This document summarizes research on the relationship between rural development and crimes. It discusses several theories from criminology that explore this relationship, such as social disorganization theory, strain theory, and subcultural theory. The document also presents eight hypotheses about the positive relationships between various factors like law enforcement, urbanization, demographic characteristics, and industries/enterprises with rural development and crimes. Finally, it reviews literature on this topic and discusses methods used in the research study, including a survey of 118 people to analyze the relationship between rural development and crimes.
1.. Islamic Rule and the Emancipation of the Poor and Pious
I estimate the impact of Islamic rule on secular education and labor market outcomes with a new and unique dataset of Turkish municipalities. Using a regression discontinuity design, I compare elections where an Islamic party barely won or lost municipal mayor seats. The results show that Islamic rule has had a large positive effect on education, predominantly for women. This impact is not only larger when the opposing candidate is from a secular left-wing, instead of a right-wing party; it is also larger in poorer and more pious areas. The participation result extends to the labor market, with fewer women classified as housewives, a larger share of employed women receiving wages, and a shift in female employment towards higher-paying sectors. Part of the increased participation, especially in education, may come through investment from religious foundations, by providing facilities more tailored toward religious conservatives. Altogether, my findings stand in contrast to the stylized view that more Islamic in‡uence is invariably associated with adverse development outcomes, especially for women. One interpretation is that limits on religious expression, such as the headscarf ban in public institutions, raise barriers to entry for the poor and pious. In such environments, Islamic movements may have an advantage over secular alternatives.
2. Islam and Long-Run Development
I show new evidence on the long-run impact of Islam on economic development. Using the proximity to Mecca as an instrument for the Muslim share of a country's population, while holding geographic factors fixed, I show that Islam has had a negative long-run impact on income per capita. This result is robust to a host of geographic, demographic and historical factors, and the impact magnitude is around three times that of basic cross-sectional estimates. I also show evidence of the impact of Islam on religious influence in legal institutions and women's rights, two outcomes seen as closely associated with the presence of Islam. A larger Islamic influence has led to a larger religious influence in legal institutions and lower female participation in public institutions. But it has also had a positive impact on several measures of female health outcomes relative to men. These results stand in contrast to the view that Islam has invariably adverse consequences for all forms of women's living standards, and instead emphasizes the link between lower incomes and lower female participation in public institutions.
3. The Rise of China and the Natural Resource Curse in Africa
We produce a new empirical strategy to estimate the causal impact of selling oil to China on economic and political development, using an instrumental variables design based on China's economic rise and consequent demand for oil in interaction with the pre-existence of oil in Sub-Saharan Africa.
New Report Exposes Chinas Malign Influence And Corrosion Of Democracy Worldwi...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.iri.org/resource/new-report-exposes-chinas-malign-influence-and-corrosion-democracy-worldwide IRI (INTERNATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE) is the premier international democracy-development organization https://youtu.be/XhBUbbQyhxE New Report Exposes China's Malign Influence and Corrosion of Democracy Worldwide You are hereHome > New Report Exposes China's Malign Influence and Corrosion of Democracy Worldwide CHINESE MALIGN INFLUENCEAND THE CORROSION OF DEMOCRACY An Assessment of Chinese Interference in Thirteen Key Countries The report, entitled "Chinese Malign Influence and the Corrosion of Democracy," brings together research by experts from 12 vulnerable democracies — Cambodia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Serbia, Ecuador, Zambia, Mongolia, Hungary, The Gambia, Myanmar, Malaysia and the Maldives — and provides local perspectives on how China is impacting the politics and economics of these countries. https://www.iri.org/country/asia/details INTERNATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE info@iri.org
High coordination costs are often identified as the reason for the low quality of public goods available to the poor. We report findings from a unique combination of a village-randomized controlled trial and a lab-in-the-field experiment. An in-depth survey of 1,600 women before and after an intervention establishing membership-based organizations in one of the poorest districts in India shows that the presence of these groups increased villagers’ capacity to address water delivery problems, and improved access to, and quality of, water service. Public goods games with over 200 participants in a subset of control and treatment villages show that the presence of village groups increased cooperation among both members and non-members in treated villages. We find little evidence that cooperation is facilitated by more common tastes among group members. These results suggest that, in contrast to traditional community development programs, membership groups can help poor communities build social capital.
Human rights in developing countries and its relationship with country’s econ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of human rights and economic development in the developing countries. A quantitative method used in order to analyze data gathered by the researcher. The researcher used questionnaire in order to be able to analyze the current study. A random sampling method used, where almost all participants will have equal chances of being selected for the sample. The researcher gathered 161 questionnaires, however 12 questionnaires were invalid and 149 questionnaires were properly completed. The questionnaire structured in the form of multiple choice questions. The finding of this study showed that there is a strong and positive relationship between human right and economic development in developing countries, according the research hypothesis was found to be supported which stated that a developed economic in developing country will have a positive relationship with the protection of human rights.
The facilities of computer technology have not come out without drawbacks. Though it makes the life so speedy and fast, but hurled under the eclipse of threat from the deadliest type of criminality termed as Cybercrime without computers, entire businesses and government operations would almost cease to function. This proliferation of cheap, powerful, user friendly computers has enabled more and more people to use them and, more importantly, rely on them as part of their normal way of life. As businesses, government agencies, and individuals continue to rely on them more and more, so do the criminals Restriction of cybercrimes is dependent on proper analysis of their behavior and understanding of their impacts over various levels of society. Therefore, in the current manuscript a systematic understanding of cybercrimes and their impacts over various areas like Soci eco political, consumer trust, teenager etc. With the future trends of cybercrimes are explained. Dr. Renu | Pawan ""Impact of Cyber Crime: Issues and Challenges"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23456.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/23456/impact-of-cyber-crime-issues-and-challenges/dr-renu
Corruption is a widespread phenomenon that is generally considered harmful for important economic and political outcomes. Conversely, judicial accountability has positive connotations, suggesting honesty in upholding the rules of the game. We ask whether, as many seem to think, corruption worsens, and judicial accountability improves, inequality, and investigate this empirically using data from 145 countries 1960–2014. More specifically, we relate perceived corruption and de facto judicial accountability to gross-income inequality and consumption inequality, while controlling for other explanatory factors of potential importance. The study shows that corruption is negatively, and that judicial accountability is positively, related to both types of inequality. We suggest that this can be explained either by the non-elites being more skillful at using “petty corruption” or by the elites, deliberately (to retain a long-term power base) or unconsciously bringing about outcomes that benefit others more. The results are particularly pronounced in democracies; they withstand a region and decade jackknife analysis; and in the case of consumption inequality, the effect of corruption is increasing in the stability of political institutions, suggesting causal effects from corruption and judicial accountability. The findings suggest that what we conceptualize as “unfair procedures” – corruption and deviations from judicial accountability – may benefit the economically worst off and worsen the situation of the economic elite. As such, corruption may not be entirely bad, if one of its consequences is to reduce inequality – nor need judicial accountability be entirely good, if it serves to increase inequality. This does not imply that corruption is generally desirable, or that judicial accountability is generally undesirable, but knowledge of these effects can guide policymakers, in their attempts to battle corruption and strengthen judicial accountability, to handle increasing inequality through other methods.
How do political elites prepare the civilian population for participation in violent conflict? We empirically investigate this question using village-level data from the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. Every Saturday before 1994, Rwandan villagers had to meet to work on community infrastructure, a practice called Umuganda. This practice was highly politicized and, in the years before the genocide, regularly used for spreading political propaganda. To establish causality, we exploit cross-sectional
variation in meeting intensity induced by exogenous weather fluctuations. We find that an additional rainy Saturday resulted in a five percent lower civilian participation rate in genocide violence. These results pass a number of indirect tests of the exclusion restriction as well as other robustness checks and placebo tests.
1.. Islamic Rule and the Emancipation of the Poor and Pious
I estimate the impact of Islamic rule on secular education and labor market outcomes with a new and unique dataset of Turkish municipalities. Using a regression discontinuity design, I compare elections where an Islamic party barely won or lost municipal mayor seats. The results show that Islamic rule has had a large positive effect on education, predominantly for women. This impact is not only larger when the opposing candidate is from a secular left-wing, instead of a right-wing party; it is also larger in poorer and more pious areas. The participation result extends to the labor market, with fewer women classified as housewives, a larger share of employed women receiving wages, and a shift in female employment towards higher-paying sectors. Part of the increased participation, especially in education, may come through investment from religious foundations, by providing facilities more tailored toward religious conservatives. Altogether, my findings stand in contrast to the stylized view that more Islamic in‡uence is invariably associated with adverse development outcomes, especially for women. One interpretation is that limits on religious expression, such as the headscarf ban in public institutions, raise barriers to entry for the poor and pious. In such environments, Islamic movements may have an advantage over secular alternatives.
2. Islam and Long-Run Development
I show new evidence on the long-run impact of Islam on economic development. Using the proximity to Mecca as an instrument for the Muslim share of a country's population, while holding geographic factors fixed, I show that Islam has had a negative long-run impact on income per capita. This result is robust to a host of geographic, demographic and historical factors, and the impact magnitude is around three times that of basic cross-sectional estimates. I also show evidence of the impact of Islam on religious influence in legal institutions and women's rights, two outcomes seen as closely associated with the presence of Islam. A larger Islamic influence has led to a larger religious influence in legal institutions and lower female participation in public institutions. But it has also had a positive impact on several measures of female health outcomes relative to men. These results stand in contrast to the view that Islam has invariably adverse consequences for all forms of women's living standards, and instead emphasizes the link between lower incomes and lower female participation in public institutions.
3. The Rise of China and the Natural Resource Curse in Africa
We produce a new empirical strategy to estimate the causal impact of selling oil to China on economic and political development, using an instrumental variables design based on China's economic rise and consequent demand for oil in interaction with the pre-existence of oil in Sub-Saharan Africa.
New Report Exposes Chinas Malign Influence And Corrosion Of Democracy Worldwi...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.iri.org/resource/new-report-exposes-chinas-malign-influence-and-corrosion-democracy-worldwide IRI (INTERNATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE) is the premier international democracy-development organization https://youtu.be/XhBUbbQyhxE New Report Exposes China's Malign Influence and Corrosion of Democracy Worldwide You are hereHome > New Report Exposes China's Malign Influence and Corrosion of Democracy Worldwide CHINESE MALIGN INFLUENCEAND THE CORROSION OF DEMOCRACY An Assessment of Chinese Interference in Thirteen Key Countries The report, entitled "Chinese Malign Influence and the Corrosion of Democracy," brings together research by experts from 12 vulnerable democracies — Cambodia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Serbia, Ecuador, Zambia, Mongolia, Hungary, The Gambia, Myanmar, Malaysia and the Maldives — and provides local perspectives on how China is impacting the politics and economics of these countries. https://www.iri.org/country/asia/details INTERNATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE info@iri.org
High coordination costs are often identified as the reason for the low quality of public goods available to the poor. We report findings from a unique combination of a village-randomized controlled trial and a lab-in-the-field experiment. An in-depth survey of 1,600 women before and after an intervention establishing membership-based organizations in one of the poorest districts in India shows that the presence of these groups increased villagers’ capacity to address water delivery problems, and improved access to, and quality of, water service. Public goods games with over 200 participants in a subset of control and treatment villages show that the presence of village groups increased cooperation among both members and non-members in treated villages. We find little evidence that cooperation is facilitated by more common tastes among group members. These results suggest that, in contrast to traditional community development programs, membership groups can help poor communities build social capital.
Human rights in developing countries and its relationship with country’s econ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of human rights and economic development in the developing countries. A quantitative method used in order to analyze data gathered by the researcher. The researcher used questionnaire in order to be able to analyze the current study. A random sampling method used, where almost all participants will have equal chances of being selected for the sample. The researcher gathered 161 questionnaires, however 12 questionnaires were invalid and 149 questionnaires were properly completed. The questionnaire structured in the form of multiple choice questions. The finding of this study showed that there is a strong and positive relationship between human right and economic development in developing countries, according the research hypothesis was found to be supported which stated that a developed economic in developing country will have a positive relationship with the protection of human rights.
The facilities of computer technology have not come out without drawbacks. Though it makes the life so speedy and fast, but hurled under the eclipse of threat from the deadliest type of criminality termed as Cybercrime without computers, entire businesses and government operations would almost cease to function. This proliferation of cheap, powerful, user friendly computers has enabled more and more people to use them and, more importantly, rely on them as part of their normal way of life. As businesses, government agencies, and individuals continue to rely on them more and more, so do the criminals Restriction of cybercrimes is dependent on proper analysis of their behavior and understanding of their impacts over various levels of society. Therefore, in the current manuscript a systematic understanding of cybercrimes and their impacts over various areas like Soci eco political, consumer trust, teenager etc. With the future trends of cybercrimes are explained. Dr. Renu | Pawan ""Impact of Cyber Crime: Issues and Challenges"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23456.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/23456/impact-of-cyber-crime-issues-and-challenges/dr-renu
Corruption is a widespread phenomenon that is generally considered harmful for important economic and political outcomes. Conversely, judicial accountability has positive connotations, suggesting honesty in upholding the rules of the game. We ask whether, as many seem to think, corruption worsens, and judicial accountability improves, inequality, and investigate this empirically using data from 145 countries 1960–2014. More specifically, we relate perceived corruption and de facto judicial accountability to gross-income inequality and consumption inequality, while controlling for other explanatory factors of potential importance. The study shows that corruption is negatively, and that judicial accountability is positively, related to both types of inequality. We suggest that this can be explained either by the non-elites being more skillful at using “petty corruption” or by the elites, deliberately (to retain a long-term power base) or unconsciously bringing about outcomes that benefit others more. The results are particularly pronounced in democracies; they withstand a region and decade jackknife analysis; and in the case of consumption inequality, the effect of corruption is increasing in the stability of political institutions, suggesting causal effects from corruption and judicial accountability. The findings suggest that what we conceptualize as “unfair procedures” – corruption and deviations from judicial accountability – may benefit the economically worst off and worsen the situation of the economic elite. As such, corruption may not be entirely bad, if one of its consequences is to reduce inequality – nor need judicial accountability be entirely good, if it serves to increase inequality. This does not imply that corruption is generally desirable, or that judicial accountability is generally undesirable, but knowledge of these effects can guide policymakers, in their attempts to battle corruption and strengthen judicial accountability, to handle increasing inequality through other methods.
How do political elites prepare the civilian population for participation in violent conflict? We empirically investigate this question using village-level data from the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. Every Saturday before 1994, Rwandan villagers had to meet to work on community infrastructure, a practice called Umuganda. This practice was highly politicized and, in the years before the genocide, regularly used for spreading political propaganda. To establish causality, we exploit cross-sectional
variation in meeting intensity induced by exogenous weather fluctuations. We find that an additional rainy Saturday resulted in a five percent lower civilian participation rate in genocide violence. These results pass a number of indirect tests of the exclusion restriction as well as other robustness checks and placebo tests.
Corruption is an issue that is affecting many countries in the world, and there are several approaches that have been found to effective depending on the other external factors. The Unites States has several anti-corruption approaches that were invested in countries of interest such as Afghanistan; however, these have failed dismally. The US government has spent over $70 million in different sectors that was intended to support anti-corruption initiative through the government, law enforcement, and journalists. However, there were several reports that were released indicated the lack of preparation and the strategic flaws in the approach taken by the United States. Afghanistan still poses a security risk to the United States, and public funding towards reconstruction of the country should take an evidence based approach that considers effective mechanisms applies in similar regimes. This paper evaluate the current framework of the procurement to preventing corruption by the United States and evidence based mechanisms by organizations that havebeen resistant to corruption.
The increasing juridification and judicialization of societies make understanding, measuring, preventing and combating the corruption plague much more complex since white-collar criminals and their political and judicial cronies continuously act to circumvent the rule of law. Therefore it is important to contextualize the major parameters involved in such dynamics in order to allow among other things quantitative modeling of corruption and related causal variables.
Urban Transportation Ecoefficiency: Social and Political Forces for Change in...Anna McCreery
This document is an executive summary of my dissertation, discussing policy and social forces that influence the ecological efficiency of urban transportation.
Corruption in Ukraine: Comparative Analysis of National Surveys: 2007, 2009, ...DonbassFullAccess
This report was prepared by the Kiev International Institute of
Sociology in coordination with Lake Research Partners and Karakoyun Strategies in the framework of the USAID funded project «The Ukraine National Initiatives to Enhance
Reforms (UNITER)» implemented by PACT, Inc. Ukraine. Presented in the report are comparative results of National sociological surveys on the state of corruption in Ukraine
conducted in 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2015. The survey was targeted at measuring public perception of the problem of corruption and its experience with it. This report is intended to reach a wide readership.
...unions address physical and psychosocial conditions of work and the underlying inequalities and social determinants of health....Despite occasional challenges, public health professionals should increase their efforts to engage with unions as critical partners.
Urbanization is a widespread occurrence across the nation. Urbanism has been affecting the rise in urban crime as a result of societal perception. According to empirical data, crime has risen in metropolitan areas. The study issue is dependent on the specific types of crime that occur in urban settings. | Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
Community Policing and National Security A Study of Selected Local Government...ijtsrd
The rising crime rate, especially violent crime involving terrorism, armed robbery, Fulani herdsmen attack, banditry, ritual murders, political assassinations, ethnic and religious violence, kidnapping, pipe line vandalism, election violence are becoming very serious problem to the Nigerian society. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs "Community Policing and National Security: A Study of Selected Local Government Areas in Bayelsa State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38204.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38204/community-policing-and-national-security-a-study-of-selected-local-government-areas-in-bayelsa-state-nigeria/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
Corruption is an issue that is affecting many countries in the world, and there are several approaches that have been found to effective depending on the other external factors. The Unites States has several anti-corruption approaches that were invested in countries of interest such as Afghanistan; however, these have failed dismally. The US government has spent over $70 million in different sectors that was intended to support anti-corruption initiative through the government, law enforcement, and journalists. However, there were several reports that were released indicated the lack of preparation and the strategic flaws in the approach taken by the United States. Afghanistan still poses a security risk to the United States, and public funding towards reconstruction of the country should take an evidence based approach that considers effective mechanisms applies in similar regimes. This paper evaluate the current framework of the procurement to preventing corruption by the United States and evidence based mechanisms by organizations that havebeen resistant to corruption.
The increasing juridification and judicialization of societies make understanding, measuring, preventing and combating the corruption plague much more complex since white-collar criminals and their political and judicial cronies continuously act to circumvent the rule of law. Therefore it is important to contextualize the major parameters involved in such dynamics in order to allow among other things quantitative modeling of corruption and related causal variables.
Urban Transportation Ecoefficiency: Social and Political Forces for Change in...Anna McCreery
This document is an executive summary of my dissertation, discussing policy and social forces that influence the ecological efficiency of urban transportation.
Corruption in Ukraine: Comparative Analysis of National Surveys: 2007, 2009, ...DonbassFullAccess
This report was prepared by the Kiev International Institute of
Sociology in coordination with Lake Research Partners and Karakoyun Strategies in the framework of the USAID funded project «The Ukraine National Initiatives to Enhance
Reforms (UNITER)» implemented by PACT, Inc. Ukraine. Presented in the report are comparative results of National sociological surveys on the state of corruption in Ukraine
conducted in 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2015. The survey was targeted at measuring public perception of the problem of corruption and its experience with it. This report is intended to reach a wide readership.
...unions address physical and psychosocial conditions of work and the underlying inequalities and social determinants of health....Despite occasional challenges, public health professionals should increase their efforts to engage with unions as critical partners.
Urbanization is a widespread occurrence across the nation. Urbanism has been affecting the rise in urban crime as a result of societal perception. According to empirical data, crime has risen in metropolitan areas. The study issue is dependent on the specific types of crime that occur in urban settings. | Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
Community Policing and National Security A Study of Selected Local Government...ijtsrd
The rising crime rate, especially violent crime involving terrorism, armed robbery, Fulani herdsmen attack, banditry, ritual murders, political assassinations, ethnic and religious violence, kidnapping, pipe line vandalism, election violence are becoming very serious problem to the Nigerian society. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs "Community Policing and National Security: A Study of Selected Local Government Areas in Bayelsa State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38204.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38204/community-policing-and-national-security-a-study-of-selected-local-government-areas-in-bayelsa-state-nigeria/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
Analysis of the Factors Affecting Violent Crime Rates in the USDr. Amarjeet Singh
The goal of this study is to analyze the factors affecting violent crime rates in the US. It is hypothesized that an increase in the gun ownership rate tends to increase violent crimes in the US. It is hypothesized that urban areas in the US tend to have more violent crimes than rural areas. An OLS regression model is formulated using cross-sectional data set across 50 states and the District of Columbia for the year 2019. The endogenous variable is the violent crime rates per 100,000 inhabitants across 50 states and the District of Columbia. The independent variables used in the OLS regression model are population density per square mile, unemployment rate, percentage of the population living in poverty, and gun ownership rate. The four exogenous variables that are found to be statistically significant are gun ownership, unemployment rate, population density per square mile, and percentage of population living in property. An attempt is also made to formulate strategies that would help in reducing violent crime rates in the US.
Urbanization and Crime in India A Temporal Analysis from 1991 to 2011ijtsrd
Urbanization is social as well as an economic process it is a population shift from a rural agrarian society to an industrialized urban society. It is a result of the movement of rural to urban migration in search of a better quality of life, as well as is an outcome of natural population growth in urban areas. Urbanization is considered an indicator of the socio economic progress of a society. It has been considered by most of the researchers that more urbanized countries are economically as well as socially well developed. In the economic aspect, urbanization is good for the development of a region because it promotes industrial growth and the development of the economy. However, rapid urbanization and expansion of cities as a result of continuous migration have created various problems in Indian cities. From a social point of view, there are several adverse impacts of urbanization crime is one of them, which is recognised as the most negative effect of urbanization in urban areas especially in developing countries. Crime is one of the most contemporary social problems in urban areas of developing countries, and it is directly or indirectly correlated to the unplanned urbanization process. Some special urban characteristics such as size, high population density, heterogeneous population, impersonality, unemployment, urban poverty, and poor quality of life are responsible for the high crime rate in urban areas. The main objective of this paper is to understand some of the general theoretical as well as quantitative perspectives within which the link between urbanization and crime is explained in the best possible way in the context of India from 1991 to 2011. Muntazim Ahmad "Urbanization and Crime in India: A Temporal Analysis from 1991 to 2011" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49645.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49645/urbanization-and-crime-in-india-a-temporal-analysis-from-1991-to-2011/muntazim-ahmad
Vanessa Schoening February 13, 2014Module 2 .docxMARRY7
Vanessa Schoening February 13, 2014
Module 2 Revised
Annotated Bibliography Revised
1. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999). Number of homicides and population for cities with estimated population 100,000 or more, from 1985-1997.
This paper begins by acknowledging that most studies carried out into crimes have focused on the features of the populations such as age, employment and average earnings. The writers hold that the fact that population density has not been studied much represents a knowledge gap. The paper tries to find out whether population density has a negative or positive correlation with crime. Through sifting through previous studies, the paper tries to find out the nature of crimes that are rampant in varying populations.
2. Christens, B., & Speer, P. W. (2006). Predicting violent crime using urban and suburban densities. Behavior and Social Issues, 14(2), 113-127.
Christens and Speer go through past research and statistics and try to show the varying nature of crimes in different settlements areas. Their main focus is on violent and crime and they try to show that densely populated areas are more likely to see violent crime due to increased chances of conflict. Their other argument is that low-income areas are likely to see more violent crime.
3. Duany, A., Plater-Zyberk, E., & Speck, J. (2000). Suburban nation: The rise of sprawl and thedecline of the American dream. New York: North Point Press.
The authors of this book are founders of a movement that calls for an improved planning of settlements to avoid further spread of sprawls or informal settlements. The book highlights the effects of these settlements including economic and social ills. The book gives real life examples of how unplanned and congested settlements coupled with low income can cause crime. The book also offers solutions on how to improve the planning of cities and suburbs
4. Fulton, W., Pendall, R., Nguyen, M. & Harrison, A. (2001). Who sprawls most? How growth patterns differ across the U.S. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
This book takes a look at population densities in various cities across the US between 1982 and 1997. The book also acknowledges that as cities grow, they continue to add previously unused land into their metropolitan territory. The book tries to compare the rate at which this land is being urbanized against the population growth. The book holds that cities in the west of the US have highly populated metropolitans and goes ahead to outline some of the challenges that may pose.
5. LaFree, G., Bursik, R.J., Short, J. & Taylor, R.B. (2000). The nature of crime: Continuity and change. Criminal Justice 2000, 1, 261-308.
The authors of this article begin by pointing out that the nature of crimes and reaction of societies towards various crimes do not remain constant. The writers hold that changing legislations and people’s attitudes can affect the nature of crimes. The availability of IT for instance creates a new ...
Human rights in developing countries and its relationship with country’s econ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of human rights and economic development in the developing countries. A quantitative method used in order to analyze data gathered by the researcher. The researcher used questionnaire in order to be able to analyze the current study. A random sampling method used, where almost all participants will have equal chances of being selected for the sample. The researcher gathered 161 questionnaires, however 12 questionnaires were invalid and 149 questionnaires were properly completed. The questionnaire structured in the form of multiple choice questions. The finding of this study showed that there is a strong and positive relationship between human right and economic development in developing countries, according the research hypothesis was found to be supported which stated that a developed economic in developing country will have a positive relationship with the protection of human rights.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Vanessa Schoening January 24, 2014Module 1.docxdickonsondorris
Vanessa Schoening January 24, 2014
Module 1
M1 Research Journal
Question 1. Research problem
Is there a correlation between the frequency, nature of crimes, and the readiness to report them depending on the average income of neighborhoods in New York?
Question 2.
This statement captures the problem of crime in residential areas and tries to establish whether income is a factor that contributes to it. From the research, suggestions could be made on ways of trying to resolve the problem by solving the root issue.
There is no bias in this statement because once the research is commissioned; data would be collected from several neighborhoods.
The research can be carried out within a reasonable period and a small budget because data on the average incomes can be found at relevant authorities. Information on crimes is readily available from police stations. Law enforcement officers can also give useful information on the topic through interviews and questionnaires. The research would also involve collecting data from residents through questionnaires that is a faster and less expensive way of collecting information (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
This research, if conducted could lead to the discovery of new knowledge in the social sciences field. It could reveal on the kind of working relationship that exists between police officers and residents in different field. It would be important to find out the perception of the police in this field. It could also reveal past experiences with the police and their responsiveness depending on the neighborhoods. The research could also reveal whether the geographical areas that police officers work influence their level of job satisfaction. The data collected could tell whether officers view their roles differently when placed in dissimilar stations.
Question 3.
This research is quite feasible and a proposal could be drawn for funding. If conducted, the research could give insight on ways of improving the way police are perceived in different neighborhoods. When the image of police is bettered, people will be more willing to report crimes as soon as they happen in order to improve security in all areas. The research could help gain insight on why the response time in some areas may be less than in others despite the proximity of police stations to scenes of crime. The research findings would be shared with the police and they can read people’s suggestions on improvement of service delivery.
Previous research has focused more on the frequency of crime in different crimes and the conclusions have been that the income level affects the rate of crime (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Areas with high levels of unemployment have generally higher rates of petty crimes and muggings. However, research has not focused on the relationship between the police and citizens. There is an information gap on how exactly the nature of relationship affects service delivery. The research would act as a stepping-stone for future r ...
What is the impact of organised crime on the allocation of public resources and on tax collection? This paper studies the consequences of collusion between members of criminal organisations and politicians in Italian local governments. In order to capture the presence of organised crime, we exploit the staggered enforcement of a national law allowing the dissolution of a municipal government upon evidence of collusion between elected officials and the mafia. We measure the consequences of this collusion by using newly collected data on public spending, local taxes and elected politicians at the local level. Difference-in-differences estimates reveal that infiltrated local governments spend more on average for construction and waste management, less for public transport and lighting, less for municipal police, and collect fewer taxes for waste and garbage. In addition, we uncover key elements of local elections associated with mafia-government collusion. In particular, Regression Discontinuity estimates show that infiltration is more likely to occur when right-wing parties win local elections.
Read more: https://www.hhs.se/site
Clustering analysis on news from health OSINT data regarding CORONAVIRUS-COVI...ALexandruDaia1
Our primarly goal was to detect clusters via gensim libraries in news data consisting ofinformation regarding health and threats. We identified clusters for the periodscorresponding: i) Jannuary 2006 until the end of 2019, as December 2019 is considered thefirst month in which information about CORONVIRUS COVID-19 was made public; ii)between the 1st of Jannuary 2019 and 31st December 2019; and iii) between the 31st ofDecember 2019 and the 14th of April 2020. We conducted experiments using naturallanguage on open source intelligence data offered generously by brica.de, a providerspecialized in Business Risk Intelligence & Cyberthreat Awareness.
Crimes and Insecurity in the cityNameProfessor.docxvanesaburnand
Crimes and Insecurity in the city
Name
Professor
Course
Date
Crimes and Insecurity in the city
Introduction
Development practitioners in both public and the private sectors, mainly those into urban design and development have now established a consensus that different social structural processes could constitute both driving shafts to stimulate urban development on one side and dealing with bottlenecks on the other side. Security is a primary ingredient in designing an environment that is conducive to successful efforts in developing project plans and putting it into action. Therefore, crime is a critical social structural characteristic that requires proper informed understanding to improve security in the any city and its environs. Proper social structural adjustment leads to creation of a user-friendly environment that will facilitate urban development by the practitioners.
Background
Crime ranges from simple and petty issues such pickpocketing to more sophisticated illegal actions. Crime is measurable. Thus, crime is the level of lawlessness and disintegration of social order. Crime has adverse effect on society. High crime rates disturb the security of any region and eventually leads to a state of insecurity. A United Nations report states, among other things, crime: “impairs the overall development of nations, undermines spiritual and material well-being, compromises human dignity and creates a climate of fear and violence. These adverse effects of crime endanger personal security and erodes the quality of life (United Nations 1992:6)”. It is very difficult to achieve sustainable development in a situation marked by uncontrolled and uncontrollable crime because it breeds and accompanies insecurity. (Albert 1998).
Crimes in the city can be categorized into specific areas. Physical criminal violence or physical assault includes homicide, armed robbery, carjacking, attempted murder, manslaughter, and rape. Psychological violence includes lies, threats, and brainwashing. These serve to diminish mental potentialities (Galtung 1990:10-12). Violent crime causes direct harm (Chesnais1992:217), this is a major contributing factor that disturbs security in the city. Violent crimes are more associated by members of the lower social status in a society. These poor people’s life is characterized by poverty. Also, there is also the violent crime against property ownership,- car-jacking and house breaking. Last, less visible crime is another category which often comes under the name of corruption. This includes criminal activities such as embezzling public funds, and filing false information. Such crimes are mainly committed by the elite in society. Most elites are rich and politically connected. By the very covert nature of hidden crimes, most of their perpetrators go free. (United Nations 1992:6). The local people are the main people affected by these crimes (John, (2010). Identifying the root causes of violen.
Running Head CRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY LITERATURE REVIEW1C.docxsusanschei
Running Head: CRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY LITERATURE REVIEW 1
CRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY LITERATURE REVIEW 6
Criminology and Public Policy Literature Review
Criminal Justice Capstone
Eric Butler
Argosy University
Abstract
The field of criminology in the modern community has become directly linked with public policy. The relationship between criminology and public policy has not fully been realized and this is impacting the different fields of criminology in the community. There have been different readings in the field of social policy and in relation to how policing can be an integral aspect in reduction of crime activities in the community. Although this is the case, governmental organizations have failed in the integration of effective policing to address emerging issues in the criminal community. The research will focus on the literature review of published and secondary data in addressing the importance of public policy participation in the criminology. The secondary data is also an essential affiliation based on the role played by crime related policies in the community. The review of the secondary data and its publications will offer the necessary foundations for accessing and discussing on the importance of public policy participation in criminology. In conclusion, the world of criminology is changing and this is influencing the participation of public policy in criminal justice.
Research problem
The aim of the literature review is to offer an extensive classification on the importance of public policy participation in criminal justice and especially in the field of criminology. In relation to the changing circumstance as exhibited by the drastic policing in the community and its society in areas related with criminal justice. Is the ever changing public policy and its influence in the social sciences in the 21st century a solution in curbing different challenges influencing and affecting criminology strategies in the community? The aim of the public policing is influencing how the community integrates with different aspects such as social issues influencing the community from leadership to peaceful integration with law enforcement.
Justification of the Topic
There is a clear distinction in the field of criminology especially in the reduction of drug related activities in the contemporary community. There are also a number of different criminal based activities which have influenced the criminal and law enforcements to develop strategies to curb the spread of crime. Although this has become an effective methodology in curbing and reducing crime, it has not always offered an ultimate solution. For instance, American community is recognized as the highest nation with a highest mass incarceration in the community. The use of laws has only increased the mass incarceration in population, hence, it has not helped in the reduction of crime. Due to the lack of effective reformation of the public policing, the cri ...
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
1. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-3, Issue-1, Jan-Feb, 2019]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijreh.3.1.4 ISSN: 2456-8678
www.aipublications.com/ijreh Page | 39
The Relationship Rural Development and Crimes
Dara Majeed Karim
Legal Counsel, Master in Public Law, Member of the Center for Studies and Research-PDK, Erbil-Kurdistan
Email: Daramajeed5@gmail.com
Abstract— Over the past few years, metropolitan crime has
fallen significantly in the United States while
nonmetropolitan crime has continued to increase. The main
aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between
crimes and urban development. This study had chosen a
survey research, to analyze the relationship between the
relationship rural development and crimes. The author
applied a structured survey as tool of this research. I
distributed 150 questionnaires,but only 118 questionnaires
I was able to receive. The findings revealed that there is
positive and significant relationship between crimes and
urban development.
Keywords— Crimes, Urban Development, Law
Reinforcement, Public Law.
I. INTRODUCTION
Urban development over are regularly disregarded with
regards to breaking down crime and its effect on networks.
Be that as it may, these huge locales are not insusceptible to
crime, and their disengagement, topography and socio urban
advancement atmosphere make one of a kind difficulties for
exploited people, families, human services suppliers and
criminal equity authorities. This approach paper looks to
sparkle a general wellbeing light on the pervasiveness and
nature of crime in urban development regions the country
over. Shockingly, there has been little research to-date on
the history and advancement of crime and viciousness in
country regions, particularly from a general wellbeing point
of view. This paper fights that the absence of consideration
on the crime and savagery issues tormenting country
networks is an aftereffect of an enormous misperception
that brutality is either non-existent or less genuine in urban
development networks when all is said in done. While
people group viciousness is extensively characterized as
presentation to purposeful demonstrations of relational
savagery submitted out in the open territories by people
who are not personally identified with the injured individual
, this paper will concentrate on the untold story of country
network brutality and the main drivers thereof which
torment people, families, networks and frameworks.
Viciousness takes numerous shapes and structures,
including attacks, misuse, murders, burglaries, thefts,
suicide and harassing. Sadly, there are constrained
definitions explicit to provincial network brutality as there
has been restricted research directed on the issue. While the
connection among atmosphere and human clash is
entrenched, regardless we don't completely comprehend the
instruments that underlie the watched affiliation. According
to Elis & Liu, (2018), the most generally guessed channel is
the salary channel. In agrarian economies, precipitation is a
standout amongst the most vital determinants of family
prosperity. Serious precipitation deficiencies prompt urban
advancement efficiency to decay, and the subsequent
decrease in pay could build the estimation of criminal
exercises as an elective wellspring of pay. On the other
hand, the urban advancement decrease could undermine the
capacity of government organizations to screen and abridge
criminal action, or diminish the capacity of individuals to
ensure them against crime. This line of thought, which has
saturated the extensive collection of writing that utilizes
climate stuns as an instrument for money, unequivocally
expect that precipitation's solitary impact on crime or
struggle is through its impact overall salary and neediness.
Be that as it may, this may not be the situation. While there
are many years of reports and concentrates on the
pervasiveness and effect of urban savagery, there are less
that features the overwhelming effect of viciousness on
people, families and frameworks inside provincial
networks. Research and experience reveals to us that at the
smaller scale level, people and families encounter incredible
injuries both physically and sincerely because of network
savagery. This is an extraordinary general wellbeing worry
as exploited people and families are frequently troubled
with substance misuse, poor emotional wellness, push,
perpetual infection and different afflictions because of
seeing or encountering injuries related with network
savagery (Bolton, 2018). Urban wellbeing and security
assume a significant job in enhancing life nature of resident
and the supportable advancement of urban. Conventional
urban crime research concentrated on utilizing statistic
information, which is lacking to catch the intricacy and
elements of urban violations. In the period of huge
information, we have seen propelled approaches to gather
and incorporate fine-grained urban, portable, and open
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administration information that contains different crime
related sources just as rich ecological and social data. The
accessibility of enormous urban information gives
remarkable chances, which empower us to lead progressed
urban crime research. In the interim, natural and social
crime speculations from criminology give better
understandings about the practices of guilty parties and
complex examples of crime in urban. They cannot just help
cross over any barrier from what we have (huge urban
information) to what we need to comprehend about urban
crime; yet in addition control us to assemble computational
models for crime. In this article, we give a diagram to key
speculations from criminology, condense crime
investigation on urban information, survey best in class
calculations for different sorts of computational crime
assignments and talk about some engaging examination
bearings that can bring the urban crime examination into
another boondocks (Eddie, et al. 2018).
Conceptual framework
Research Hypotheses:
Hypothesis 1: There is a positive relationship between law
enforcement and Ural development in Kurdistan.
Hypothesis 2: There is a positive relationship between
urbanization and Ural development in Kurdistan.
Hypothesis 3: There is a positive relationship between
urban development conditions and Ural development in
Kurdistan.
Hypothesis 4: There is a positive relationship between
demographic characteristics and Ural development in
Kurdistan.
Hypothesis 5: There is a positive relationship between
transportation systems with Ural development in Kurdistan.
Hypothesis 6: There is a positive relationship between
culture and climate and Ural development in Kurdistan.
Hypothesis 7: There is a positive relationship between
residentially mobility and Ural development in Kurdistan.
Hypothesis 8: There is a positive relationship between
industries and enterprises and Ural development in
Kurdistan.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
An extensive pool of literature review of various controls
including human science, criminology and financial aspects,
has been distributed on crime. There are a few speculations,
in view of alternate points of view, that connect crime to
urban improvement. Durkheim recommended that anomie,
the breakdown of social standards and qualities can prompt
an expansion in the crime rate. Numerous variations of
Durkheim's theory were proposed in the twentieth century.
For instance, Sameem & Sylwester, (2018), proposed the
strain theory and he recommends that violations develop in
light of the fact that there is an absence of genuine intends
to accomplish normal social objectives for poor people. It
Urbanization
Ural Development
Law Enforcement
Urban development Conditions
Demographic Characteristics
Transportation System
Culture and Climate
Residential Mobility
Industries and Enterprises
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
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suggests that the imbalance of chance is a main impetus of
crime. So also, Bennettet al. (2018) propose that imbalance
is fuelled through a debilitating of social capital, which is
related with an expansion in the rate of vicious crime.
Rotarou, (2018) propose that 'in nations with higher pay
disparity, people have bring down desires for enhancing
their social and urban advancement status through
legitimate urban improvement exercises, which would
diminish the open door cost of partaking in illicit
undertakings. Critical view of urban advancement
enhancement through lawful exercises could likewise
prompt a reducing of the ethical situation related with
infringing upon the law.' It is stressing that China has an
abnormal state of imbalance of chance as announced by
Ihlanfeldt&Willardsen, (2018). They find that the expansion
in salary imbalance in China reflects an increment in
disparity of chance. In this way, they call for equivalent
work openings and training for the general population living
in the impeded districts. Balfour, et al. (2018) feature the
significance of fairness of chance in strategy arranging, and
they recommend that it is essential for the creating nations
to seek after the objective of 'comprehensive development',
which is characterized as development with equivalent
access to open doors for the general population.
Crime
These are information for the quantity of crimes revealed in
each locale yearly, and are accommodated a wide range of
crime classes. We consolidated individual crime
classifications into five general classes: vicious relational
violations (murder, at fault manslaughter, endeavored
murder, ambush, grabbing), property crimes (equipped
burglary, theft, thievery, robbery), urban development
crimes (break of trust, deceiving, falsifying), violations
against open request (uproars, pyro-crime) and crimes
against ladies (assault, lewd behavior, share passing’s,
capturing of ladies, remorselessness by spouse or relatives).
Our favored proportions of crime force are figured as the
log of the quantity of violations per capita. NCRB gives the
information at the dimension of the police region. We total
our crime factors to the dimension of the managerial area,
and further modify for parts in authoritative areas after
some time. Crime is an underhanded that influences
everyone in a general public. Along these lines, it is
essential to consider what impel individuals to carry out a
crime. From time undying, it has tormented each general
public in mankind's history. The historical backdrop of
crime is as old as the historical backdrop of humankind. The
principal crime was submitted by Cain, the main child of
Adam and Eve when he killed his sibling Abel out of envy.
Though there is no all-inclusive meaning of the crime, "A
crime as a demonstration or oversight of human direct
destructive to others which the state will undoubtedly
forestall. It renders the freak individual at risk to discipline
because of procedures started by the state organs doled out
to learn the nature, the degree and the lawful outcomes of
that individual's unsoundness" (Donnermeyer, 2015).
Criminology
Crime is a complicated and multidimensional event
occurring when the law, offender and target (person or
object) converge within time and place. Understanding the
offenders’ behavior and crime patterns plays an essential
role in understanding crime. Consequently, it is beneficial
to be acquainted with the theories from criminology.
Social Criminal Theories
Theory of social criminal is utilized in various
methodologies as the contention theory or basic clash point
of view in humanism is related with crime. Social criminal
speculations underscore neediness, nonattendance of
instruction, absence of attractive capacities, and subcultural
values as key reasons for crime.
Social Efficacy
Theory of social efficacy focuses to the job of social
viability, which is the eagerness of adjacent inhabitants to
mediate concerning the benefit of all. This is subject to
shared trust and solidarity among neighbors. Networks that
have a lot of social adequacy have less offense than these at
low dimensions. Social viability isn't a property of
distinctive individuals or spots, yet a trademark related with
gatherings of people (Bolton, 2018).
Control Theory Control
This theory attempts to portray why individuals don't
progress toward becoming guilty party. It perceives four
vital components: (1) association with others, (2) faith in
moral legitimacy of standards, (3) obligation to
accomplishment, and (4) commitment in standard exercises.
The more an individual has those elements, the more
outlandish he/she move toward becoming wrongdoer. This
theory is stretched out with the way that a person with low
discretion is bound to wind up guilty party (Bolton, 2018).
Labeling Theory
Labeling theory asserts that when an individual is given the
name of a guilty party, they may acknowledge it and keep
on carrying out crime or deny it. Indeed, even the
individuals who at first decline the mark can in the long run
acknowledge it as the name turns out to be all the more
notable particularly among their companions. This shame
can be considerably more significant when the marks are
about deviancy, and it is trusted that this belittling can cause
deviancy intensification. Klein completed a test which
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showed that naming theory affected some young guilty
parties yet not others (Bolton, 2018).
Subcultural Theory
Subcultural theory center around little social gatherings
dividing beside the standard that frame their own
convictions and implications of life. It demonstrates that
misconduct among lower class young people is a response
towards the social standards of the white collar class. A few
youth, particularly from poorer areas where openings are
few, may get tied up with social standards explicit to those
spots that may comprise of "durability" and lack of regard
in regards to power. Criminal acts may result when young
people adjust to standards of the degenerate subculture
(Bolton, 2018).
Social Disorganization
Theory of social Disorganization specifically connects
crime rates to network ecological attributes. Social disorder
theory hypothesizes that a person's private area is a
considerable component molding the opportunity the
individual will wind up included with illicit exercises. The
theory demonstrates that, among determinants of a person's
later unlawful action, private area is more significant than
the person's qualities (e.g., age, sex, or race). For example,
the theory shows that young people fromburdened network
take an interest in a subculture which affirms of
misconduct, and these sorts of adolescents subsequently
procure guiltiness inside this social and ethnic setting
(Bolton, 2018).
Social Strain
Theory of social strain shows that standard culture is soaked
with dreams of chance, opportunity, and flourishing. The
greater part of individuals get tied up with this fantasy, and
it will end up being a ground-breaking social and mental
motivation. In the event that the social structure of chances
is unequal and keeps the larger part fromunderstanding the
fantasy, a portion of the general population sad will utilize
unlawful courses (crime) to acknowledge it. Others may
withdraw or drop out into freak subcultures (like pack
individuals). Robert Agnew built up this theory to fuse
assortments of strain which were not gotten from urban
improvement limitations (Bolton, 2018).
Culture Conflict
Theory of culture conflict is connected to the contradiction
over dissimilarities in qualities and convictions.This
depends on the possibility that distinctive societies or
classes can't concur on what is regular adequate conduct.
For example, if the upper and white collar classes work to
bring home the bacon lawfully, others may utilize ill-
conceived routes, for example, taking, to bring home the
bacon (Bolton, 2018).
Environmental Criminal
Environmental criminology centers on criminal examples
inside especially fabricated condition and investigates the
effects of the outer factors on individuals' enthusiastic
conduct. These comprise of space (geology), time, law, and
wrongdoer, notwithstanding target or unfortunate casualty.
Awareness Theory
Self-awareness is the capacity to accept oneself as the
object of figured—individuals can think, act, and
experience, and they can likewise consider what they are
considering, doing, and encountering. In social brain
research, the investigation of mindfulness is followed to
Shelley Duval and Robert Wicklund's (1972) milestone
theory of mindfulness. Duval and Wicklund recommended
that, at a given minute, individuals can concentrate
consideration on oneself or on the outside condition.
Concentrating on oneself empowers self-assessment. At the
point when self-centered, individuals contrast oneself and
benchmarks of rightness that indicate how the self should
think, feel, and carry on. The way toward contrasting
oneself and principles enables individuals to change their
conduct and to encounter pride and disappointment with
oneself. Mindfulness is along these lines a noteworthy
system of discretion. Research since the 1970s has firmly
bolstered mindfulness theory (Holmes, 2016). At the point
when individuals center consideration on oneself, they
contrast one and principles, invest more energy to meet
measures, and show more grounded enthusiastic reactions
to meeting or neglecting to meet a standard. The propensity
to change one to coordinate a standard relies upon different
factors, especially impression of how hard it will be to
accomplish the standard. Amazingly, numerous trials have
demonstrated that when individuals are not self-centered,
their activities are regularly irrelevant to their own
gauges—mindfulness is required for individuals to decrease
variations between their activities and their goals. Four
segments of crime have been recommended in: unfortunate
casualty, criminal, geo-worldly and lawful. Focusing on the
specific spatial part of crime is vital to comprehend the
conduct of hoodlums. A crime's space might be picked
either purposely or incidentally by either the person in
question or the wrongdoer as indicated by their ways of life.
Various things have effect on the crime rate of an area
(Shaw, 2016).
Routine Activity
Routine activity theory is a sub-field of crime opportunity
theory that centers on circumstances of violations. The
theory has been widely connected and has turned out to be a
standout amongst the most referred to speculations in
criminology. In contrast to criminological hypotheses of
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culpability, routine action theory thinks about crime as an
occasion, nearly relates crime to its condition and
underlines its natural process, subsequently occupying
scholastic consideration far from negligible guilty parties.
The preface of routine movement theory is that crime is
generally unaffected by social causes, for example,
destitution, imbalance, and joblessness. For example, after
World War II, the economy of Western nations began to
blasting and the Welfare states were growing. Regardless of
this, crime rose altogether amid this time. As per Felson and
Cohen, the explanation behind the expansion is that the
thriving of contemporary society offers more open doors for
crime to happen. For instance, the utilization of vehicle, on
one hand, empowers guilty parties to move all the more
openly to lead their infringement and, then again, give more
focuses to burglary. Other social changes, for example,
school enlistment, female work investment, urbanization,
suburbanization, and ways of life all add to the supply of
chances and, in this manner, the event of crime (Somerville,
et al., 2015). Routine action theory has its establishment in
human environment and judicious decision theory. After
some time, the theory has been broadly utilized to
contemplate sexual violations, thefts, digital crimes, private
thievery and comparing exploitations, among others. It is
likewise important that, in the investigation of criminal
exploitation, the standard action theory is regularly viewed
as "basically similar" to way of life theory of criminology.
More as of late, routine exercises theory has been over and
again utilized in staggered structures with social
complication theory in understanding different
neighborhood violations. Theory Routine action theory
clarifies crime as far as crime open doors that occur in day
by day life. Three components ought to merge in existence
for a crime opportunity, i.e., a spurred wrongdoer, an
appropriate target or injured individual, and the
nonappearance of a fit gatekeeper. A watchman at a place,
similar to a road, could contain security protects or even
normal people on foot who might observer the criminal
demonstration and potentially intercede or report it to
police. This theory is extended by the expansion of the
fourth component of "put administrator" who has the ability
to take disturbance reduction measures (DeKeseredy, 2015).
Crime Pattern Theory
Crime Pattern Theory is a method for clarifying why
violations are submitted in specific territories. Crime isn't
arbitrary; it is either arranged or artful. As indicated by the
theorycrime happens when the action space of an
unfortunate casualty or target crosses with the action space
of a wrongdoer. An individual's action space comprises of
areas in regular daily existence, for instance home, work,
school, shopping regions, diversion zones and so on. These
individual areas are additionally called hubs. The course or
highway an individual takes to and from these hubs are
called individual ways. Individual ways associate with
different hubs making an edge. This border is an
individual's mindfulness space. Crime Pattern Theory
asserts that a crime including a guilty party and an
unfortunate casualty or target can possibly happen when the
movement spaces of both run into each other. Essentially
put crime will happen if a territory gives chance to crime
and it exists inside a guilty party's mindfulness space.
Thusly, a territory that gives shopping, diversion and
eateries, for example, a shopping center has a higher rate of
crime (Dong, et al. 2016). This is generally because of the
high number of potential exploited people and guilty parties
visiting the region and the different focuses in the zone. It is
very plausible that a zone like this will have a ton of vehicle
robbery in view of all the traffic all through the region. It is
likewise plausible that individuals may fall casualty of
satchel grabbing or pick taking since exploited people
commonly convey money with them. Accordingly, crime
design theory gives investigators a sorted out approach to
investigate examples of conduct. Lawbreakers go over new
open doors for crime consistently.These open doors emerge
as they go to and from individual hubs utilizing individual
ways. For instance, an unfortunate casualty could enter a
wrongdoer's mindfulness space by method for an alcohol
store parking garage or another mall being constructed. In
the event that the strip mall is being worked in a region
where crime happens two or three miles away, odds are it
will exist in a few if not the entirety of guilty party's
mindfulness space. This theory helps law requirement in
making sense of why crime exists in specific zones. It
likewise predicts where certain crimes may happen. Crime
Pattern Theory is to comprehend why violations are
submitted specifically regions. Crime isn't generally
irregular – it is either arranged or entrepreneurial. In light of
the theory, crime happens when the movement space of the
person in question or target meets with that of a wrongdoer.
Crime Pattern Theory has three fundamental thoughts –
hub, way and edge. Hub is a particular territory of
movement that an individual uses much of the time. Way is
the course that the individual takes to and from
commonplace regions of movement in regular daily
existence. Edges are the limits of a person's mindfulness
space (Lim, 2018).
Broken Windows Theory
The broken windows theory is a criminological theory that
obvious indications of crime, hostile to social conduct, and
common disorder createa urban domain that empowers
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further crime and turmoil, including genuine violations. The
theory in this way proposes policing strategies that
objective minor violations, for example, vandalism, open
drinking, and admission avoidance help to make an
environment of request and legitimateness, in this way
forestalling increasingly genuine crimes. The theory has
been liable to extraordinary discussion both inside the
sociologies and general society circle. Broken windows
policing has progressed toward becoming related with
disputable police practices, for example, the utilization of
"stop, question, and search" by the New York City Police
Department. Accordingly, Bratton and Kelling have
composed that broken windows policing ought not be
treated as "zero resilience" or "fanaticism", but rather as a
strategy that requires "cautious preparing, rules and
supervision" and a positive association with networks, in
this way connecting it to network policing. Theory The
broken windows theory is a criminal theory of the norm
setting and flagging effect of urban issue and vandalismon
additional offense and hostile to social conduct. The theory
asserts that continuing and checking urban condition to
maintain a strategic distance from little offenses like open
drinking and vandalism helps to create a domain of request
and legality, along these lines averting progressively
extreme offenses occurring (Ruddell & Ortiz, 2015).
Rational Choice
Rational choice theory, otherwise called decision theory or
balanced activity theory, is a systemfor comprehension and
regularly formally demonstrating social and financial
behavior. The fundamental preface of normal decision
theory is that total social conduct results from the conduct
of individual performing artists, every one of whom is
settling on their individual choices. The theory likewise
centers on the determinants of the individual decisions
(methodological independence).Sane decision theory at that
point expects that an individual has inclinations among the
accessible decision options that enable them to state which
choice they favor. These inclinations are thought to be
finished (the individual can generally say which of two
options they consider best or that nor is linked to the next)
and transitive (if choice An is favored over choice B and
choice B is favored over alternative C, at that point An is
favored over C). The reasonable operator is expected to
assess accessible data, probabilities of occasions, and
potential expenses and advantages in deciding inclinations,
and to act reliably in picking oneself decided best decision
of activity (Lynch, et al. 2018). Judiciousness is broadly
utilized as a supposition of the conduct of people in
microeconomic models and investigations and shows up in
practically all financial aspects reading material medicines
of human basic leadership. It is likewise utilized in political
science, sociology, and rationality. A specific adaptation of
discernment is instrumental judiciousness, which includes
looking for the most financially savvy intends to
accomplish a particular objective without pondering the
value of that objective. Gary Becker was an early advocate
of applying sane on-screen character models more widely.
Becker won the 1992 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic
Sciences for his investigations of segregation, crime, and
human capital Theory Rational decision theory expects to
help in considering situational crime counteractive action.
The presumption is that crime is purposive conduct made to
satisfy the criminal's requirements for things, for example,
cash,status and fervor. Meeting these prerequisites includes
the creation of choices and decisions as these are obliged by
cutoff points, capacity, and the availability of important
data. For example, if phone or wallet is noticeable inside a
vehicle and no individual is near, it might entice a criminal
to get a handle on the chance (Von Essen & Allen, 2017).
Links between Crimes and Urban Development
"Urban development" is a multifaceted idea that passes on
upgrades in the personal satisfaction and life openings.
Shaffer (1989) characterizes it as "the continued, dynamic
endeavor to achieve individual and gathering interests
through extended, strengthened, and balanced utilization of
accessible assets." Because articulations, for example, these
are liable to different understandings, various lists have
been proposed to gauge the idea. The reason here isn't to
survey the various strategies for building advancement (or
"personal satisfaction") records yet rather to distinguish a
couple of vital associates of urban improvement that might
be valuable in clarifying topographical variety in criminal
offense and capture rates. For the country advancement
setting, the accompanying classes can be found are valuable
(Sameem & Sylwester, 2018):
Law Enforcement
The vital reason for much crime research has been to decide
the general quality of different law authorization procedures
on territorial crime rates. Among the factors of premium
are: (1) "the compelling quality (forcefulness) of law
authorization organizations," (2) "authoritative and
analytical accentuations of law requirement," (3)
"arrangements of different segments of the criminal equity
framework (i.e., prose curial, legal, remedial, and
probationer)," (4) "national’s demeanors toward crime “and
(5) “crime detailing practices of the citizenry". The
dominance of urban development research here has
concentrated on the criminal equity framework and appears
to show that improves in the probability of dread and
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discipline is bound to deflect criminal action than longer or
increasingly extreme condemning. Provincial and
nonmetropolitan zones have the two focal points and
disservices in this class. In the first place, on account of the
higher "thickness of acquaintanceship," provincial
neighbors are bound to distinguish the nearness of
outsiders, to report suspicious movement, and to recognize
stolen property. Second, rustic and nonmetropolitan regions
display an a lot higher per capita responsibility for and are
increasingly inclined toward "vigilante equity," which
builds the hazard and expenses of crime. Third, less country
occupants have property protection. Accordingly, they are
less inclined to be influenced by the "ethical risk" issue.
Then again, the police, examination, and court framework
in provincial regions might be less created than urban
metropolitan zones. Present day policing systems and new
advances are less inclined to be accessible there, and, thus,
law implementation might be less powerful in dissuading
crime (Votruba‐Drzal, et al. 2016).
Urbanization
Urbanization and residential density are the most obvious
land determinants of crime. Sociologists offer various
clarifications for the propensity to discover more crimes in
the city. One likely reason is the more noteworthy level of
secrecy and correspondingly brings down switch of
closeness found in everyday contact. Freudenburg and
Jones (1991) allude to this as the "thickness of
acquaintanceship" and contend that when the populace ends
up bigger, increasingly heterogeneous, and progressively
portable, it isn't as simple for occupants to set up enduring
relational ties. This lower dimension of recognition converts
into higher crime location costs and, maybe, brings down
psychosocial costs brought about by the potential criminal
while carrying out violations. There are motivations to trust
that very low dimensions of populace thickness may
animate illicit movement also. At the point when inhabitants
turn out to be excessively broadly scattered, network
incorporation might be increasingly troublesome and
neighbors are bound to be seen as outsiders. Additionally,
with low dimensions of populace thickness, it might be
increasingly hard to watch demonstrations of crime and
capture the culprits (Berglund, et al. 2016).
Urban developmentConditions
In the event that open doors exist to make a satisfactory
living in the legitimate division, the urban advancement
model of crime predicts that occupants are more averse to
carry out violations. Urban improvement conditions speak
to returns accessible in the legitimate part and might be
estimated by provincial pointers of prosperity, development,
and open help, for example, middle family salary, per capita
pay, joblessness rate, business development rate, neediness
rate, and open help levels. For example, as the joblessness
rate increments and private livelihoods decline, the open
door costs for carrying out crime are diminished also. There
are two countervailing propensities that may cloud or mask
the association between urban improvement conditions and
crime, in any case. On the off chance that there are
inconsistencies in circumstance structures inside an area,
more noteworthy concentrated riches and salary in a
network may serve to allure individuals from less
advantaged gatherings to perpetrate more crimes against
their progressively princely neighbors. In reality, it is the
destitution in urban areas joined with closeness of
extraordinary riches that is thought to clarify why crime is
increasingly amassed in metropolitan zones (Winkler, et al.
2015). Second, urban advancement development is
promising on the off chance that it serves primarily to fix
nearby work advertises and diminish social imbalance. In
any case, if development is rapid to the point that it serves
to cause monstrous movements rather, it might build the
nearness of transient components, debilitate nearby network
bonds and make reconnaissance increasingly troublesome.
Open help isn't a urban developmentcondition. Be that as it
may, it is an open approach intended to hose the destructive
impacts of work showcase droops and reduce social
disparities. Open help should go about as both a "carrot"
and "stick" to diminish crime rates. From one viewpoint, as
Jarrell and Howsen (1990) contend, when open help is more
noteworthy "people have less need to participate in criminal
action so as to meet their fundamental needs." On the other
hand, people "hazard losing benefits whenever indicted."
However, dependence on open help likewise may affect
crime if rather it makes a "culture of destitution," which
exasperates family disintegration, or on the other hand on
the off chance that it just "gives more recreation time to
take part in illicit exercises" (Rasoolimanesh, et al. 2017).
Demographic Characteristics
Demographic characteristics are utilized essentially to
control for contrasts in circumstances looked by changed
populace strata. At the point when lawful chances and
authentic methods for winning an occupation are deterred,
individuals from these gatherings find more prominent
returns in the illicit area. Urban development models of
crime don't imply to clarify this stratification, however
accept it as guaranteed. Among the statistic factors that
ought to be considered are race/ethnicity, age, and sexual
orientation. Crime research demonstrates that minority
ethnic gatherings, guys, and more youthful age associates
are bound to carry out violations than other statistic
gatherings (Ezeuduji, 2017).
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Transportation System
Availability factors have been connected to variety in
metropolitan crime rates. In spite of the fact that
unquestionably less broad in rustic territories, transportation
connections may fill in as channels for crime there too. Seen
as an entirely locational matter, they decline the expenses of
transporting stolen property and increment the open doors
for evading law requirement specialists. Every one of these
variables will build the rate of return for alien hoodlums
carrying out violations in the area. Particular kinds of
"transportation crime, for example, DUI, medicate dealing,
and auto burglary, would be relied upon to increment, not
really on the grounds that progressively nearby occupants
are partaking or being exploited, but since parkways fill in
as passages through which booty and bad habit is passed on.
These crimes will here and there be identified and captured
in provincial, nonmetropolitan territories, regardless of
whether the cargo does not begin or end in the area of
worry. In any case, Weisheit et al. (1994) caution that
tranquilizes dealing encouraged by parkway upgrades may
make a foothold for other criminal exercises. They contend
that sedate dealing is the "main impetus" behind the spread
of possess to provincial territories. Interstates may likewise
serve to expand inhabitant versatility and the entrance by
transient components. As Jarrell and Howsen (1990)
contend, a roadway expands the thickness of outsiders in a
territory and adds to higher crime recognition costs
(Yarwood, 2015).
Culture and Climate
Cultural or climatic factors may impact local crime rates.
More prominent religious force, family cohesiveness, and
instructive accomplishment may build the clairvoyant
expenses of perpetrating violations. Country regions are
viewed as being more grounded in the previous territories;
while urban regions are relatively happier in the last
mentioned. Inside the U.S., sectional social elements may
add to crime variety. The West and South are, due to their
history, places where rough independence has continued to
a more prominent degree than the North and East, and
where firearm proprietorship is increasingly normal.
Additionally, they have encountered progressively fast
social, monetary, and statistic changes amid the previous
couple of decades. Climatic contrasts may assume some job
in these sectional contrasts. One would conventionally
anticipate that crime should be higher in warm climate
locales since it encourages all year open air criminal
movement, windows and entryways are more averse to be
anchored, and people might be progressively touchy in view
of physical distress (Rotarou, 2018).
Residential Mobility
The stability of the population concerning driving
examples, relocation, and nearness of transient populaces is
another potential reason for crime. To some extent, this
example may mirror a lower "thickness of
acquaintanceship" caused by the revived pace of life.
Despite the fact that the populace might be little, neighbors
will have less chances to wind up private with each other
and psychosocial expenses of crime may lessen.
Additionally, it might turn out to be progressively
troublesome for inhabitants to figure out who is visiting the
network for genuine purposes, and occupants driving
outside their region of living arrangement will be less ready
to shield their homes and property. Quickly developing
territories, for example, "boomtowns" may encounter an
influx of immigration which is lopsidedly male, youthful,
and of minority ethnic foundation, bunches which show an
a lot higher propensity to perpetrate crimes. The country
territories are bound to encounter these malicious versatility
impacts when certain local highlights, for example,
interstates, urban advancements, summer homes, retirement
networks, and the travel industry improvements are
available (Mayer, et al. 2018).
Industries and Enterprises
The mechanical organization of the neighborhood economy
may make them bear on the rate of crime in a district. Areas
with ventures utilizing extensive quantities of untalented
laborers, especially the extractive enterprises, are frequently
respected to be in danger. In spite of the fact that there have
been no clarifications for or itemized investigations of this
theory, there are two highlights of such districts that would
welcome such theory. Initially, they will in general draw in
and develop representatives with lower dimensions of
training and less elective chances, who have a higher
inclination to carry out crimes, including fierce violations.
Second, their economies are more recurrent than
progressively differentiated and benefit specific locales,
and, accordingly bound to experience times of bust and
blast amid which specialists are then again shed and
enlisted, adding to laborer versatility and neediness. 10
Crime rates may likewise be influenced by the measure of
administration and open administration areas. Government,
army installations, for example, should discourage
provincial crime rates. The presence of vast quantities of
seriously controlled, decent representatives who are
regularly limited to the base, added law implementation
abilities conveyed to the area by the base, and the way that
military courts as opposed to nearby law requirement
experts have purview over military culprits may help clarify
this relationship (Scott & Hogg, 2015). Different
enterprises, for example, retail, discount exchange,
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administrations, and fund, protection, and land, may cause
crime rates to rise. To some extent, this "relationship" might
be ascribed to estimation blunder. Not at all like customary
enterprises in which the last products are delivered and sent
out to the buyer, administration and exchange businesses
require the purchaser to visit the region; this makes the
genuine day by day populace veer fromthe private populace
and makes crime rates (which are institutionalized utilizing
occupant populace in the denominator) less exact markers
of crime occurrence. Be that as it may, genuine crime
impacts could result in a few examples. For instance, the
development of "shopping offices" may add to developing
quantities of workers, customers, and transient components
that put a strain on nearby law implementation and make it
less demanding to perpetrate violations. What's more, the
products accessible in business territories make welcoming
focuses for burglary. A similar outcome may happen with
the travel industry and recreational advancement, the main
distinction being that guests are bound to be non-nearby.
Two endeavors, betting gambling clubs and detainment
facilities, are regularly referenced in exchanges about the
upsurge in rustic crime (Rasoolimanesh, et al. 2017). Of the
two, clubs are likely viewed as the more malevolent, to
some extent due to their recorded associations with the
anarchic Wild West and criminal syndicates. Club
purportedly causescrime by making impulsive card sharks
out of occupants, who at that point mislead others in the
network, and by drawing in guilty parties from outside the
network. However, others counter argue that travel industry,
not club betting essentially, causes crime. In fact, club
players are very little not quite the same as different kinds
of sightseers regarding their sociourban development
characteristics, and once changes are made for the volume
of voyagers visiting a territory with a gambling club, local
crime rates show up very normal. Second, a large number of
the statements made about the association among gambling
clubs and crime are gotten from the Atlantic City encounter
or a bunch of other urbanized betting regions. Be that as it
may, the provincial setting and scale or uniqueness of such
advancement and the absence of sociourban
developmentcontrolling factors in such contextual analyses
make it illogical to extrapolate the outcomes to the kinds of
gambling club improvement happening in nonmetropolitan
regions (Streimikiene & Bilan, 2015).
III. METHODOLOGY
The author implemented quantitative method to find the
relationship between the relationship rural development and
crimes. The quantitative method comes from the confidence
that individual phenomena and factors in individual
behavior could be researched empirically as well as this
method has been selected as an effective method.
Quantitative study employs a stable scheme that classifies
and arranges in the questions to be answered and a
comprehensive technique of gathering information and
analysis (Hoy, et al. 2015). This study had chosen a survey
research, to analyze the relationship between the
relationship rural development and crimes. The author
applied a structured survey as tool of this research. I
distributed 150 questionnaires, but only 118 questionnaires
I was able to receive. The survey is designed in multiple
choice questions, where the participants had a chance to
choose from different scales, the likret scale was used in the
questionnaire. The likert scale ranged from 1 which stated
for strongly disagree to 5 which stated for strongly agree,
however the questionnaire adapted from different academic
sources.
IV. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
Table.1: Demographic
Parameters Frequency Percentage
Gender Male 82 69.5
Female 36 30.5
Age 20-30 17 14.4
30-40 25 21.2
40-50 45 38.1
50-60 23 19.5
60+ 8 6.8
Marital Status Single 25 21.2
Married 77 65.3
Widowed 5 4.2
Divorced 8 6.8
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Separated 3 2.5
Academic
Qualification
High School 8 6.8
Institute 14 11.9
Bachelor degree 69 58.5
Master degree 22 18.6
Doctorate degree 5 4.2
Table (1) demonstrates the demographic information for the
participants contributed in this research, the results of
demographic information analysis demonstrated that 82 of
participants in this study are male and 36 are female.
Moreover, when it comes to respondents’age contributed in
this research, the results showed that 17 are aged between
20 years old and 30 years old, 25 are aged between 30 years
old and 40 years old, 45 are aged between 40 years old and
50 years old, 23 are aged between 50 years old and 60 years
old and 8 are aged between 50 years old and 60 years old.
When it comes to respondents’ marital status, the results
showed that 25 are single and contributed in this study, 77
of married participants and contributed in this study, 5 are
widowed contributed in this study, 8 are divorced and
contributed in this study, and 3 are separated contributed in
this study. When it comes to participants’ academic
qualification contributed in this research, the results showed
that 8 of high school graduated contributed in this research,
14 of institute graduated contributed in this research, 69 of
institute graduated contributed in this research, 22 of master
degree graduated contributed in this research, and5 of
doctorate degree graduated contributed in this research.
Table.2: Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
Law reinforcement .751
Urbanization .741
Urban development conditions .798
Demographic characteristics .743
Transportation systems .724
Culture and climate .795
Residentially mobility .714
Industries and enterprises .766
I used reliability to measure all questions that have been
used to test the relationship between crimes and rural
development. The results showed that the alpha for law
reinforcement =.751, the alpha for urbanization is .741, the
alpha for urban development conditions is .798, the alpha
for demographic characteristics is .743, the alpha for
transportation systems is .724, the alpha for culture and
climate is .795, the alpha for residentially mobility is .714
and the alpha for industries and enterprises is .766. I came
to conclude that all variables used in order to measure the
relationship between urban development and crimes are
reliable since all value of alpha are higher than .7.
Table.8: Correlation Analysis
Items Pearson correlation Ural development
Law reinforcement Pearson Correlation .748**
Sig. (2-tailed)
N 118
Urbanization Pearson Correlation .712**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 118
Urban development conditions Pearson Correlation .647**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 118
Demographic characteristics Pearson Correlation .701**
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Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 118
Transportation systems Pearson Correlation .733**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 118
Culture and climate Pearson Correlation .612**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 118
Residentially mobility Pearson Correlation .645**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 118
Industries and enterprises Pearson Correlation .706**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 118
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
Table (8) illustrates the correlation analysis. The Pearson
Correlation between law reinforcement and urban
development = .748** (Correlation is significant at the 0.01
level, 2-tailed); therefore there is a strong positive
correlation between law reinforcement and urban
development. The Pearson Correlation between
urbanization and urban development = .712** (Correlation
is significant at the 0.01 level, 2-tailed); therefore there is a
strong positive correlation between urbanization and urban
development. The Pearson Correlation between Urban
development conditions and urban development = .647**
(Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level, 2-tailed),
therefore there is a strong positive correlation between
Urban development conditions and urban development. The
Pearson Correlation between Demographic characteristics
and urban development = .701** (Correlation is significant
at the 0.01 level, 2-tailed); therefore there is a strong
positive correlation between Demographic characteristics
and urban development. The Pearson Correlation between
Transportation systems and urban development = .733**
(Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level, 2-tailed);
therefore there is a strong positive correlation between
Transportation systems and urban development. The
Pearson Correlation between Culture and climate and urban
development = .612** (Correlation is significant at the 0.01
level, 2-tailed); therefore there is a strong positive
correlation between Culture and climate and urban
development. The Pearson Correlation between
Residentially mobility and urban development = .645**
(Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level, 2-tailed);
therefore there is a strong positive correlation between
residentially mobility and urban development. The Pearson
Correlation between Industries and enterprises and urban
development = .706** (Correlation is significant at the 0.01
level, 2-tailed); therefore there is a strong positive
correlation between Industries and enterprises and urban
development.
Table.9: Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate
1 .811a .748 .641 .27495
Source: by the researcher, 2019
Table (9), shows the value of R square = .748, which indicates that 75% of the variables have been explained.
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Table.10: ANOVA
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Regression 34.528 3 12.485 141.526 .000
Residual 7.5261 108 .074
Total 62.548 112
a. Dependent Variable: Ural Development
b. Predictors: (Constant), law reinforcement, urbanization, urban development, transportation system,demographic
characteristics, industries and enterprises, culture and climate, residentially mobility, Urban development conditions
Table (10) demonstrates the value of F for four independent factors and a dependent factor is 141.526>1 which indicates there is
a significant association between independent factors and dependent factor.
Table.11: Coefficients
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) .345 .179 1.929 .000
Law reinforcement .708 .041 .891 17.378 .000
Urbanization .131 .087 .128 1.507 .000
Urban development
conditions
.216 .075 .222 2.878 .000
Demographic
characteristics
.541 .19 .561 .7154 .000
Transportation systems .322 .08 .334 .7154 .000
Culture and climate .225 .18 .238 .1654 .000
Residentially mobility .312 .09 .320 .2365 .000
Industries and enterprises .412 .008 4.20 .2351 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Ural Development
Table (11) shows multiple regression analysis. As seen the
results of multiple regression analysis, the value B for Law
reinforcement factor is .708 and P value =.000, therefore
first research hypothesis was supported which stated that
there is a positive relationship between law enforcement
and Ural development in Kurdistan. The value B for
Urbanization factor is .131 and P value =.000, therefore
second research hypothesis was supported which stated that
there is a positive relationship between urbanization and
Ural development in Kurdistan. The value B for Urban
development conditions factor is .216 and P value =.000,
therefore third research hypothesis was supported which
stated that there is a positive relationship between urban
development conditions and Ural development in
Kurdistan.The value B for Demographic characteristics
factor is .514 and P value =.000, therefore fourth research
hypothesis was supported which stated that there is a
positive relationship between demographic characteristics
and Ural development in Kurdistan. The value B for
Transportation systems factor is .322 and P value =.000,
therefore fifth research hypothesis was supported which
stated that there is a positive relationship between
transportation systems with Ural development in Kurdistan.
The value B for Culture and climate factor is .225 and P
value =.000, therefore sixth research hypothesis was
supported which stated that there is a positive relationship
between culture and climate and Ural development in
Kurdistan. The value B for Residentially mobility factor is
.312 and P value =.000, therefore seventh research
hypothesis was supported which stated that there is a
positive relationship between residentially mobility and
Ural development in Kurdistan. The value B for Industries
and enterprises factor is .412 and P value =.000, therefore
eighth research hypothesis was supported which stated that
there is a positive relationship between industries and
enterprises and Ural development in Kurdistan.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The main purpose of this study is to examine the
relationship between crimes and urban development. Urban
development over are regularly disregarded with regards to
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breaking down crime and its effect on networks. Be that as
it may, these huge locales are not insusceptible to crime,
and their disengagement, topography and socio urban
advancement atmosphere make one of a kind difficulties for
exploited people, families, human services suppliers and
criminal equity authorities. The findings revealed that the
there is a positive relationship between law enforcement
and Ural development in Kurdistan. The value B for
Urbanization factor is .131 and P value =.000, therefore
second research hypothesis was supported which stated that
there is a positive relationship between urbanization and
Ural development in Kurdistan. The value B for Urban
development conditions factor is .216 and P value =.000,
therefore third research hypothesis was supported which
stated that there is a positive relationship between urban
development conditions and Ural development in Kurdistan.
The value B for Demographic characteristics factor is .514
and P value =.000, therefore fourth research hypothesis was
supported which stated that there is a positive relationship
between demographic characteristics and Ural development
in Kurdistan. The value B for Transportation systems factor
is .322 and P value =.000, therefore fifth research
hypothesis was supported which stated that there is a
positive relationship between transportation systems with
Ural development in Kurdistan. The value B for Culture and
climate factor is .225 and P value =.000, therefore sixth
research hypothesis was supported which stated that there is
a positive relationship between culture and climate and Ural
development in Kurdistan. The value B for Residentially
mobility factor is .312 and P value =.000, therefore seventh
research hypothesis was supported which stated that there is
a positive relationship between residentially mobility and
Ural development in Kurdistan. The value B for Industries
and enterprises factor is .412 and P value =.000, therefore
eighth research hypothesis was supported which stated that
there is a positive relationship between industries and
enterprises and Ural development in Kurdistan.
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