This document provides an overview of human rights and their origins. It discusses key documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, characteristics of human rights like indivisibility and non-discrimination. Theories of human rights are explored, including moral theory, social justice theory and structured theory. Civil and political rights as well as social, economic and cultural rights are defined.

1. LECTURE: DR. YUSUFF JELILI AMUDA
GROUP A
NUR IZZATI BINTI MOHD ARIFIN
NURUL AZIMAH BINTI MAZALAN
UMI KHALSUM BINTI ASMAON
SUBAIDAH BINTI ABDULLAH

2. INTRODUCTION
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3. What are Human Rights?
 The rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our
nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic
origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status.
 We are all equally entitled to our human rights without
discrimination.
 These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and
indivisible.

4.  Three keys document in respects of Human Rights :
a. Universal Declaration of Human Right 1948.
b. International Covenant of Civil and political Rights
1966.
c. International Covenant on Economic,Social and
Culture Rights 1966.

5. Civil and Political Rights :
 right to free speech
 freedom of religion
 freedom of assembly and association
 freedom from torture
 equality under the law

6. Social,Economic and Culture Rights :
 The right to education
 employment and recreation
 right to enjoy the respect of minimum health services
 shelter and safe environment.

7.  Human rights are inalienable.
 They should not be taken away, except in specific
situations and according to due process.
 As example, the right to liberty may be restricted if a
person is found guilty of a crime by a court of law.

8. Characteristics of human right
 Interdependent and indivisible
 All human rights are indivisible, whether they are
civil and political rights, such as the right to life,
equality before the law and freedom of expression;
economic, social and cultural rights, such as the rights
to work, social security and education , or collective
rights, such as the rights to development and self-
determination, are indivisible, interrelated and
interdependent..

9.  Equal and non-discriminatory
 The principle applies to everyone in relation to all
human rights and freedoms and it prohibits discrimination
on the basis of a list of non-exhaustive categories such as
sex, race, colour and so on.
 The principle of non-discrimination is complemented
by the principle of equality,as stated in Article 1 of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “All human beings
are born free and equal in dignity and rights.”

10.  Both Rights and Obligations
 Human rights entail both rights and obligations.
 States assume obligations and duties under
international law to respect, to protect and to fulfil
human rights.
 The obligation to respect means that States must refrain
from interfering with or curtailing the enjoyment of
human rights.
 The obligation to protect requires States to protect
individuals and groups against human rights abuses.

11. • The obligation to fulfil means that States must take
positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human
rights.
• At the individual level, while we are entitled our human
rights, we should also respect the human rights of others.

12. Concept of Human Rights
 Western countries was the first country in the world
that human rights are reflected in the struggle in the
document:
i) Magna Charta
ii) Petition of Rights
iii) Habeas Corpus Act
iv) Bill of Rights

13. MAGNA CHARTA
Magna Charta triggered on June 15, 1215 in Great Britain made ​to limit the
authority of King John in England.
The contents of this document are:-
i) King and his descendants, has promised to respect the independence, rights,
and freedom of the Church in England.
ii) King promised to the people of free government to stick to give the
following rights:
 The security officer and tax collector will respect the rights of the
people.
 Police can not claim a person without valid evidence and witnesses.
 A child will not be the last, was arrested, found guilty without the
protection of the state and without a legitimate reason as the basis for
its actions.
 When a person without legal protection have stuck in the hold, the
king promised to correct mistakes.

14. Petition of Rights
In the year 1628, there appears a charter Petition of Rights. This
document contains questions regarding the rights of people with
the guarantee.
These rights are:
i) Taxes and special collections must be accompanied by an
agreement.
ii) The Citizens can not be compelled to accept the military
at home.
iii) Army can not use the law of war in peace.

15. Habeas Corpus Act
In the year 1679, the documents present Habeas
Corpus Act and the laws that govern the
detention of a person.
Contents are:
i. A person who is arrested soon be reviewed within two
business days after the detention.
ii. Reason for detention of a person must be accompanied
by evidence that is lawful.

16. Bill of Rights
In the years 1689, Bill of Rights issued and became law received
by the British parliament as a form of resistance against King
James II.
The contents of this document is:
i. Freedom in selecting members of parliament.
ii. Freedom to speak and give opinions.
iii. The Law and formation of standing army should be in
line with parliament.
iv. The rights of citizens to embrace accoiding to their
beliefs.
v. Parliament has the right to change the decision of the
king.

17. Theory of Human Right
a. Moral Theory of Human Rights
 people are entitled to profit or benefit of their
valuable moral needs of man.
 This is because human rights are fundamental in
shaping the human dignity and honour it is to
remain virtually universal that can be applied to all
individuals regardless of race which does not take
gender and age ethnicity or nationality.
 it can exist independently of the society and country
communities where people can live freely in it.

18.  So, human rights is above the law derived from their
legal nature or not of the real moral of the constitution
or laws or specific acts committed by countries and
international organizations.
b. Theory of Social Justice Human Rights
 Developing by Charles Beitz.
 proved that the distribution of rights in terms of
moral justice than human nature.

19.  Based on this theory of human rights are the rights-
based social justice norms that guarantee the good of
mankind.
 Charles Beitz as claimed by the classical doctrine of
natural rights to restrict the rights of individual
security and the failure and the failure to take into
account the socio-economic demands, social justice
model provides a more comprehensive position on
human rights.

20. d. Social Scientific Theory of Human Rights
 the need to establish human rights agreements on
cross-cultural.
- this is because high level of cultural pluralism in
the contemporary world and because of constant
changes in customs and values ​in different societies to
find a high-level agreement in respect of human rights
is clearly more difficult to obtain.

21. Conclusions
 Individual is absolute, that his or her reality must be
recognized unconditionally and necessarily lies at
the basis of human rights.
 Regardless nationality, place of
residence, sex, national or ethnic
origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status.
 Human rights is a form of rights enjoyed by a citizen as
enshrined in the law

22. c. Structured Theory of Human Rights
 determine that human rights policy necessarily for
human goodness.
 Henry Shue - human life to live without human rights
practiced properly fit is impossible to achieve.
- there are three types of human rights -
freedom,life and safety.