prevail with
regards to incorporating financial and strengthening targets,
in any event on the level of ideas. This explore note talked
about the current grant inside the field of global political
economy that has examined different variables appeared to
affect the level of human rights security – concentrating on
rights to physical uprightness. The article systematized this
writing into two general classes: look into managing the
results of majority rules system and democratization for
human rights security, and research managing improvement
and related monetary instruments for the level of rights
assurance. The discoveries in the two classes of writing
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challenge tried and true way of thinking established in the
considerate outcomes credited to both majority rules system
and improvement. Fundamentally through quantitative
examinations, the creators point to a few unintended
unfavorable results of vote based system (and
democratization) and in addition improvement for the
insurance of human rights. A superior comprehension of the
causal components behind a portion of these results may help
analysts in the mission for suggestions that can effectively
alleviate – if not take out – these unfriendly results. We want
to have added to this exertion by welcoming scientists to
investigate the issue. The way to accomplish a sensible
combination between human rights and advancement
exercises identify with making of the two privileges and
procedures of strengthening. The International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights sets up qualifications
to essential expectations for everyday comforts, essential
human services, and fundamental training alongside various
other rights. But these privileges are presently coordinated
towards country expresses that are frequently hampered by
absence of assets, bungle, and confinements forced by global
mediations. The extent of qualifications must be expanded to
coordinate rights towards loci of genuine power effort. This
incorporates the country state, yet additionally worldwide
associations and firms that occasionally impact human rights
acknowledgment to an extensively more grounded degree
than country states alone. Such a suggestion raises issues of
sway, yet one method for managing this issue is to enlarge
the extent of responsibility for human rights usage by making
contributors and worldwide associations, NGOs and firms
co-in charge of certain base financial, social, and social
benchmarks. In the event that such an extent of duty is
acknowledged, new controls for United Nations checking of
human rights usage are required. Such controls can flourish
in an infringement approach as recommended previously. A
moment intends to improve the mix of human rights and
advancement exercises are to utilize human rights in a
procedure of strengthening. Minimization has a rights
measurement that is fundamental to the living states of poor
and powerless individuals. Among these individuals, three
variables win in their communication with a formal
arrangement of equity: 1) absence of learning about and
confide in specialists, and absence of conviction that one has
rights in connection to them, 2) absence of information about
one's rights, and 3) absence of monetary and physical access
to present day law (it is both excessively costly, too far away
and furthermore regularly works on different premises than
those that are privately acknowledged). Fighting exemption
and defilement and enhancing access to equity hence stay
imperative for a system to advance strengthening. A moment
leg of a methodology of strengthening is the empowering of
underestimated populaces to request their rights. Aside from
upgraded access to formal frameworks of equity, learning
about rights is consequently pivotal. What is focal in such a
technique is by all accounts a changing worldview of equity
that is not so much legitimate but rather more social—which
moves some portion of the talk on human rights from the
courts and the best establishments to territories where there is
a critical requirement for both insurance and satisfaction of
human rights.
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